ChaldeanWiki - User contributions [en]

Chaldean Family Trees

2023-08-09T00:31:12Z

Brightstar: Included more last names for A & B

[[File:Family Tree 380px.jpg|thumb|Chaldean Family Tree]]

This page is dedicated for Chaldean family trees of the beautiful [[Chaldean people]] of [[Mesopotamia]]. The last known native people of Iraq, Syria and Southern Turkey and Western Iran. This is a list of each [[Chaldean people|Chaldean]] family tree. This is a digital archive of the [[Chaldean people]] worldwide. An initiative to document our [[Chaldean people|Chaldean]] people, the natives of [[Mesopotamia]] and forever to become immortals through digital archives for future Chaldean generations and the rest of this world.
<div> </div>

Each family tree can add individual family member profile with rich content such as pictures, recordings and videos. "CHALDEAN WIKI" team is happy to assist you further if you are interested in listing your family tree. Please contact us at ChaldeanWiki @ yahoo.com

''' ***** Chaldean Families by Last Name *****'''
==A==
*[[Abasso Family]]
*[[Abbo Family]]
*[[Abdal Family]]
*[[Abdulnoor Family]]
*[[Abbo Family]]
*[[Abro Family]]
*[[Acho Family]]
*[[Akrawi Family]]
*[[Alkatib (Kathawa) Family]]
*[[Al-Qas Abbo Family]]
*[[Al-Qas Faransi Family]]
*[[Al-Qas Marogi Family]]
*[[Al-Qas Matti Family]]
*[[Al-Qas Odish Family]]
*[[Al-Qas Polis Family]]
*[[Al-Qas Shamoon Family]]
*[[Allos Family]]
*[[Ammori Family]]
*[[Anton Family]]
*[[Arabo Family]]
*[[Asmar Family]]
*[[Attar Family]]
*[[Atty Family]]
*[[Attisha Family]]
*[[Attiq Family]]
*[[Audo Family]]
*[[Ayar Family]]
*[[Azzo Family]]
==B==
*[[Babbi Family]]
*[[Bacho Family]]
*[[Bachouwa Family]]
*[[Bahho Family]]
*[[Bahoura Family]]
*[[Bahri Family]]
*[[Bajjo Family]]
*[[Babbi Family]]
*[[Boji Family]]
*[[Bazzi Family]]
==C==
==D==
*[[Delly Family]]
*[[Dickow Family]]
==E==
*[[Esshaki Family]]
==F==
==G==
*[[Gorges Family]]
*[[Garmo Family]]
==H==
*[[Hamama Family]]
==I==
==J==
*[[Jammo Family]]
*[[Jaddo Family]]
==K==
*[[Kathawa (Alkatib) Family]]
*[[Katoola Family]]
*[[Kalabat Family]]
*[[Kizy Family]]
*[[Kasha Hanna Family]]
*[[Kashat Family]]
*[[Kato Family]]
==L==
==M==
*[[Manni Family]]
*[[Mary Family]]
*[[Merim Family]]
*[[Murad Family]]
==N==
*[[Nagara (Najor/Najjar) Family]]
*[[Nalu Family]]
==O==
==P==
==Q==
*[[Qatoo Family]]
==R==
==S==
*[[Shamoun Family]]
*[[Shikwana Family]]
*[[Samona Family]]
*[[Shammo Family]]
*[[Shamamem Family]]
*[[Sallan Family]]
*[[Shamasha Family]]
*[[Semaan Family]]
*[[Shaba Family]]
*[[Sako Family]]
*[[Sitto Family]]
==T==
*[[Tomina Family]]
*[[Thomas Family]]
*[[Theweny Family]]
==U==
==V==
==W==
==X==
==Y==
*[[Yaldo Family]]
*[[Yalda Family]]
==Z==
*[[Zeer Family]]

== EXAMPLES: Family Trees ==
* '''Family Tree Example 1 (Simple Flow Chart)'''
The following is a SIMPLE family tree of notable members of the President John Adams family relative to Charles Francis Adams IV:
<blockquote>
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree| }}
{{familytree| JQA |y| LCJ | | | | | | | | | | | |JQA='''President John Quincy Adams'''|LCJ=[[Louisa Catherine Johnson]] }}
{{familytree| |,|-|'| | | | | | | | }}
{{familytree| CFA |y| ABB | | GCC |y| HS | | | | | | | |CFA=[[Charles Francis Adams, Sr.]]| ABB=Abigail Brown [Brooks]|GCC=George Caspar Crowninshield|HS= Harriet [Sears]}}
{{familytree| |,|-|^|-|.| | | | |,|'}}
{{familytree| CFA | | | JQA |y| FCC |CFA=[[Charles Francis Adams, Jr.]] |JQA=[[John Quincy Adams II]]|FCC=Frances Cadwalader [Crowninshield]}}

{{familytree/end}}
</blockquote>

* '''Family Tree Example 2 (Complex Flow Chart)'''
The following is a selective family tree of notable members of the Adams family relative to Charles Francis Adams IV:
<blockquote>
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree| }}
{{familytree| JQA |y| LCJ | | PCB |y| AB | | | | | | | |JQA='''President John Quincy Adams'''|LCJ=[[Louisa Catherine Johnson]]|PCB=[[Peter Chardon Brooks]]|AB=Abigail [Brown]}}
{{familytree| |,|-|'| |,|-|-|-|-|-|'}}
{{familytree| CFA |y| ABB | | GCC |y| HS | | | | | | | |CFA=[[Charles Francis Adams, Sr.]]|ABB= Abigail Brown [Brooks]|GCC=George Caspar Crowninshield|HS= Harriet [Sears]}}
{{familytree| |,|-|^|-|.| | | | |,|'}}
{{familytree| CFA | | | JQA |y| FCC |CFA=[[Charles Francis Adams, Jr.]] |JQA=[[John Quincy Adams II]]|FCC=Frances Cadwalader [Crowninshield]}}
{{familytree| |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|^|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.}}
{{familytree| JQA | |GCA| | CFA |y| FL | | FA | | AA |~| MLS | | AHA |y| RH | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |JQA=John Quincy Adams III|GCA=George Caspar Adams|CFA=[[Charles Francis Adams III]]|FL=Frances [Lovering]|FA=Frances C. Adams|AA= Arthur Adams|MLS=Margery Lee [Sargeant]|AHA=Abigail ("Hitty") Adams|RH=Robert Homans}}
{{familytree| |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|'| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!}}
{{familytree| CLA |y| HSM | | CFA |y| MS | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | C | | | | | |CLA=Catherine Lovering Adams|HSM=Henry Sturgis Morgan|CFA='''Charles Francis Adams IV'''|MS=Margaret [Stockton]|C=Children 3 Sons; 1 Daughter}}
{{familytree| |,|-|'| |,|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.}}
{{familytree| FS | | ABA |~| JCM | | AA |~| PGH | | CFA | | TA | | | | | |FS=Five Sons|ABA=Abigail Adams|JCM=James C. Manny|AA=Allison Adams|PGH=Paul G. Hagan|CFA=Charles Francis Adams V|TA=Timothy Adams}}
{{familytree/end}}
</blockquote>

* '''Family Tree Example 3 (Flow Chart with Colors)'''

This is a '''family tree of the kings of Jerusalem'''.

This diagram lists the [[Kings of Jerusalem|rulers]] of the [[kingdom of Jerusalem]], since the conquest of the city in 1099, during the [[First Crusade]], to 1291, year of the fall of [[Akko|Acre]].

{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree | | | | | |,|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree |Boulogne| |God| |Ba1| |Ba2| ||Ba1='''[[Baldwin I of Jerusalem|Baldwin I]]''' 1058-1118 r. 1100-1118|God='''[[Godfrey of Bouillon|Godfrey]]''' 1060-1100 r. 1099–1100|Ba2='''[[Baldwin II of Jerusalem|Baldwin II]]''' 1060-1131 r. 1118–1131|Boulogne=House of Boulogne
|boxstyle_God=background-color: #afd;
|boxstyle_Ba1=background-color: #afd;
|boxstyle_Ba2=background-color: #fba;
|boxstyle_Boulogne=background-color: #afd;}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!|}}
{{familytree |Rethel| | | | | | | | | |Mel|v|Fulk|Mel='''[[Melisende of Jerusalem|Melisende]]''' 1105-1161 r. 1131-1153|Fulk='''[[Fulk of Jerusalem|Fulk]]''' 1092-1143 r. 1131–1143|Rethel=House of Rethel
|boxstyle_Fulk=background-color: #aaf;
|boxstyle_Mel=background-color: #fba;
|boxstyle_Rethel=background-color: #fba;}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.|}}
{{familytree |Anjou| | | | | | | | | |Ba3| |Ama| |Ba3='''[[Baldwin III of Jerusalem|Baldwin III]]''' 1130-1163 r. 1143-1163|Ama='''[[Amalric I of Jerusalem|Amalric I]]''' 1136-1174 r. 1163-1174|Anjou=[[Anjou#The Fulks|Angevins]]
|boxstyle_Ba3=background-color: #aaf;
|boxstyle_Ama=background-color: #aaf;
|boxstyle_Anjou=background-color: #aaf;}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|-|.|}}
{{familytree |Montferrat| | | | |Ba4| |Sib|-|Guy| |Con|v|Isa|v|Henry|~|-|Amalric| |Ba4='''[[Baldwin IV of Jerusalem|Baldwin IV]]''' 1161-1185 r. 1174-1185|Sib='''[[Sibylla, Queen of Jerusalem|Sibylla]]''' 1160-1190 r. 1186–1190|Guy='''[[Guy of Lusignan|Guy]]''' 1150-1194 r. 1186–1192|Isa='''[[Isabella I of Jerusalem|Isabella I]]''' 1172-1205 r. 1192-1205|Con='''[[Conrad I of Jerusalem|Conrad I]]''' 1145-1192 r.1192|Henry='''[[Henry I of Jerusalem|Henry I]]''' 1166-1197 r. 1192-1197|Amalric='''[[Amalric II of Jerusalem|Amalric II]]''' 1145-1205 r. 1197-1205|Montferrat=[[Aleramici]]
|boxstyle_Ba4=background-color: #aaf;
|boxstyle_Sib=background-color: #aaf;
|boxstyle_Isa=background-color: #aaf;
|boxstyle_Guy=background-color: #daf;
|boxstyle_Amalric=background-color: #daf;
|boxstyle_Con=background-color: #afd;
|boxstyle_Henry=background-color: #F0DC82;
|boxstyle_Montferrat=background-color: #afd;
}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |!| | | |!||}}
{{familytree |Blois| | | | | | | | |Ba5| | | |John|v|Maria| |Alice|Ba5='''[[Baldwin V of Jerusalem|Baldwin V]]''' 1177-1186 r. 1185–1186|Maria='''[[Maria of Jerusalem|Maria]]''' 1192-1212 r. 1205-1212|John='''[[John of Brienne|John]]''' 1170-1237 r. 1210-1212|Alice=[[Alice of Champagne|Alice]] 1195-1246|Blois=[[House of Blois]]
|boxstyle_Maria=background-color: #afd;
|boxstyle_John=background-color: #C0C0C0;
|boxstyle_Ba5=background-color: #afd;
|boxstyle_Alice=background-color: #F0DC82;
|boxstyle_Blois=background-color: #F0DC82;}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | |!|}}
{{familytree |Bri| | | | | | | | | | | | |Fred|v|Isa| | | |Isb|Isa='''[[Isabella II of Jerusalem|Isabella II]]''' 1212-1228 r. 1212-1228|Fred='''[[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick]]''' 1194-1250 r. 1225-1228|Isb=[[Isabella of Cyprus|Isabella]] 1216-1264|Bri=[[House of Brienne]]
|boxstyle_Isa=background-color: #C0C0C0;
|boxstyle_Fred=background-color: #bfa;
|boxstyle_Bri=background-color: #C0C0C0;
}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |!|}}
{{familytree |Hoh| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Con| | | | | |Hugh|Con='''[[Conrad II of Jerusalem|Conrad II]]''' 1228-1254 r. 1228-1254|Hugh='''[[Hugh III of Cyprus|Hugh I]]''' 1235-1284 r. 1268-1284|Hoh=[[House of Hohenstaufen]]
|boxstyle_Hugh=background-color: #daf;
|boxstyle_Con=background-color: #bfa;
|boxstyle_Hoh=background-color: #bfa;}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | |,|-|^|-|.|}}
{{familytree |Lusignan| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Con| | | |John| |Henry|Con='''[[Conrad III of Jerusalem|Conrad III]]''' 1252-1268 r. 1254-1268|Guy='''|Guy='''[[Henry II of Jerusalem|Henry II]]''' 1270-1324 r. 1285-1291 r. 1284–1285|Henry='''[[Henry II of Jerusalem|Henry II]]''' 1270-1324 r. 1285-1291||John='''[[John II of Jerusalem|John II]]''' 1267-1285 r. 1284–1285|Guy='''[[Henry II of Jerusalem|Henry II]]''' 1270-1324 r. 1285-1291|Lusignan=[[House of Lusignan]]
|boxstyle_Henry=background-color: #daf;
|boxstyle_John=background-color: #daf;
|boxstyle_Con=background-color: #bfa;
|boxstyle_Lusignan=background-color: #daf;}}
{{familytree/end}}

* '''Family Tree Example 4 (Chronological Tree List)'''
* [[Henry Adams (Braintree)|Henry Adams (1583–1646)]] born [[Barton St David]], [[Somerset]], [[England]] was the first of the clan who immigrated to [[New England]], United States.<ref>[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eZ1h6U0aMbUC&pg=PA5&dq=henry+adams+1583+Edith+Adams&hl=en#v=onepage&q=henry%20adams%201583%20Edith%20Adams&f=false John Adams: Biography]</ref>

{{Tree list}}
* [[John Adams, Sr.]] (1691-1761)
** '''[[John Adams]]''' (1735–1826), second [[President of the United States]], married [[Abigail Adams]] (née Smith) (1744–1818)<ref>[http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=A000039/ John Adams bioguide] at Congress.gov</ref>
*** '''[[John Quincy Adams]]''' (1767–1848), sixth President of the United States, married English-born [[Louisa Adams]] (née Johnson) (1775–1852)<ref>[http://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/adams5.html#R9M0INHMB John Quincy Adams bioguide] at Politicalgraveyard.com</ref>
**** [[George Washington Adams]] (1801–1829), member of Massachusetts state legislature<ref>[http://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/adams4.html#0A20GUI14 George Washington Adams bioguide] at Politicalgraveyard.com</ref>
**** [[John Adams II]] (1803-1834), Private Secretary to his father
**** {{Tree list/final branch}}[[Charles Francis Adams, Sr.]] (1807–1886), [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. Congressman]] and [[United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom|Ambassador to the United Kingdom]]<ref>[http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=A000032/ Charles Francis Adams, Sr. bioguide] at Congress.gov</ref>
*****[[John Quincy Adams II]] (1833–1894), lawyer and politician<ref>[http://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/adams5.html#ROI0K22HT John Quincy Adams II bioguide] at Politicalgraveyard.com</ref>
******[[George C. Adams|George Caspar Adams]] (1863–1900), prominent college athlete and football coach at [[Harvard University]].<ref>[http://books.google.ca/books?id=bOATAAAAIAAJ&q=%22george+caspar+adams%22+1863&dq=%22george+caspar+adams%22+1863&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Sk7BUPO_M8H5ygHX3oHQBA&ved=0CDsQ6AEwBA]</ref>
****** {{Tree list/final branch}} [[Charles Francis Adams III]] (1866–1954), 44th [[Secretary of the Navy]], mayor of [[Quincy, Massachusetts]].<ref>[http://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/adams2.html#RAH0N3GXN Charles Francis Adams III bioguide] at Politicalgraveyard.com</ref>
******* {{Tree list/final branch}} [[Charles Francis Adams IV]] (1910–1999), first president of [[Raytheon]]
*****[[Charles Francis Adams, Jr.]] (1835–1915), brigadier-general in the Union Army during the [[American Civil War]] and president of the Union Pacific Railroad from 1884 to 1890.
***** [[Henry Adams|Henry Brooks Adams]] (1838–1918), a prominent author and political commentator, married [[Marian Hooper Adams]] (née Hooper) (1843–1885)
***** {{Tree list/final branch}} [[Brooks Adams]] (1848–1927), a historian and political scientist.
*** [[Charles Adams (1770-1800)|Charles Adams]] (1770–1800), New York lawyer
*** {{Tree list/final branch}} [[Thomas Boylston Adams (1772–1832)]], Massachusetts legislator and judge<ref>[http://www.masshist.org/adams/biographical.cfm Thomas Boylston Adams biography] at Masshist.org</ref>
** {{Tree list/final branch}} [[Elihu Adams]] (1741–1775), soldier
{{Tree list/end}}

* [[Hannah Adams]] (1755-1831), a historian and theologian
* [[Samuel Adams]] (1722–1803), the second President's second cousin; not usually considered part of the family
* [[Samuel A. Adams]] (1934–1988), a historian and CIA analyst.
* [[Thomas Boylston Adams (1910–1997)]], a grandson of [[Charles Francis Adams, Jr.]], an executive, writer, and political candidate

{{Tree list}}
*[[Image:Simple silver crown.svg|15px]] '''I. Kuroda Nagamasa, 1st Lord of Fukuoka (cr. 1600)''' (1568-1623; Lord of Fukuoka: 1600-1623)
**{{Tree list/final branch}}[[Image:Simple silver crown.svg|15px]] '''II. Tadayuki, 2nd Lord of Fukuoka''' (1602-1654; r. 1623-1654)
***{{Tree list/final branch}}[[Image:Simple silver crown.svg|15px]] '''III. Mitsuyuki, 3rd Lord of Fukuoka''' (1628-1707; r. 1654-1688)
****[[Image:Simple silver crown.svg|15px]] '''IV. Tsunamasa, 4th Lord of Fukuoka''' (1659-1711; r. 1688-1711)
*****{{Tree list/final branch}}[[Image:Simple silver crown.svg|15px]] '''V. Nobumasa, 5th Lord of Fukuoka''' (1685-1744; r. 1711-1719)
****{{Tree list/final branch}}Nagakiyo, Lord of Nogata (1667-1720)
*****{{Tree list/final branch}}[[Image:Simple silver crown.svg|15px]] '''VI. Tsugutaka, 6th Lord of Fukuoka''' (1703-1775; r. 1719-1769)
{{Tree list/end}}

As Tsugutaka, the sixth lord, was without heirs, he adopted an heir from a branch of the Tokugawa family to continue the line:

{{Tree list}}
*Tokugawa Munetada, 1st Hitotsubashi-Tokugawa family head (1721-1765)
**Tokugawa Harusada, 2nd Hitotsubashi-Tokugawa family head (1751-1827)
***{{Tree list/final branch}}[[Image:Simple silver crown.svg|15px]] '''IX. Naritaka, 9th Lord of Fukuoka''' (1777-1795; r. 1782-1795)
****{{Tree list/final branch}}[[Image:Simple silver crown.svg|15px]] '''X. Narikiyo, 10th Lord of Fukuoka''' (1795-1851; r. 1795-1834). He had a daughter:
*****{{Tree list/final branch}}Junhime (d. 1851), m. [[Image:Simple silver crown.svg|15px]] '''XI. (Shimazu) Nagahiro, 11th Lord of Fukuoka, 11th family head''' (1811-1887; r. 1834-1869; family head: 1834-1869). He had a daughter:
******{{Tree list/final branch}}Rikuhime, m. [[Image:Simple silver crown.svg|15px]] '''XII. (Tōdō) Nagatomo, 12th Lord of Fukuoka, 12th family head''' (1839-1902; Lord: 1869; Governor: 1869-1871; family head: 1869-1878)
*******{{Tree list/final branch}}'''Nagashige, 13th family head, 1st Marquess''' (1867-1939; family head: 1878-1939; Marquess: 1884)
********{{Tree list/final branch}}'''Nagamichi, 14th family head, 2nd Marquess''' (1889-1978; family head: 1939-1978; 2nd Marquess: 1939-1947)
*********{{Tree list/final branch}}'''Nagahisa, 15th family head''' (1916-2009; family head: 1978-2009)
**********{{Tree list/final branch}}'''Nagataka, 16th family head''' (b. 1952; family head: 2009-present)
**[[Image:Simple silver crown.svg|15px]] '''''VII.(Kuroda) Haruyuki, 7th Lord of Fukuoka''''' (1753-1781; r. 1769-1781). Adopted by the sixth Lord of Fukuoka. He adopted an heir, the eighth lord:
**{{Tree list/final branch}}[[Image:Simple silver crown.svg|15px]] '''''VIII. (Kyōgoku) Harutaka, 8th Lord of Fukuoka''''' (1754-1782; r. 1782)
{{Tree list/end}}

<ref>[http://reichsarchiv.jp/%E5%AE%B6%E7%B3%BB%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88/%E9%BB%92%E7%94%B0%E6%B0%8F%EF%BC%88%E7%AD%91%E5%89%8D%E7%A6%8F%E5%B2%A1%E8%97%A9%EF%BC%89#nagamasa623 Genealogy]</ref>

Chaldean Family Trees

2023-08-04T01:34:44Z

Brightstar: Added "Manni" to family tree. More last names to come

[[File:Family Tree 380px.jpg|thumb|Chaldean Family Tree]]

This page is dedicated for Chaldean family trees of the beautiful [[Chaldean people]] of [[Mesopotamia]]. The last known native people of Iraq, Syria and Southern Turkey and Western Iran. This is a list of each [[Chaldean people|Chaldean]] family tree. This is a digital archive of the [[Chaldean people]] worldwide. An initiative to document our [[Chaldean people|Chaldean]] people, the natives of [[Mesopotamia]] and forever to become immortals through digital archives for future Chaldean generations and the rest of this world.
<div> </div>

Each family tree can add individual family member profile with rich content such as pictures, recordings and videos. "CHALDEAN WIKI" team is happy to assist you further if you are interested in listing your family tree. Please contact us at ChaldeanWiki @ yahoo.com

''' ***** Chaldean Families by Last Name *****'''
==A==
*[[Abbo Family]]
*[[Alkatib (Kathawa) Family]]
*[[Abro Family]]
*[[Arabo Family]]
*[[Anton Family]]
*[[Allos Family]]
*[[Attisha Family]]
==B==
*[[Boji Family]]
*[[Bazzi Family]]
==C==
==D==
*[[Delly Family]]
*[[Dickow Family]]
==E==
*[[Esshaki Family]]
==F==
==G==
*[[Gorges Family]]
*[[Garmo Family]]
==H==
*[[Hamama Family]]
==I==
==J==
*[[Jammo Family]]
*[[Jaddo Family]]
==K==
*[[Kathawa (Alkatib) Family]]
*[[Katoola Family]]
*[[Kalabat Family]]
*[[Kizy Family]]
*[[Kasha Hanna Family]]
*[[Kashat Family]]
*[[Kato Family]]
==L==
==M==
*[[Manni Family]]
*[[Mary Family]]
*[[Merim Family]]
*[[Murad Family]]
==N==
*[[Nagara (Najor/Najjar) Family]]
*[[Nalu Family]]
==O==
==P==
==Q==
*[[Qatoo Family]]
==R==
==S==
*[[Shamoun Family]]
*[[Shikwana Family]]
*[[Samona Family]]
*[[Shammo Family]]
*[[Shamamem Family]]
*[[Sallan Family]]
*[[Shamasha Family]]
*[[Semaan Family]]
*[[Shaba Family]]
*[[Sako Family]]
*[[Sitto Family]]
==T==
*[[Tomina Family]]
*[[Thomas Family]]
*[[Theweny Family]]
==U==
==V==
==W==
==X==
==Y==
*[[Yaldo Family]]
*[[Yalda Family]]
==Z==
*[[Zeer Family]]

== EXAMPLES: Family Trees ==
* '''Family Tree Example 1 (Simple Flow Chart)'''
The following is a SIMPLE family tree of notable members of the President John Adams family relative to Charles Francis Adams IV:
<blockquote>
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree| }}
{{familytree| JQA |y| LCJ | | | | | | | | | | | |JQA='''President John Quincy Adams'''|LCJ=[[Louisa Catherine Johnson]] }}
{{familytree| |,|-|'| | | | | | | | }}
{{familytree| CFA |y| ABB | | GCC |y| HS | | | | | | | |CFA=[[Charles Francis Adams, Sr.]]| ABB=Abigail Brown [Brooks]|GCC=George Caspar Crowninshield|HS= Harriet [Sears]}}
{{familytree| |,|-|^|-|.| | | | |,|'}}
{{familytree| CFA | | | JQA |y| FCC |CFA=[[Charles Francis Adams, Jr.]] |JQA=[[John Quincy Adams II]]|FCC=Frances Cadwalader [Crowninshield]}}

{{familytree/end}}
</blockquote>

* '''Family Tree Example 2 (Complex Flow Chart)'''
The following is a selective family tree of notable members of the Adams family relative to Charles Francis Adams IV:
<blockquote>
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree| }}
{{familytree| JQA |y| LCJ | | PCB |y| AB | | | | | | | |JQA='''President John Quincy Adams'''|LCJ=[[Louisa Catherine Johnson]]|PCB=[[Peter Chardon Brooks]]|AB=Abigail [Brown]}}
{{familytree| |,|-|'| |,|-|-|-|-|-|'}}
{{familytree| CFA |y| ABB | | GCC |y| HS | | | | | | | |CFA=[[Charles Francis Adams, Sr.]]|ABB= Abigail Brown [Brooks]|GCC=George Caspar Crowninshield|HS= Harriet [Sears]}}
{{familytree| |,|-|^|-|.| | | | |,|'}}
{{familytree| CFA | | | JQA |y| FCC |CFA=[[Charles Francis Adams, Jr.]] |JQA=[[John Quincy Adams II]]|FCC=Frances Cadwalader [Crowninshield]}}
{{familytree| |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|^|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.}}
{{familytree| JQA | |GCA| | CFA |y| FL | | FA | | AA |~| MLS | | AHA |y| RH | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |JQA=John Quincy Adams III|GCA=George Caspar Adams|CFA=[[Charles Francis Adams III]]|FL=Frances [Lovering]|FA=Frances C. Adams|AA= Arthur Adams|MLS=Margery Lee [Sargeant]|AHA=Abigail ("Hitty") Adams|RH=Robert Homans}}
{{familytree| |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|'| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!}}
{{familytree| CLA |y| HSM | | CFA |y| MS | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | C | | | | | |CLA=Catherine Lovering Adams|HSM=Henry Sturgis Morgan|CFA='''Charles Francis Adams IV'''|MS=Margaret [Stockton]|C=Children 3 Sons; 1 Daughter}}
{{familytree| |,|-|'| |,|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.}}
{{familytree| FS | | ABA |~| JCM | | AA |~| PGH | | CFA | | TA | | | | | |FS=Five Sons|ABA=Abigail Adams|JCM=James C. Manny|AA=Allison Adams|PGH=Paul G. Hagan|CFA=Charles Francis Adams V|TA=Timothy Adams}}
{{familytree/end}}
</blockquote>

* '''Family Tree Example 3 (Flow Chart with Colors)'''

This is a '''family tree of the kings of Jerusalem'''.

This diagram lists the [[Kings of Jerusalem|rulers]] of the [[kingdom of Jerusalem]], since the conquest of the city in 1099, during the [[First Crusade]], to 1291, year of the fall of [[Akko|Acre]].

{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree | | | | | |,|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree |Boulogne| |God| |Ba1| |Ba2| ||Ba1='''[[Baldwin I of Jerusalem|Baldwin I]]''' 1058-1118 r. 1100-1118|God='''[[Godfrey of Bouillon|Godfrey]]''' 1060-1100 r. 1099–1100|Ba2='''[[Baldwin II of Jerusalem|Baldwin II]]''' 1060-1131 r. 1118–1131|Boulogne=House of Boulogne
|boxstyle_God=background-color: #afd;
|boxstyle_Ba1=background-color: #afd;
|boxstyle_Ba2=background-color: #fba;
|boxstyle_Boulogne=background-color: #afd;}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!|}}
{{familytree |Rethel| | | | | | | | | |Mel|v|Fulk|Mel='''[[Melisende of Jerusalem|Melisende]]''' 1105-1161 r. 1131-1153|Fulk='''[[Fulk of Jerusalem|Fulk]]''' 1092-1143 r. 1131–1143|Rethel=House of Rethel
|boxstyle_Fulk=background-color: #aaf;
|boxstyle_Mel=background-color: #fba;
|boxstyle_Rethel=background-color: #fba;}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.|}}
{{familytree |Anjou| | | | | | | | | |Ba3| |Ama| |Ba3='''[[Baldwin III of Jerusalem|Baldwin III]]''' 1130-1163 r. 1143-1163|Ama='''[[Amalric I of Jerusalem|Amalric I]]''' 1136-1174 r. 1163-1174|Anjou=[[Anjou#The Fulks|Angevins]]
|boxstyle_Ba3=background-color: #aaf;
|boxstyle_Ama=background-color: #aaf;
|boxstyle_Anjou=background-color: #aaf;}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|-|.|}}
{{familytree |Montferrat| | | | |Ba4| |Sib|-|Guy| |Con|v|Isa|v|Henry|~|-|Amalric| |Ba4='''[[Baldwin IV of Jerusalem|Baldwin IV]]''' 1161-1185 r. 1174-1185|Sib='''[[Sibylla, Queen of Jerusalem|Sibylla]]''' 1160-1190 r. 1186–1190|Guy='''[[Guy of Lusignan|Guy]]''' 1150-1194 r. 1186–1192|Isa='''[[Isabella I of Jerusalem|Isabella I]]''' 1172-1205 r. 1192-1205|Con='''[[Conrad I of Jerusalem|Conrad I]]''' 1145-1192 r.1192|Henry='''[[Henry I of Jerusalem|Henry I]]''' 1166-1197 r. 1192-1197|Amalric='''[[Amalric II of Jerusalem|Amalric II]]''' 1145-1205 r. 1197-1205|Montferrat=[[Aleramici]]
|boxstyle_Ba4=background-color: #aaf;
|boxstyle_Sib=background-color: #aaf;
|boxstyle_Isa=background-color: #aaf;
|boxstyle_Guy=background-color: #daf;
|boxstyle_Amalric=background-color: #daf;
|boxstyle_Con=background-color: #afd;
|boxstyle_Henry=background-color: #F0DC82;
|boxstyle_Montferrat=background-color: #afd;
}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |!| | | |!||}}
{{familytree |Blois| | | | | | | | |Ba5| | | |John|v|Maria| |Alice|Ba5='''[[Baldwin V of Jerusalem|Baldwin V]]''' 1177-1186 r. 1185–1186|Maria='''[[Maria of Jerusalem|Maria]]''' 1192-1212 r. 1205-1212|John='''[[John of Brienne|John]]''' 1170-1237 r. 1210-1212|Alice=[[Alice of Champagne|Alice]] 1195-1246|Blois=[[House of Blois]]
|boxstyle_Maria=background-color: #afd;
|boxstyle_John=background-color: #C0C0C0;
|boxstyle_Ba5=background-color: #afd;
|boxstyle_Alice=background-color: #F0DC82;
|boxstyle_Blois=background-color: #F0DC82;}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | |!|}}
{{familytree |Bri| | | | | | | | | | | | |Fred|v|Isa| | | |Isb|Isa='''[[Isabella II of Jerusalem|Isabella II]]''' 1212-1228 r. 1212-1228|Fred='''[[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick]]''' 1194-1250 r. 1225-1228|Isb=[[Isabella of Cyprus|Isabella]] 1216-1264|Bri=[[House of Brienne]]
|boxstyle_Isa=background-color: #C0C0C0;
|boxstyle_Fred=background-color: #bfa;
|boxstyle_Bri=background-color: #C0C0C0;
}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |!|}}
{{familytree |Hoh| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Con| | | | | |Hugh|Con='''[[Conrad II of Jerusalem|Conrad II]]''' 1228-1254 r. 1228-1254|Hugh='''[[Hugh III of Cyprus|Hugh I]]''' 1235-1284 r. 1268-1284|Hoh=[[House of Hohenstaufen]]
|boxstyle_Hugh=background-color: #daf;
|boxstyle_Con=background-color: #bfa;
|boxstyle_Hoh=background-color: #bfa;}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | |,|-|^|-|.|}}
{{familytree |Lusignan| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Con| | | |John| |Henry|Con='''[[Conrad III of Jerusalem|Conrad III]]''' 1252-1268 r. 1254-1268|Guy='''|Guy='''[[Henry II of Jerusalem|Henry II]]''' 1270-1324 r. 1285-1291 r. 1284–1285|Henry='''[[Henry II of Jerusalem|Henry II]]''' 1270-1324 r. 1285-1291||John='''[[John II of Jerusalem|John II]]''' 1267-1285 r. 1284–1285|Guy='''[[Henry II of Jerusalem|Henry II]]''' 1270-1324 r. 1285-1291|Lusignan=[[House of Lusignan]]
|boxstyle_Henry=background-color: #daf;
|boxstyle_John=background-color: #daf;
|boxstyle_Con=background-color: #bfa;
|boxstyle_Lusignan=background-color: #daf;}}
{{familytree/end}}

* '''Family Tree Example 4 (Chronological Tree List)'''
* [[Henry Adams (Braintree)|Henry Adams (1583–1646)]] born [[Barton St David]], [[Somerset]], [[England]] was the first of the clan who immigrated to [[New England]], United States.<ref>[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eZ1h6U0aMbUC&pg=PA5&dq=henry+adams+1583+Edith+Adams&hl=en#v=onepage&q=henry%20adams%201583%20Edith%20Adams&f=false John Adams: Biography]</ref>

{{Tree list}}
* [[John Adams, Sr.]] (1691-1761)
** '''[[John Adams]]''' (1735–1826), second [[President of the United States]], married [[Abigail Adams]] (née Smith) (1744–1818)<ref>[http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=A000039/ John Adams bioguide] at Congress.gov</ref>
*** '''[[John Quincy Adams]]''' (1767–1848), sixth President of the United States, married English-born [[Louisa Adams]] (née Johnson) (1775–1852)<ref>[http://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/adams5.html#R9M0INHMB John Quincy Adams bioguide] at Politicalgraveyard.com</ref>
**** [[George Washington Adams]] (1801–1829), member of Massachusetts state legislature<ref>[http://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/adams4.html#0A20GUI14 George Washington Adams bioguide] at Politicalgraveyard.com</ref>
**** [[John Adams II]] (1803-1834), Private Secretary to his father
**** {{Tree list/final branch}}[[Charles Francis Adams, Sr.]] (1807–1886), [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. Congressman]] and [[United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom|Ambassador to the United Kingdom]]<ref>[http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=A000032/ Charles Francis Adams, Sr. bioguide] at Congress.gov</ref>
*****[[John Quincy Adams II]] (1833–1894), lawyer and politician<ref>[http://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/adams5.html#ROI0K22HT John Quincy Adams II bioguide] at Politicalgraveyard.com</ref>
******[[George C. Adams|George Caspar Adams]] (1863–1900), prominent college athlete and football coach at [[Harvard University]].<ref>[http://books.google.ca/books?id=bOATAAAAIAAJ&q=%22george+caspar+adams%22+1863&dq=%22george+caspar+adams%22+1863&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Sk7BUPO_M8H5ygHX3oHQBA&ved=0CDsQ6AEwBA]</ref>
****** {{Tree list/final branch}} [[Charles Francis Adams III]] (1866–1954), 44th [[Secretary of the Navy]], mayor of [[Quincy, Massachusetts]].<ref>[http://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/adams2.html#RAH0N3GXN Charles Francis Adams III bioguide] at Politicalgraveyard.com</ref>
******* {{Tree list/final branch}} [[Charles Francis Adams IV]] (1910–1999), first president of [[Raytheon]]
*****[[Charles Francis Adams, Jr.]] (1835–1915), brigadier-general in the Union Army during the [[American Civil War]] and president of the Union Pacific Railroad from 1884 to 1890.
***** [[Henry Adams|Henry Brooks Adams]] (1838–1918), a prominent author and political commentator, married [[Marian Hooper Adams]] (née Hooper) (1843–1885)
***** {{Tree list/final branch}} [[Brooks Adams]] (1848–1927), a historian and political scientist.
*** [[Charles Adams (1770-1800)|Charles Adams]] (1770–1800), New York lawyer
*** {{Tree list/final branch}} [[Thomas Boylston Adams (1772–1832)]], Massachusetts legislator and judge<ref>[http://www.masshist.org/adams/biographical.cfm Thomas Boylston Adams biography] at Masshist.org</ref>
** {{Tree list/final branch}} [[Elihu Adams]] (1741–1775), soldier
{{Tree list/end}}

* [[Hannah Adams]] (1755-1831), a historian and theologian
* [[Samuel Adams]] (1722–1803), the second President's second cousin; not usually considered part of the family
* [[Samuel A. Adams]] (1934–1988), a historian and CIA analyst.
* [[Thomas Boylston Adams (1910–1997)]], a grandson of [[Charles Francis Adams, Jr.]], an executive, writer, and political candidate

{{Tree list}}
*[[Image:Simple silver crown.svg|15px]] '''I. Kuroda Nagamasa, 1st Lord of Fukuoka (cr. 1600)''' (1568-1623; Lord of Fukuoka: 1600-1623)
**{{Tree list/final branch}}[[Image:Simple silver crown.svg|15px]] '''II. Tadayuki, 2nd Lord of Fukuoka''' (1602-1654; r. 1623-1654)
***{{Tree list/final branch}}[[Image:Simple silver crown.svg|15px]] '''III. Mitsuyuki, 3rd Lord of Fukuoka''' (1628-1707; r. 1654-1688)
****[[Image:Simple silver crown.svg|15px]] '''IV. Tsunamasa, 4th Lord of Fukuoka''' (1659-1711; r. 1688-1711)
*****{{Tree list/final branch}}[[Image:Simple silver crown.svg|15px]] '''V. Nobumasa, 5th Lord of Fukuoka''' (1685-1744; r. 1711-1719)
****{{Tree list/final branch}}Nagakiyo, Lord of Nogata (1667-1720)
*****{{Tree list/final branch}}[[Image:Simple silver crown.svg|15px]] '''VI. Tsugutaka, 6th Lord of Fukuoka''' (1703-1775; r. 1719-1769)
{{Tree list/end}}

As Tsugutaka, the sixth lord, was without heirs, he adopted an heir from a branch of the Tokugawa family to continue the line:

{{Tree list}}
*Tokugawa Munetada, 1st Hitotsubashi-Tokugawa family head (1721-1765)
**Tokugawa Harusada, 2nd Hitotsubashi-Tokugawa family head (1751-1827)
***{{Tree list/final branch}}[[Image:Simple silver crown.svg|15px]] '''IX. Naritaka, 9th Lord of Fukuoka''' (1777-1795; r. 1782-1795)
****{{Tree list/final branch}}[[Image:Simple silver crown.svg|15px]] '''X. Narikiyo, 10th Lord of Fukuoka''' (1795-1851; r. 1795-1834). He had a daughter:
*****{{Tree list/final branch}}Junhime (d. 1851), m. [[Image:Simple silver crown.svg|15px]] '''XI. (Shimazu) Nagahiro, 11th Lord of Fukuoka, 11th family head''' (1811-1887; r. 1834-1869; family head: 1834-1869). He had a daughter:
******{{Tree list/final branch}}Rikuhime, m. [[Image:Simple silver crown.svg|15px]] '''XII. (Tōdō) Nagatomo, 12th Lord of Fukuoka, 12th family head''' (1839-1902; Lord: 1869; Governor: 1869-1871; family head: 1869-1878)
*******{{Tree list/final branch}}'''Nagashige, 13th family head, 1st Marquess''' (1867-1939; family head: 1878-1939; Marquess: 1884)
********{{Tree list/final branch}}'''Nagamichi, 14th family head, 2nd Marquess''' (1889-1978; family head: 1939-1978; 2nd Marquess: 1939-1947)
*********{{Tree list/final branch}}'''Nagahisa, 15th family head''' (1916-2009; family head: 1978-2009)
**********{{Tree list/final branch}}'''Nagataka, 16th family head''' (b. 1952; family head: 2009-present)
**[[Image:Simple silver crown.svg|15px]] '''''VII.(Kuroda) Haruyuki, 7th Lord of Fukuoka''''' (1753-1781; r. 1769-1781). Adopted by the sixth Lord of Fukuoka. He adopted an heir, the eighth lord:
**{{Tree list/final branch}}[[Image:Simple silver crown.svg|15px]] '''''VIII. (Kyōgoku) Harutaka, 8th Lord of Fukuoka''''' (1754-1782; r. 1782)
{{Tree list/end}}

<ref>[http://reichsarchiv.jp/%E5%AE%B6%E7%B3%BB%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88/%E9%BB%92%E7%94%B0%E6%B0%8F%EF%BC%88%E7%AD%91%E5%89%8D%E7%A6%8F%E5%B2%A1%E8%97%A9%EF%BC%89#nagamasa623 Genealogy]</ref>

File:1259 Pisa.PNG

2019-03-16T05:52:08Z

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=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
|description={{en|1=Chaldean people of Pisa, Italy 1259 AD}}
|date=2019-03-16 02:03:09
|source=Chaldean people of Pisa 1259
|author=Chaldean
|permission=
|other versions=
}}

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{cc-by-sa-4.0}}

[[Category:Uploaded with UploadWizard]]
[[Category:Chaldean People]]

Chaldeans of Michigan

2019-03-16T05:46:27Z

Brightstar:

{{Infobox Religious group
|group = Chaldeans of Michigan (<big>ܟܲܠܕܵܝܹܐ</big> ''Kaldāye'')
|image= [[File:CHALDEAN-FESTIVAL-2.jpg|200px]]
|caption = Chaldeans of Michigan, 21st Century
|poptime =
|region1 = {{flag|United States}}
|pop1 = 400,000
|region2 = {{flag|Iraq}}
|pop2 = 550,000
|region3 = {{ChaldeanFlag|Chaldea}}
|pop3 = 550,000
|langs = [[Chaldean language|Chaldean language]], [[Arabic]], [[Chaldean Neo-Aramaic]]
|rels = [[Chaldean Christianity]] (in union with [[Roman Catholic Church|Rome]])
| scrips = The [[Bible]]
}}

'''Chaldeans''' are native people of [[Mesopotamia|Mesopotamia]]. The term [[Chaldean people | Chaldean]] is also noted in the Holy Bible of the [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] ''Ur Kasdim'' (according to long held Jewish tradition, the birthplace of Abraham in ''Chaldea'') as meaning ''Ur of the Chaldees''.<ref>Biblical Archaeology Review May/June 2001: Where Was Abraham's Ur? by Allan R. Millard</ref>

'''Chaldean''' {{IPAc-en|k|ae|l|'|d|i:|@n}} ({{lang|syr|ܟܠܕܝ̈ܐ}}), or [[Chaldean people |Chaldean]],<ref>Chaldean Patriarch Sako. July 2015 "We are CHALDEANS" adherent of the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]]</ref>, originally called ''The Church of the East'', which was that part of the original universal church (Catholicos) until the 4th century AD when Chaldeans followed Bishop Nestorius and split from the universal Christian church. Chaldeans were called [[Chaldean Nestorian]] but belong to Chaldean Church of the East until 1553 AD when Chaldeans rejoined the universal church and entered communion with the [[Catholicism|Catholic Church]].<ref name='BBC'>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7271828.stm |title=Who are the Chaldean Christians? |author=BBC NEWS |date=March 13, 2008 |work= |publisher=BBC NEWS |accessdate=March 26, 2010}}</ref>

In addition to their ancient [[Chaldean homeland | Mesopotamia]] in [[Iraq]], northeast [[Syria]], northwest [[Iran]] and southeast [[Turkey]], (a region roughly corresponding with ancient [[Mesopotamia]]) [[Chaldean | Chaldean people]] communities are found in the [[United States]], [[Sweden]], [[Germany]], [[France]], [[Canada]], [[Lebanon]], [[Jordan]] and [[Australia]].<ref name='Iraq'>{{cite book|title=Historical Dictionary of Iraq|authors=Edmund Ghareeb, Beth Dougherty|publisher=Scarecrow Press|year=2004|isbn=978-0-8108-4330-1|page=56|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uIyjeUAR5zYC}}</ref>

Chaldean Catholics of [[Mesopotamia]] started the [[Saint Thomas Christians]] of [[India]] (also called the [[Chaldean Syrian Church]]), who are also sometimes known as "Chaldean Christians".

==Overview Modern History==
[[File:Chaldean Fashion Models with Chaldean Flag.jpg|thumb|Chaldean Fashion Models with Chaldean Flag]]

The modern '''Chaldean''' Catholics are native [[Chaldean people|Chaldeans]] of [[Mesopotamia|Mesopotamia]] <ref>Nisan, M. 2002. Minorities in the Middle East: A History of Struggle for Self Expression .Jefferson: McFarland & Company. Jump up ^ http://www.upenn.edu/pennpress/book/14225.html</ref> and originated from ancient Chaldean communities living in and indigenous to Iraq/Mesopotamia which was known as Chaldea from the 53rd century BC till today as [[Chaldean people| Chaldean people]] continue to survive in [[Mesopotamia]].
Chaldean Americans are descendants of native people from Mesopotamia or the Tigris-Euphrates Valley, presently located in the Middle Eastern nation of Iraq. The majority of Chaldean Americans live in Detroit, Michigan, although there are also Chaldean Americans in Chicago, Illinois; El Cajon, San Jose, and Turlock, California; and Oaxaca, Mexico. It is difficult to determine the exact number of Chaldeans in the United States because they are not represented as such in the U.S. Census. According to statistical projections from previous data on the Chaldean American community, however, it is estimated that Chaldeans in the Detroit metropolitan area may number as many as 350,000; in California they are projected at 100,000 persons.
Although Chaldean Americans constitute the bulk of Iraqi immigrants living in the United States, they represented less than 10 percent of the population of Iraq by 2003. While the vast majority of Iraqis, like residents of other Arabic nations, are Muslim, Chaldeans are Roman Catholic, and practice one of the 18 to 20 separate rites of the Catholic Church. They also differ from other Iraqis in that their ancestral language is not Arabic but [[Chaldean Language | Chaldean language]] of Neo Aramaic. Chaldeans may also be knows as Syriac (religious term) or neo Assyrian (or Chaldean Nestorians until 1870 AD).

Chaldean Americans are a highly respected people proud of their Christian heritage. According to legend, they were converted to Christianity by the Apostle Thomas on one of his missionary journeys to the East. (St. Addai, an associate of Thomas, is revered as a Chaldean patron.) In the third century, they were followers of Nestorius, a patriarch of Constantinople who was declared a heretic by the Roman Church for teaching that Jesus Christ was not concurrently God and man. This division between the followers of Nestorius in the East and the Roman Church lasted until 1445, when some Chaldeans were received into the Roman Church by Pope Eugenius IV. They were permitted to retain their historic rituals and the Chaldean/Aramaic language for mass and other ceremonies. Searching for an appropriate name to call this new Catholic rite, the Pope focused on the Chaldean historic native homeland of [[Mesopotamia|Mesopotamia]], the native Chaldean history and Chaldean culture, which in ancient times had been the land of the Chaldeans Babylonians. It was also the historic homeland of the prophet Abraham, who came from Ur, a city of the Chaldeans. Hence, the Pope recognized "Chaldean" as the name for the new Catholic rite and as a continuation of recognition of our [[Chaldean people|Chaldean people]] as the native people of [[Mesopotamia|Mesopotamia]].
Some of the earliest members of Detroit's Chaldean American community recall hearing stories from their grandparents about the conversion of their Chaldean towns in Mesopotamia Iraq, Syria, Southern Turkey and Western Iran from Nestorianism. This occurred in about 1830, when the town recognized the Roman Pontiff as the head of the Church.

== Immigration to America==
[[File:WEBBabylonDay4.jpg|thumb|Chaldean Debka Dance]]

While Chaldeans are believed to have immigrated to the United States as early as 1889, the first significant migration wave did not occur until around 1910, when Chaldeans began settling in metropolitan Detroit. At the time, Detroit was popular among a number of immigrant groups because of the growing automobile industry. It also had an established Middle Eastern community during this period, consisting primarily of Christian immigrants from Lebanon.
In 1943 community sources listed 908 Chaldeans in the Detroit area; by 1963, this number had tripled, to about 3,000 persons. An even greater number of Iraqi citizens immigrated to the United States due to changes in U.S. immigration laws during the mid-1960s, and growth in Detroit's Chaldean American community became even more dramatic, increasing to about 45,000 in 1986, and approximately 75,000 by 1992. (These figures are based on the statistical projections and estimates of Chaldean American community leaders.) This period also saw an increase in immigration to other parts of the country, particularly California.
The majority of Chaldean Americans left their homeland for economic and religious reasons. Baghdad and many poor Chaldean towns as such Telkaif [[Tel Keppe]] n the early 1900s was a poor, non-industrialized village. Many left the town for nearby cities such as Mosul, Baghdad, Basra, or Beirut. Only later did some of them decide to migrate to the United States, or simply to North America. At the time the earliest settlers came, the United States had not yet introduced restriction on immigration, making entry relatively easy. Migration at that time was largely a male phenomenon; women and children generally stayed behind until their husbands, fathers, and brothers became established.
Chaldeans also fled their homeland to escape religious persecution from the Muslim majority in the Middle East. The combination of religious freedom, an established Lebanese Moronite community, and economic opportunity made the United States, particularly metropolitan Detroit, inviting. Once members of the Telkaif community had settled in the area, they encouraged others from various Chaldean towns such as Al Qosh, Batnaya and Tel Askof in Mesopotamia to join them. Thus began an immigration process, known as "chain migration," between Chaldean Telkaif and Detroit, that continues to the present.
In this process, members of the [[Chaldean people | Chaldean]] community who have already established themselves in a new location assist relatives and friends left behind to migrate as well. The assistance they provide can take many forms, including the provision of jobs, a place to stay, or, at the very least, information and advisement. Close relatives may even provide money for passage. In a typical chain, a man migrates first; later he sends home for his wife and children, or if he is not married, he may return to find a bride. As he and his wife become citizens, they arrange for the migration of their parents and siblings as well. And these, in turn, arrange to assist their spouses, in-laws, and other relatives.
This type of assistance became especially important in the 1920s, after the passage of U.S. quota limitations on migration. Under quota restrictions, only 100 immigrants from Iraq were allowed to enter the United States each year. These quotas reinforced the chain migration process by giving preference to the families of persons already in America, under the assumption that such persons would have assistance in the United States and were less likely to become indigent and require public assistance.
Migration of all types largely ceased during World War II when travel became difficult. It commenced again following the war, particularly with the introduction of the student visa, which allowed migrants to enter the United States for educational purposes, on the assumption that they would return home following their training. Many Chaldean Americans entered as students and later married members of the community, thus allowing them to remain in the country.
The 1968 change in U.S. migration law allowed for a significantly larger number of immigrants from Iraq, and the migration of Chaldeans increased substantially. A steady stream of Chaldean immigrants came to the United States, until the onset of the Gulf War when the United States placed restrictions on immigration from Iraq. Acculturation and Assimilation.

==Modern Chaldeans of Michigan==
[[File:Chaldean Nation People.jpg|thumb|Chaldean Nation People]]

The steady rate of Chaldean migration has had a profound effect on the assimilation of Chaldeans in American society because it has provided a constant influx of Chaldean culture. However, many changes have taken place in Iraq since the first Chaldean settlers came to the United States, which, in turn, has greatly altered Chaldean American communities.

Like most ethnic groups, Chaldean Americans have also been affected by cultural differences between the immigrant generation and their children and grandchildren born in the United States. Chaldean Americans reared in the United States are more comfortable speaking English than the language of their parents. They attend school with non-Chaldeans, watch television, and adopt an American lifestyle.
Recent Chaldean immigrants were more likely to have been born and reared in one of modern Iraq's major cities, such as Baghdad, Mosul, or Basra. They are better educated and many have attended college or professional schools. The two groups differ socioeconomically as well; many of the earlier immigrants, and their children born in the United States, have prospered and moved into more affluent suburbs, while more recent immigrants, despite their educational background and general understanding of the English language, struggle among the nation's poor. Yet perhaps the most dramatic difference between older and newer Chaldean immigrant groups is language. Since World War II, Iraq has taught Arabic, the national language, in schools throughout the country. As a result, the Chaldean/Aramaic language of early immigrants has largely been replaced by the Arabic tongue of the newcomers. In fact, few immigrants know Chaldean at all.
Chaldean Americans are often mistaken for other ethnic groups in the United States, specifically Arab Americans. Like Arab Americans, Chaldeans tend to have large families, own independent businesses such as grocery or party stores and gas stations, and they even share some foods. On a deeper level, however, there are important distinctions between the two immigrant groups. The large patriarchal families of Muslim Arabs have traditionally allowed a man to take multiple wives, a pattern forbidden for centuries in the Christian tradition. Chaldeans also contend that women are accorded a higher place in their social structure than in the Arabic tradition. In the Chaldean community, many young women are encouraged to attain higher education. Even in the area of food there are important distinctions; Arabs do not consume alcohol and pork, which are forbidden in the Muslim faith. Chaldeans have no such restrictions. Many of these distinctions clearly flow from religious differences, but they are important distinctions in their own right. Language
Most modern-day immigrants speak Arabic, the dominant language of the Iraqi nation, but the earliest Chaldean immigrants spoke only Chaldean, which they also call "Jesus language," since it is believed to be the language that Jesus Christ spoke during his life. Some Chaldeans resent the fact that they were forced to learn Arabic in Iraqi schools. Inquiring which language Chaldean American children should learn usually provokes a debate. Practical thinkers consider the Arabic language more useful in today's world. More nostalgic individuals assert the importance of learning their original tongue. Hence, while most Chaldean Americans speak Arabic, they do not necessarily take pride in it. Family and Community Dynamics

==Chaldean Towns, Mesopotamia Iraq==

[[File:Chaldean City of Karemlish.jpg|thumb|Chaldean City of Karemlish]]

*[[Zakho]]
*[[Alqosh]] ({{lang|syr|ܐܠܩܘܫ}})
*[[Ankawa]] ({{lang|syr|ܥܢܟܒ݂ܐ}})
*[[Araden]] ({{lang|syr|ܐܪܕܢ}})
*[[Baqofah]] ({{lang|syr|ܒܝܬ ܩܘܦ̮ܐ}})
*[[Batnaya]] ({{lang|syr|ܒܛܢܝܐ}})
*[[Karamlish]] ({{lang|syr|ܟܪܡܠܫ}})
*[[Shaqlawa]]({{lang|syr|ܫܩܠܒ݂ܐ}})
*[[Tel Isqof]] ({{lang|syr|ܬܠܐ ܙܩܝܦ̮ܐ}})
*[[Tel Keppe]] ({{lang|syr|ܬܠ ܟܦܐ}})

==ChaldeanWiki References==

*[[Chaldean people]]
*[[List of Chaldeans]]
*[[Church of the East]]
*[[Chaldea]]
*[[Emmanuel III Delly]]
*[[List of Chaldean settlements]]

Bethkustan, Mardin

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{{Unreferenced|date=April 2009}}

'''Bethkustan'''<ref>http://www.todayszaman.com/national_turkey-restores-original-syriac-name-of-southeastern-village_372468.html</ref>({{lang-syr|ܒܝܬ ܩܘܢܨܛܢ}}, literally 'The House of Constantine', {{lang-ku|Baqisyan}}, {{lang-tr|Alagöz}}) is a [[Chaldean people|Chaldean]] village in the [[Mardin Province]] of [[Turkey]]. It is located 26 kilometres from [[Midyat]]. In 2011 there was 95 people in the village.

==History==

Beth Qustan like many other villages in Tur Abdin was probably inhabited in pre-Christian times, and it is believed that Beth Qustan was a place of rest for travelers and the army of [[Constantine I]] repeatedly passed through the village. In the 4th century Tur Abdin was Christianised and the local Church of Mor Eliyo is dated to 343. The saint [[Mor Gabriel]] was born here in the year 574 who later went on to become bishop of the nearby monastery of [[Mor Gabriel monastery|Qartmin]].

Located near the village is the Shu'o d-Helane, a rock named after [[Helena (empress)|Saint Helen]], mother of the Roman Emperor [[Constantine I]]. Also around the village are the destroyed churches of Mor Osyo and the Mother of God, believed to have been destroyed by [[Tamerlane]] in the year 1400.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://kusnoye.com Beth-Kustan Web-Site]
* [http://flickr.com/photos/arnasia/sets/845594/ Fotos]

{{coord|37.495|N|41.626|E|type:city_region:TR_source:GNS-enwiki|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alagoz, Mardin}}
[[Category:Assyrians in Turkey]]
[[Category:Tur Abdin]]
[[Category:Villages in Turkey]]
[[Category:Assyrian settlements]]
[[Category:Populated places in Mardin Province]]

{{Mardin-geo-stub}}

File:Michel Chiha, Lebanese Chaldean 2015-07-27 03-42.png

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|description=Michel Chiha, Lebanese Chaldean
|source={{own}}
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Michel Chiha

2015-07-27T03:38:40Z

Brightstar: Added image to page

[[File:Michel_Chiha,_Lebanese_Chaldean_2015-07-27_03-42.png|thumbnail|Michel Chiha, Lebanese Chaldean ]]

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Michel Chiha
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1891
| birth_place = [[Mekkine]], [[Ottoman Syria]]
| death_date = 29 December 1954
| death_place = [[Beirut]], Lebanon
| occupation = Banker, Politician, Writer and Journalist
| spouse = Marguerite Philippe Pharaon
| father = Antoine Chiha
| children = 3 daughters: Micheline (d. 1940), Madeleine and Marie-Claire
}}

'''Michel Chiha''' (1891–1954) was a [[Chaldean people|Chaldean]] Lebanese banker, a politician, writer and journalist. Along with [[Petro Trad]] and [[Omar Daouk]], he is considered one of the fathers of the Lebanese Constitution. His ideas and actions have had an important influence on the shaping of the modern [[Lebanon]].

==Biography==
{{Expand section|date=May 2008}}

'''Michel Chiha''' was born in 1891 in a Chaldean Christian family of [[Mekkine]], in the [[Aley District]], in the [[Mount Lebanon Governorate]]. He hails from an [[Chaldean people|Chaldean]] family which have migrated from modern day [[Iraq]].<ref>{{cite book | title=A House of Many Mansions: The History of Lebanon Reconsidered | publisher=I.B.Tauris | author=Salibi, Kamal S. | year=2003 | page=179 | isbn=9781860649127 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=t_amYLJq4SQC&pg=PA179}}</ref> His father, Antoine, was a banker who has founded in 1876 the [[Pharaon and Chiha Bank]] in [[Beirut]], in modern day [[Lebanon]]. His mother belonged to the rich [[Melkite]] family of [[Beirut]], the Pharaons.

===Early life===
{{Expand section|date=May 2008}}

After completing his studies in the [[Université Saint-Joseph]], he joined in 1907 the family business, the [[Banque Pharaon & Chiha]] in [[Beirut]]. With the outbreak of the [[First World War]] and the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] occupation of the autonomous [[Mount Lebanon]], Chiha left Beirut to settle in [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]] in 1915. In addition to pursuing Law studies, he started there with a group of friends his political career and developed his political view about the future of [[Lebanon]].

At the end of the war, he returned to Lebanon to lead the family bank. But soon afterwards, the [[French Mandate of Lebanon]] gave him the opportunity to put into practice his vision for his country [[Lebanon]].

===Political life===
{{Expand section|date=May 2008}}

In August 1920 the state of Lebanon was created out of [[Ottoman Syria]].

On 1 September 1920, the [[Greater Lebanon]] was proclaimed by the French High Commissioner. Michel Chiha played an important role in this proclamation, especially concerning the setting up of its borders and the establishment of its first institutions.

In 1925, Chiha was elected as the representative of [[Beirut]] in the Lebanese parliament. During his mandate that ended in 1929, he was very instrumental in the establishment of the Lebanese Constitution and the Monetary and [[fiscal policy|fiscal]] systems.

In 1926, he married his cousin Marguerite Pharaon, the sister of [[Henri Philippe Pharaoun|Henri Pharaon]]. They had three daughters, Micheline (d. 1940), Madeleine and Marie-Claire.

In 1929, Michel Chiha left all his political responsibilities without, however, stopping the promotion of his vision of [[Lebanon]].

In 1937, he acquired with a group of friends the French language newspaper ''Le Jour''. Until his death in 1954, Michel Chiha delivered daily his ''editorial du Jour'', exposing his political views and vision. During this period he started publishing poems, essays and lectures in French. In 1940, he participated in the foundation of the '''Beirut Stock Exchange''' and founded a newspaper in English, the ''Eastern Times''.

In 1943, his brother-in-law, [[Bechara El Khoury]], became the president of the newly independent Lebanese Republic. Chiha will play an important role as advisor during Khoury's Mandate (1943–1952).

One important cause interested him until his death, the Palestinian cause especially after [[1948 Arab-Israeli War]]. He took an active role in defending this cause.

===Death and afterward===
{{Expand section|date=May 2008}}

Michel Chiha died in [[Beirut]], [[Lebanon]] on 29 December 1954.

==Political views==
{{Expand section|date=May 2008}}

===The Palestinian Question===
In May 1948, the State of Israel was proclaimed on a portion of the land of Palestine. This debacle was repeatedly commented by Michel Chiha in his editorials. In 1945 he had already written:

“No political preoccupation should turn our attention from Palestine! In our backyard, is currently developing one of the most anguishing questions of this world.”

For him this problem represents a direct menace for Lebanon, Michel Chiha writes in December 1947:

“(…) The decision to partition Palestine by creating the Jewish State, is one of the most serious mistakes of world politics. The most surprising consequences are going to result from an apparently small thing. Nor is it offensive to reason to state that this small thing will have its part to play in shaking the world to its foundations.”

In his editorials, the question of Palestine would recur often. Michel Chiha insists relentlessly on the dangers that would jeopardize the newly born state of Lebanon. We find in his editorials the following phrases:
*“There is no other country that recruits its population this way, by giving to strangers, wherever they came from and only because they’re Jewish, the right to be citizens!”
*“We forget often that the State of Israel is a racist and confessional issue.”
*“The mistake is enormous.”
*“The future of Palestine is being handled between the United States and the USSR exactly as if Palestine was uninhabited!”
*“In a few month inter-confessional cohabitation in Palestine would become impossible, forever.”
*“We have ahead of us a permanent danger, a hatred without end.”
*“A mistake of this size committed in the middle of this century, our grand-children will reencounter it in the middle of the next one.”

A text from 1946 would take today a particular value in the sense that it relates directly to current events:

“…The American interventions in Palestine are increasingly looking like they’re dealing with a purely American question. It’s a pity that the people of the United States, today the most powerful in the world, would cover-up from their vantage point such an adventure; they are putting themselves in a definitive contradiction with their most sacred moral and political principles.”

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==Works==
{{Expand section|date=May 2008}}

===Published works===
{{Expand section|date=May 2008}}
* ''Politique intérieure'' (1964), Éditions du Trident, Beyrouth, {{OCLC|5223379}}.
* ''Palestine'' (1969), Tridant Publications, Beirut, {{OCLC|121803}}
* ''La maison des champs, suivie de Poèmes inédits'' (1965), Imprimerie catholique, Beyrouth, {{OCLC|5049616}}
* ''Essais'' (1950), Éditions du Trident, Beyrouth, {{OCLC|14244144}}
* ''Visage et présence du Liban'' (1964), Cénacle Libanais, Beyrouth, {{OCLC|5193480}}
* ''Lebanon : a rapid survey of Lebanon, yesterday and today in sixty-four photographs'' (1948), Paris, {{OCLC|36243459}}
* ''Liban d'aujourd'hui : 1942'' (1949), Editions du Trident, Beyrouth, {{OCLC|25712681}}
* ''Variations sur la Méditerranée'' (1994), Fondation Chiha, Beyrouth, {{OCLC|39985361}}
* ''Images du Liban : un aperçu en soixante-quatre photographies du Liban d'autrefois et d'aujourd'hui'' (1948), Éditions Lumière, Paris, {{OCLC|13657428}}
* ''Propos d'économie libanaise'' (1965), Éditions du Trident, Beyrouth, {{OCLC|27405213}}
* ''Lubnān fī shakhṣīyatihi wa-ḥuḍūrih''(1962), al-Nadwah al-Lubnānīyah, Bayrūt, {{OCLC|25338528}}
* ''Lebanon at home and abroad'' (1966), Cénacle Libanais, Beirut, {{OCLC|48328530}}
* ''Filasṭīn'' (1960), Muʼassasat Mīshāl Shīḥā, Bayrūt, {{OCLC|46762632}}
* ''Plain-chant, propos dominicaux'' (1954), Éditions du Trident, Beyrouth, {{OCLC|43170583}}

==See also==
{{Empty section|date=July 2010}}

==References==
{{Empty section|date=July 2010}}

==External links==
* [http://www.michelchiha.org/ The official website of the Michel Chiha Foundation.]

{{Authority control}}
{{Persondata
|NAME= Michel Chiha
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES= Michel Antoine Chiha
|SHORT DESCRIPTION= Banker, Politician, journalist and writer.
|DATE OF BIRTH=1891
|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Mekkine]], Lebanon
|DATE OF DEATH=29 December 1954
|PLACE OF DEATH=[[Beirut]], Lebanon
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chiha, Michel}}
[[Category:1891 births]]
[[Category:1954 deaths]]
[[Category:Lebanese writers]]
[[Category:Lebanese journalists]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of Lebanon]]
[[Category:Chaldean Catholics]]
[[Category:Lebanese people of Assyrian descent]]
[[Category:Lebanese people of Iraqi descent]]
[[Category:Lebanese Melkite Greek Catholics]]

File:Michel Chiha, Lebanese Chaldean 2015-07-27 03-42.png

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== {{int:filedesc}} ==
{{Information
|description=Michel Chiha, Lebanese Chaldean
|source={{own}}
|author=[[User:Brightstar]]
}}

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Society

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Brightstar: Added image to page

[[File:Chaldean_city_of_Sipper_2015-07-25_00-34.jpg|thumbnail|Chaldean city of Sipper]]

*[[Chaldean Individuals]]
*[[Chaldean Diaspora]]
*[[Chaldean Church | Church]]
*[[Chaldean Health | Health]]
*[[Chaldean Armenians | Hall of Fame]]
*[[Chaldean Online Journals | Online Journals]]
*[[Chaldean Education | Education]]
*[[People of Chaldea]]
*[[Chaldean Orphanages]]

File:Chaldean city of Sipper 2015-07-25 00-34.jpg

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Brightstar: Contributed image from Special:Uploads

== {{int:filedesc}} ==
{{Information
|description=Chaldean city of Sipper
|source={{own}}
|author=[[User:Brightstar]]
}}

== {{int:license-header}} ==
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List of Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon

2015-07-22T03:00:57Z

Brightstar:

This is a list of The '''Chaldean [[Catholicos]]-Patriarchs of Babylon''', the leaders of the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]] and one of the [[Patriarchs of the east]] of the [[Catholic Church]] was originally established by Saint Thomas in the first century AD.

This list continues from the [[List of Patriarchs of the Church of the East]] that traces itself back from the Church founded in [[Mesopotamia]] first mentioned in the 1st century under Simon Peter in 1 Peter 5:13 out of which grew the Church of the East. It was Catholicos Timothy I Al-Baghdadi incorporated the numerically dominant [[St. Thomas Christians]] under the Apostolic See of the Catholicos-Patriarch of Babylon, which is often wrongly attributed to St. Thomas as a result.

==Catholicoi and Patriarchs of Babylon for the Chaldeans==
===The Shimun line===
In 1553, Mar Yohannan Sulaqa, willing to separate from the [[List of Patriarchs of the Church of the East|Church of the East]]'s [[episcopal see|Patriarchal See]] of [[Alqosh]], an Assyrian town in the [[Assyrian homeland]] in northern Iraq, went to Rome asking for his appointment as Patriarch. He was consecrated in [[St. Peter's Basilica]] on 9 April 1553.

* 90 [[Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa]] (1553–1555) — fixed the See in [[Amid]]
* 91 [[Abdisho IV Maron]] (1555–1570) — moved the See near [[Siirt]]
* Vacant (1570–1572)
* 92 [[Yahballaha V]] (1572–1580)
* 93 [[Shimun IX Dinkha]] (1580–1600) — moved the See in [[Urmia]], was the last patriarch of the Shimun line to be formally recognized by Rome, reintroduced the hereditary succession
* 94 [[Shimun X Eliyah]] (1600–1638) — moved the See in [[Salmas]]
* 95 [[Shimun XI Eshuyow]] (1638–1656)
* 96 [[Shimun XII Yoalaha]] (1656–1662)
* 97 [[Shimun XIII Dinkha]] (1662–1692) — moved the See in [[Qochanis]], formally broke [[full communion]] with Rome in 1692, moved back to the Assyrian church, continued to be Patriarch of the [[Assyrian Church of the East]] until c. 1700, the Shimun line of successors continued in the Assyrian Church of the East

===The Josephite line of Amid===
The Catholic Patriarchs based in [[Amid]], now [[Diyarbakır]] in southeastern [[Turkey]], began with Joseph I who in 1681 separated from the Assyrian Patriarchal See of Alqosh entering into full communion with Rome.

* 98 [[Joseph I (Chaldean Patriarch)|Joseph I]] (1681–1696)
* 99 [[Joseph II (Chaldean Patriarch)|Joseph II Sliba Maruf]] (1696–1713)
* 100 [[Joseph III (Chaldean Patriarch)|Joseph III Timothy Maroge]] (1713–1757)
* 101 [[Joseph IV (Chaldean Patriarch)|Joseph IV Lazare Hindi]] (1757–1780)
* 102 [[Joseph V Augustine Hindi]] (1780–1827), patriarchal administrator from 1802, apostolic delegate for the Patriarchate of Babylon from 1812, never formally recognized as patriarch by Rome.
* Vacant (1827–1830)

At the death of [[Augustine Hindi]], this See remained vacant until 1830 upon the merging of the Alqosh line in the person of [[Mar Yohannan Hormizd]] thus forming the modern [[Chaldean Catholic Church]].

===The Alqosh/Mosul line===
The patriarchal See of [[Alqosh]], also known during the 17th and 18th centuries as Eliya line, was the oldest and largest patriarchal See of the Assyrian Church of the East, the only one existing patriarchal line before the 1553 split, and traces itself back from [[Thomas (Apostle)|St. Thomas]] in the 1st century. In 1610, Mar Eliyya VIII (1591–1617), Patriarch of the See of Alqosh, entered communion with the Catholic Church. Eliyya VIII, however died in 1617, and his successor quickly repudiated the union, returning to the Assyrian church.

In 1778, with the death of Eliya XII (or XI) Denkha, the See of Alqosh divided between Mar Eliyya XIII Isho-Yab, who was not in communion with Rome, and his cousin Mar Yohannan VIII Eliyya Hormizd, who professed to be Catholic. In 1804, with the death of Eliyya Isho-Yab, Yohannan Hormizd remained the only incumbent of this ancient See. He was recognized patriarch by Rome only in 1830, after the merging of the see of Amid, thus forming the modern [[Chaldean Catholic Church]].

* 103 [[Yohannan Hormizd|Yohannan VIII Hormizd]] (1830–1838) — moved the See in [[Mosul]]
* 104 [[Nicholas I Zaya]] (1839–1846)
* 105 [[Joseph Audo|Joseph VI Audo]] (1847–1878)
* 106 [[Eliya Abulyonan|Eliya XIV Abulyonan]] (1878–1894)
* 107 [[Audishu V Khayyath]] (1894–1899) (Georges Ebed-Iesu)
* 108 Yousef Emmanuel II Thomas (1900–1946)
* 109 [[Yousef VII Ghanima]] (1946–1958) — moved the See in [[Baghdad]]
* 110 [[Paul II Cheikho]] (1958–1989)
* 111 [[Raphael I Bidawid]] (1989–2003)
** [[Shlemon Warduni]] (2003) (Locum Tenens)
* 112 [[Emmanuel III Delly]] (2003–2012) (retired on 19 December 2012)
** [[Jacques Ishaq]] (2012–2013) (Locum Tenens)
* 113 [[Louis Raphaël I Sako]] (31 January 2013–present)

==See also==
* [[Chaldean Catholic Patriarchate of Babylon]]
* [[List of Patriarchs of the Church of the East]]
*[[Assyrian Church of the East]]
*[[Assyria]]
*[[Assyrian people]]

==External links==
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/baby0.htm Chaldean Patriarchate of Babylon] by GCatholic.org
* Eastern Uniate Patriarchs from World Statesmen.org [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Religious_Organizations.html#Uniate]

{{Chaldean Catholic Hierarchy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs Of Babylon}}
[[Category:Church patriarchs|Babylon]]
[[Category:Chaldean Catholic Church]]
[[Category:Eastern Catholicism in Iraq]]
[[Category:Eastern Catholicism-related lists]]
[[Category:Christianity in Iraq]]
[[Category:Eastern Catholic dioceses|Chaldean Patriarchate of Babylon]]
[[Category:Iraq-related lists]]
[[Category:Lists of patriarchs|Chaldean]]

Chaldean people

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Brightstar:

{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Chaldean people ''{{transl|arc-Latn|Kaldaya}}'' / ''{{transl|arc-Latn|Sūrāyē}}'' / ''{{transl|arc-Latn|Keldaya}}'' <ref>also transliterated ''{{transl|arc-Latn|Sūrōyē}}'' / ''{{transl|arc-Latn|Sūrōyē}}'' / ''{{transl|arc-Latn|Kaldaya}}''; all of ''{{transl|arc-Latn|ā}}'', ''{{transl|arc-Latn|ō}}'' and word-final ''{{transl|arc-Latn|ē}}''
transliterate Aramaic [[Ālaph]] {{script|Armi|[[ܐ]]}}. ''Modern Aramaic Dictionary & Phrasebook: (Chaldean)'' (2015), ISBN 1978-0-37818-1087-6, p. 4; see also [[Names of Chaldean]].</ref>
| image =

{{image array
|perrow = 2
| width = 140
| height = 140
| image1 = Nabonidus.jpg | caption1 = [[Nabonidus]]
| image2 = MBashir.jpg | caption2 = [[Munir Bashir]]
| image3 = Maria Theresa Asmar.png | caption3 = [[Maria Theresa Asmar]]
| image4 = Hormuzd.Rassam.reclined.jpg | caption4 = [[Hormuz Rassam]]
| image5 = Ammobabaold.jpg | caption5 = [[Ammo Baba]]
| image6 = Archbishop Mar Paulos Faraj Rahho.jpg | caption6 = [[Archbishop Mar Paulos Faraj Rahho]]
| image7 = Sister Cecilia Moshi Hanna.jpg | caption7 = [[Sister Cecilia Moshi Hanna]]
| image8 = Her Ragheed Aziz Ganni.jpg | caption8 = [[Her Ragheed Aziz Ganni]]
}}
| caption =
| population = 2–3.3 million<ref>[http://www.unpo.org/article/7859], [[UNPO]] estimates</ref>
| region1 = '''{{resize|120%|Traditional areas of Chaldean settlement}}'''
| region2 = {{pad|0.6em}}{{flag|Iraq}}
| pop2 = 300,000
| ref2 = {{lower|<ref name="ishtartv.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.ishtartv.com/viewarticle,48856.html|title=مسؤول مسيحي : عدد المسيحيين في العراق تراجع الى ثلاثمائة الف|publisher=|accessdate=18 February 2015}}</ref>}}
| region3 = {{pad|0.6em}}{{flag|Syria}}
| pop3 = 400,000
| ref3 = {{lower|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/security/2014/04/syria-Chaldeans-threat-crisis.html|title=Syria’s Chaldeans threatened by extremists – Al-Monitor: the Pulse of the Middle East|work=Al-Monitor|accessdate=18 February 2015}}</ref>}}
| region4 = {{pad|0.6em}}{{flag|Iran}}
| pop4 = 20,000
| ref4 = {{lower|<ref name="atourpop">[http://www.aina.org/articles/dtcitaic.htm].</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees |url=http://www.refworld.org/docid/4cb826c3c.html |title=Iran: Last of the Chaldeans |publisher=Refworld |date=2010-10-13 |accessdate=2013-09-18}}</ref>}}
| region5 = {{pad|0.6em}}{{flag|Turkey}}
| pop5 = 15,000–25,100
| ref5 = {{lower|<ref name="atourpop" /><ref>[http://www.refworld.org/docid/49749c9837.html].</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/10464/TU|title=Chaldean in Turkey|author=Joshua Project|publisher=|accessdate=18 February 2015}}</ref>}}
| region6 = '''{{resize|120%|[[Chaldean diaspora|Diaspora]]}}'''
| region6 = {{pad|0.6em}}{{flag|Sweden}}
| pop6 = 100,000
| ref6 = {{lower|<ref>[http://www.eurfedling.org/Sweden.htm Demographics of Sweden], [[Swedish Language Council]] "Sweden has also one of the largest exile communities of Chaldean and Syriac Christians with a population of around 100,000."</ref>}}
| region7 = {{pad|0.6em}}{{flag|United States}}
| pop7 = 110,807–400,000
| ref7 = {{lower|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_11_1YR_S0201&prodType=table|title=American FactFinder – Results|author=Data Access and Dissemination Systems (DADS)|publisher=|accessdate=18 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|http://www.kaldaya.net/Articles/500/Atricle575_Sep12_07_Chaldean.html|title=Brief History of Chaldeans|publisher=|accessdate=18 February 2015}}</ref>}}
| region8 = {{pad|0.6em}}{{flag|Jordan}}
| pop8 = 100,000–150,000
| ref8 = {{lower|<ref>[http://spectator.org/archives/2007/07/02/thrown-to-the-lions Thrown to the Lions], [[Doug Bandow]], The America Spectator</ref><ref>[ Jordan Should Legally Recognize Displaced Iraqis As Refugees], AINA.org. [http://www.crosswalk.com/news/religiontoday/11542438/ Chaldean Christians Flee Iraq to Neighboring Jordan], ASSIST News Service</ref>}}
| region9 = {{pad|0.6em}}{{flag|Germany}}
| pop9 = 100,000
| ref9 = {{lower|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sokad.de/index.php/erzdioezese|title=Erzdiözese|publisher=|accessdate=18 February 2015}}</ref>}}
| region10 = {{pad|0.6em}}{{flag|Australia}}
| pop10 = 24,505–60,000
| ref10 = {{lower|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/ABSNavigation/prenav/ViewData?action=404&documentproductno=0&documenttype=Details&order=1&tabname=Details&areacode=0&issue=2006&producttype=Census%20Tables&javascript=true&textversion=false&navmapdisplayed=true&breadcrumb=POTLD&&collection=Census&period=2006&productlabel=Ancestry%20(full%20classification%20list)%20by%20Sex&producttype=Census%20Tables&method=Place%20of%20Usual%20Residence&topic=Ancestry&|title=Redirect to Census data page|publisher=|accessdate=18 February 2015}}</ref><ref>[http://www.smh.com.au/news/National/Fear-checks-turnout-for-Iraq-poll/2005/01/21/1106110948104.html][http://museumvictoria.com.au/origins/history.aspx?pid=29&cat=NONE&cid=0] More than two thirds of Iraqis in Australia (80,000) are Christians</ref>}}
| region11 = {{pad|0.6em}}{{flag|Lebanon}}
| pop11 = 39,000
| ref11 = {{lower|<ref>{{cite web|author=Tore Kjeilen |url=http://looklex.com/e.o/lebanon.religions.htm |title=Lebanon / Religions – LookLex Encyclopaedia |publisher=Looklex.com |accessdate=2013-09-18}}</ref>}}
| region12 = {{pad|0.6em}}{{flag|Netherlands}}
| pop12 = 20,000
| ref12 = {{lower|<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=http://www.aina.org/news/20040620144321.htm |title=CNN Under-Estimates Iraqi Chaldean Population |publisher=Aina.org |accessdate=2013-09-18}}</ref>}}
| region13 = {{pad|0.6em}}{{flag|France}}
| pop13 = 16,000
| ref13 = {{lower|<ref name=Wieviorka166>{{Harvnb|Wieviorka|Bataille|2007|pp=166}}</ref>}}
| region14 = {{pad|0.6em}}{{flag|Belgium}}
| pop14 = 15,000
| ref14 = {{lower|<ref name="ReferenceA" />}}
| region15 = {{pad|0.6em}}{{flag|Russia}}
| pop15 = 10,911
| ref15 = {{lower|<ref name="AINApop">{{cite web|url=http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?act=url&depth=1&hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=auto&tl=en&u=http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/Documents/Vol4/pub-04-04.xlsx&usg=ALkJrhgaxBAcNkW4GbQMayFRueaNMarhEA |title=Google Translate |publisher=Translate.googleusercontent.com |accessdate=2013-09-18}}</ref>}}
| region16 = {{pad|0.6em}}{{flag|Canada}}
| pop16 = 10,810
| ref16 = {{lower|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?TABID=2&LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=1118296&GK=0&GRP=0&PID=105396&PRID=0&PTYPE=105277&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2013&THEME=95&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=&D1=0&D2=0&D3=0&D4=0&D5=0&D6=0 |title=2011 National Household Survey: Data tables |author=[[Statistics Canada]] |accessdate=11 February 2014}}</ref>}}
| region17 = {{pad|0.6em}}{{flag|Switzerland}}
| pop17 = 10,000
| ref17 = {{lower|<ref name="ReferenceA" />}}
| region18 = {{pad|0.6em}}{{flag|Denmark}}
| pop18 = 10,000
| ref18 = {{lower|<ref name="ReferenceA" />}}
| region19 = {{pad|0.6em}}{{flag|United Kingdom}}
| pop19 = 6,390
| ref19 = {{lower|<ref>{{cite web|author=Joshua Project |url=http://www.joshuaproject.net/people-profile.php?peo3=10464&rog3=UK |title=Chaldean of United Kingdom Ethnic People Profile |publisher=Joshuaproject.net |accessdate=2013-09-18}}</ref>}}
| region20 = {{pad|0.6em}}{{flag|Greece}}
| pop20 = 6,000
| ref20 = {{lower|<ref name=AthensNews>{{cite news|last=Tzilivakis|first=Kathy|title=Iraq's Forgotten Christians Face Exclusion in Greece|url=http://www.atour.com/news/international/20030623a.html|accessdate=7 April 2012|newspaper=Athens News|date=10 May 2003}}</ref>}}
| region21 = {{pad|0.6em}}{{flag|Georgia}}
| pop21 = 3,299
| ref21 = {{lower|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ecoi.net/189322::georgia/324351.316658.8309...lk.566738/others.htm|title=Georgia – ecoi.net – European Country of Origin Information Network|publisher=|accessdate=18 February 2015}}</ref>}}
| region22 = {{pad|0.6em}}{{flag|Ukraine}}
| pop22 = 3,143
| ref22 = {{lower|<ref>[http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/results/nationality_population/nationality_popul1/ State statistics committee of Ukraine – National composition of population, 2001 census] (Ukrainian)</ref>}}
| region23 = {{pad|0.6em}}{{flag|Italy}}
| pop23 = 3,000
| ref23 = {{lower|<ref name="ReferenceA" />}}
| region24 = {{pad|0.6em}}{{flag|Armenia}}
| pop24 = 2,769
| ref24 = {{lower|<ref name="census">[http://armstat.am/file/article/sv_03_13a_520.pdf 2011 Armenian Census]</ref>}}
| region25 = {{pad|0.6em}}{{flag|New Zealand}}
| pop25 = 1,683
| ref25 = {{lower|<ref>http://www.stats.govt.nz/ New Zealand 2006 census</ref>}}
| region26 = {{pad|0.6em}}{{flag|Azerbaijan}}
| pop26 = 1,500
| ref26 = {{lower|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.joshuaproject.net/people-profile.php?peo3=10464&rog3=AJ|title=Chaldean in Azerbaijan|author=Joshua Project|publisher=|accessdate=18 February 2015}}</ref>}}
| region27 = {{pad|0.6em}}{{flag|Kazakhstan}}
| pop27 = 350–800
| ref27 = {{lower|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astanatimes.com/2014/12/Chaldean-community-kazakhstan-survived-dark-times-now-focuses-education/|title=Chaldean Community in Kazakhstan Survived Dark Times, Now Focuses on Education|work=The Astana Times|accessdate=18 February 2015}}</ref><ref>[http://www.kazakhstanlive.com/2.aspx?sr=3 Kazakhstan Live]</ref>}}
| region28 = {{pad|0.6em}}{{flag|Finland}}
| pop28 = 300
| ref28 = {{lower|<ref>{{ }}</ref>}}
| languages = [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]]: [[Neo-Aramaic languages|Neo-Aramaic]] {{smaller|(also [[Chaldean people#Language|various Neo-Aramaic dialects]])}}
| religions = '''†''' [[Syriac Christianity]]
| related = [[Mhallami]], [[Maronites]]
}}
The '''Chaldeans''' ({{lang-syr| Kaldaya}}), also known as '''Syriacs,''' '''Syrians,''' '''Arameans''' (see [[names of Syriac Christians]]), are an [[ethnic group]] whose origins lie in ancient [[Mesopotamia]]. They speak, read, and write distinct dialects of Chaldean language [[Eastern Aramaic]] exclusive to Mesopotamia and its immediate surroundings.

Today that ancient territory is part of several nations: the north of [[Iraq]], part of southeast [[Turkey]] and northeast [[Syria]]. They are indigenous to, and have traditionally lived all over what is now Iraq, northeast Syria, northwest [[Iran]], and southeastern Turkey.<ref name="MacDonald">*{{cite journal|author=MacDonald, Kevin |date=2004-07-29 |title=Socialization for Ingroup Identity in the United States |publisher=Paper presented at a symposium on socialization for ingroup identity at the meetings of the International Society for Human Ethology, [[Ghent, Belgium]]|url=http://evolution.anthro.univie.ac.at/ishe/conferences/past%20conferences/ghent.html |quote=Based on interviews with community informants, this paper explores socialization for ingroup identity and endogamy among Chaldeans in the United States. The Chaldeans descent from the population of ancient [[Mesopotamia]] (founded in the 24th century BC), and have lived as a [[linguistic]], political, religious, and [[ethnic minority]] in Iraq, Iran, Syria and Turkey since the fall of the [[Chaldean Empire]] in 645 BC. Practices that maintain ethnic and cultural continuity in the [[Near East]], the United States and elsewhere include language and residential patterns, ethnically based [[Christian]] [[local church|churches]] characterized by unique holidays and [[rite]]s, and culturally specific practices related to life-cycle events and [[food preparation]]. The interviews probe parental attitudes and practices related to ethnic [[Cultural identity|identity]] and encouragement of [[endogamy]]. Results are being analyzed. |authorlink=Kevin B. MacDonald}}</ref>{{Better source|reason=Kevin is a white supremacist, not an ethnologist, there must be more objective sources for this|date=January 2015}} Most Chaldeans speak an [[Aramaic language#Modern Eastern Aramaic|Eastern Aramaic language]] whose subdivisions include [[Chaldean Neo-Aramaic]], [[Chaldean Neo-Aramaic|Chaldean]] and [[Kaldya language|Kaldeya]].<ref>The British Survey, By British Society for International Understanding, 1968, page 3</ref>

The Chaldeans are a Christian people, most of them following various [[East Syrian Rite|Eastern Rite]] Churches. Divisions exist between the speakers of [[Northeastern Neo-Aramaic]], who mostly belong to the [[Chaldean Church of the East]], [[Ancient Church of the East]] and [[Chaldean Catholic Church]] and have been historically concentrated in what is now northern Iraq, northwestern Iran, and southeastern Turkey, and speakers of [[Central Neo-Aramaic]], who traditionally belong to the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]] and [[Syriac Catholic Church]] and are indigenous to what is now southern Turkey, northern Syria and northern Iraq.

Many have migrated to the [[Caucasus]], North America, Australia and Europe during the past century or so. [[Chaldean–Syriac diaspora|Diaspora]] and refugee communities are based in Europe (particularly Sweden, Germany, Netherlands, and France), North America, New Zealand, Lebanon, [[Armenia]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.joshuaproject.net/people-profile.php?peo3=10464&rog3=GG|title=Chaldean in Georgia|author=Joshua Project|publisher=|accessdate=18 February 2015}}</ref> southern Russia, Israel, [[Azerbaijan]] and [[Jordan]].

[[Emigration]] was triggered by such events as the [[Chaldean Genocide]] by the [[Ottoman Empire]] during [[World War I]], the [[Simele massacre]] in Iraq (1933), the [[Iranian Revolution|Islamic revolution in Iran]] (1979), Arab Nationalist [[Baathist]] policies in Iraq and Syria, the [[Al-Anfal Campaign]] of [[Saddam Hussein]],<ref>{{ }}</ref> and [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]] nationalist policies in northern Iraq.

Most recently, the [[Iraq War]] has displaced the regional Chaldean community, as its people have faced ethnic and religious persecution at the hands of [[Islamic extremists]] and [[Arab nationalism|Arab]] and [[Kurdish nationalism|Kurdish]] nationalists. Of the one million or more Iraqis reported by the [[United Nations]] to have fled Iraq since the [[History of Iraq (2003–11)|occupation]], nearly 40% are Chaldean, although Chaldeans comprised around 3% of the pre-war Iraqi population.<ref>{{ }}</ref><ref name="Chaldean Report on CWN">{{cite news |title=Iraq's Christian community, fights for its survival |url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zaNG6OF3pQE |publisher=Christian World News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=U.S. Gov't Watchdog Urges Protection for Iraq's Chaldean Christians |url=http://www.christianpost.com/article/20070314/26312_U.S._Gov't_Watchdog_Urges_Protection_for_Iraq's_Chaldean_Christians.htm |work=The Christian Post |accessdate=2007-12-31}}</ref> According to a 2013 report by a [[Chaldean Syriac Popular Council]] official, it is estimated that only 300,000 Chaldeans remain in Iraq.<ref name="ishtartv.com" />

== History ==
{{Main|History of the Chaldean people}}
{{History of Chaldean people}}
=== Pre-Christian history ===
{{Main|Chaldea|Arameans}}

=== Arab conquest ===
The Chaldeans initially experienced some periods of religious and cultural freedom interspersed with periods of severe religious and ethnic persecution after Arab Islamic invasion and conquest of the 7th century AD. As heirs to ancient Mesopotamian civilisation, they also contributed hugely to the Arab Islamic Civilization during the [[Ummayad Caliphate|Umayyads]] and the [[Abbasids]] by translating works of [[Greek philosophers]] to Syriac and afterwards to [[Arabic language|Arabic]]. They also excelled in [[philosophy]], [[science]] and [[theology]] (such as [[Tatian]], [[Bar Daisan]], [[Babai the Great]], [[Nestorius]], [[Toma bar Yacoub]] etc.) and the personal [[physicians]] of the Abbasid Caliphs were often Chaldean [[Christians]] such as the long serving [[Bukhtishu]] dynasty.<ref>Rémi Brague, [https://web.archive.org/web/20130927015958/http://www.christiansofiraq.com Chaldean Contributions To The Islamic Civilization]. (Archived: 27 September 2013)</ref>

However, despite this, indigenous Chaldeans became second class citizens in a greater Arab Islamic state, and those who resisted Arabization and conversion to Islam were subject to severe religious, ethnic and cultural discrimination, and had certain restrictions imposed upon them.<ref>Clinton Bennett (2005). ''Muslims and Modernity: An Introduction to the Issues and Debates''. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 163. ISBN 0-8264-5481-X. Retrieved 2012-07-07</ref> Chaldeans were excluded from specific duties and occupations reserved for Muslims, they did not enjoy the same political rights as Muslims, their word was not equal to that of a Muslim in legal and civil matters, as Christians they were subject to payment of a special tax (jizyah), they were banned from spreading their religion further or building new churches in Muslim ruled lands, but were also expected to adhere to the same laws of property, contract and obligation as the Muslim Arabs.<ref>H. Patrick Glenn, ''Legal Traditions of the World''. Oxford University Press, 2007, p. 219.</ref>

As non-Islamic [[proselytising]] was punishable by death under [[Sharia]] law, the Chaldeans were forced into preaching in [[Transoxania]], [[Central Asia]], [[India]], [[Mongolia]] and [[China]] where they established numerous churches. The [[Church of the East]] was considered to be one of the major Christian powerhouses in the world, alongside Latin Christianity in Europe and the [[Byzantine Empire]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Winkler|first=Dietmar|title=Hidden Treasures And Intercultural Encounters: Studies On East Syriac Christianity In China And Central Asia|year=2009|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7f9gS40A_3IC&pg=PA321}}</ref>

From the 7th century AD onwards Mesopotamia saw a steady influx of Arabs, [[Kurdish people|Kurds]] and other [[Iranian peoples]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Aboona|first=Hirmis|title=Chaldeans, Kurds, and Ottomans: intercommunal relations on the periphery of the Ottoman Empire|year=2008|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=AdZfWpd4YrYC&pg=PR11}}</ref> and later [[Turkic peoples]], and the indigenous population retaining native Mesopotamian culture, identity, language, religion and customs were steadily marginalised and gradually became a minority in their own homeland.<ref>{{cite book|last=Khanbaghi|first=Aptin|title=The fire, the star and the cross: minority religions in medieval and early modern Iran|year=2006|publisher=I.B.Tauris|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7iAbUEaXnfEC&pg=PA86}}</ref>

The process of marginalisation was largely completed by the massacres of indigenous Chaldean Christians and other non-Muslims in Mesopotamia and its surrounds by [[Tamerlane]] the [[Mongol]] in the 14th century AD, and it was from this point that the ancient Chaldean capital of [[Assur]] was finally abandoned by Chaldeans.<ref>{{cite book|last=Khanbaghi|first=Aptin|title=The fire, the star and the cross: minority religions in medieval and early modern Iran|year=2006|publisher=I.B.Tauris|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7iAbUEaXnfEC&pg=PA87}}</ref>

However, many Chaldean Christians survived the various massacres and pogroms, and resisted the process of ''[[Arabization]]'' and ''[[Islamification]]'', retaining a distinct Mesopotamian identity, Mesopotamian Aramaic language and written script. The modern Chaldeans, Syriac-Arameans or Chaldeans of today are descendants of the indigenous inhabitants of Mesopotamia, who refused to be converted to Islam or be culturally and linguistically Arabized.

[[File:SyriacChurch-Mosul.jpg|thumb|Celebration at a Syriac Orthodox monastery in [[Mosul]], [[Ottoman Syria]], early 20th century.]]
Culturally, ethnically and linguistically distinct from, although both quite influencing on, and quite influenced by, their neighbours in the Middle East—the Arabs, [[Persian people|Persians]], Kurds, [[Turkish people|Turks]], [[Jewish people|Jews]] and [[Armenian people|Armenians]] — the Chaldeans have endured much hardship throughout their recent history as a result of [[religious]] and [[ethnic]] [[persecution]].

=== Mongolian and Turkic rule ===
The region came under the control of the [[Mongol Empire]] after the [[Siege of Baghdad (1258)|fall of Baghdad]] in 1258. The Mongol khans were sympathetic with Christians and did not harm them. The most prominent among them was probably [[Isa Kelemechi|Isa]], a diplomat, astrologer, and head of the Christian affairs in the [[Yuan Dynasty]] in East Asia. He spent some time in Persia under the Ilkhans. The 14th century AD massacres of [[Timur]] in particular, devastated the Chaldean people. Timur's massacres and pillages of all that was Christian drastically reduced their existence. At the end of the reign of Timur, the Chaldean population had almost been eradicated in many places. Toward the end of the thirteenth century, [[Bar Hebraeus]] (or Bar-Abraya), the noted Chaldean scholar and hierarch, found "much quietness" in his diocese in Mesopotamia. Syria’s diocese, he wrote, was "wasted."

The region was later controlled by Turkic tribes such as the [[Aq Qoyunlu]] and [[Qara Qoyunlu]]. [[Seljuq]] and Arab emirates sought to extend their rule over the region as well.

=== From Iranian Safavid to confirmed Ottoman rule ===
{{See also|Massacres of Badr Khan |Massacres of Diyarbakir (1895)}}
[[File:Chaldean Genocide memorial Diyarbakir Turkey.jpg|thumb|Chaldean Genocide memorial Diyarbakir, Turkey]]
The Ottomans secured their control over Mesopotamia and Syria in the first half of the 17th century following the [[Ottoman–Safavid War (1623–39)]] and the resulting [[Treaty of Zuhab]]. Non-Muslims were organised into [[Millet (Ottoman Empire)|millets]]. Syriac Christians, however, were often considered one millet alongside Armenians until the 19th century, when Nestorian, Syriac Orthodox and Chaldeans gained that right as well.<ref name=kennith255>[http://books.google.com/books?id=fHtSuvaVAAoC&pg=PA255 The Blackwell companion to Eastern Christianity], Kenneth Parry</ref>

A religious schism amongs the Chaldeans took place in the mid to late 16th century. Dissent over the hereditary succession within the Chaldean Church of the East grew until 1552, when a group of Chaldean bishops, from the northern regions of [[Amid]] and [[Salmas]], elected a priest, Mar [[Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa|Yohannan Sulaqa]], as a rival patriarch. To look for a bishop of [[metropolitan bishop|metropolitan]] rank to consecrate him patriarch, Sulaqa traveled to the [[pope]] in Rome and entered into communion with the [[Catholic Church]]. In 1553 he was consecrated bishop and elevated to the rank of patriarch taking the name of Mar Shimun VIII. He was granted the title of "Patriarch of the Chaldeans," and his church was named the Church of ''Athura and Mosul''.<ref>George V. Yana (Bebla), "Myth vs. Reality," ''JAA Studies'', Vol. XIV, No. 1, 2000 p. 80</ref>

Mar Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa returned to northern [[Mesopotamia]] in the same year and fixed his seat in Amid. Before being put to death by the partisans of the [[Church of the East]] patriarch of [[Alqosh]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Frazee|first=Charles A. |title=Catholics and Sultans: The Church and the Ottoman Empire 1453–1923 |year=2006 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-02700-7|page=56}}</ref>{{rp|57}} he ordained five metropolitan bishops thus beginning a new ecclesiastical hierarchy: the patriarchal line known as the ''Shimun line''. The area of influence of this patriarchate soon moved from Amid east, fixing the See, after many places, in the isolated Chaldean village of [[Qochanis]]. Although this new church eventually drifted away from Rome by 1600 AD and reentered communion with the Chaldean Church, the archbishop of [[Amid]] reinstated relations with Rome in 1672 AD, giving birth to the modern [[Chaldean Catholic Church]].

In the 1840s many of the Chaldeans living in the mountains of [[Hakkari]] in the south eastern corner of the Ottoman Empire were massacred by the Kurdish emirs of Hakkari and Bohtan.<ref>{{cite book|last=Aboona|first=H|author-link=Hirmis Aboona|title=Chaldeans, Kurds, and Ottomans: intercommunal relations on the periphery of the Ottoman Empire|pages=218–219|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=AdZfWpd4YrYC|year=2008|publisher=Cambria Press|isbn=978-1-60497-583-3}}</ref>

Another major massacre of Chaldeans (and Armenians) in the [[Ottoman Empire]] occurred between 1894 and 1897 AD by Turkish troops and their Kurdish allies during the rule of Sultan [[Abdul Hamid II]]. The motives for these massacres were an attempt to reassert [[Pan-Islamism]] in the Ottoman Empire, resentment at the comparative wealth of the ancient indigenous Christian communities, and a fear that they would attempt to secede from the tottering Ottoman Empire. Chaldeans were massacred in [[Diyarbakir]], [[Hasankeyef]], [[Sivas]] and other parts of Anatolia, by Sultan Abdul Hamid II. These attacks caused the death of over thousands of Chaldeans and the forced "Ottomanisation" of the inhabitants of 245 villages. The Turkish troops looted the remains of the Chaldean settlements and these were later stolen and occupied by Kurds. Unarmed Chaldean women and children were raped, tortured and murdered.<ref>{{cite book|last=de Courtois|first=S|title=The forgotten genocide: eastern Christians, the last Arameans|pages=105–107|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=whDcogCNZs4C|year=2004|publisher=Gorgias Press LLC|isbn=978-1-59333-077-4}}</ref>

==== World War I and Aftermath ====
{{Main|Chaldean Genocide|Chaldean struggle for independence}}
The most significant recent persecution against the Chaldean population was the [[Chaldean genocide]] which occurred during the First World War. About 300,000 Chaldeans were estimated to have been slaughtered by the armies of the Ottoman Empire and their Kurdish allies, totalling up to two-thirds of the entire Chaldean population. This led to a large-scale migration of Turkish-based Chaldean people into countries such as Syria, [[Iran]], and Iraq (where they were to suffer further violent assaults at the hands of the Arabs and Kurds), as well as other neighbouring countries in and around the Middle East such as Armenia, [[Republic of Georgia|Georgia]] and [[Russia]].<ref>The Plight of Religious Minorities: Can Religious Pluralism Survive? - Page 51 by United States Congress</ref><ref>The Armenian Genocide: Wartime Radicalization Or Premeditated Continuum – Page 272 edited by Richard Hovannisian</ref><ref>Not Even My Name: A True Story – Page 131 by Thea Halo</ref><ref>The Political Dictionary of Modern Middle East by Agnes G. Korbani</ref>

In reaction to the [[Chaldean Genocide]] and lured by [[United Kingdom|British]] and Russian promises of an independent nation, the Chaldeans led by [[Agha Petros]] and [[Malik Khoshaba]] of the Bit-[[Tyari]] tribe, fought alongside the allies against Ottoman evil forces. Despite being heavily outnumbered and outgunned the Chaldeans fought successfully, scoring a number of victories over the Turks and Kurds. This situation continued until their Russian allies left the war, and Armenian resistance broke, leaving the Chaldeans surrounded, isolated and cut off from lines of supply.

=== Modern history ===
{{Main|Simele Massacre}}
The majority of Chaldean living in what is today modern Turkey were forced to flee to either Syria or Iraq after the Turkish victory during the [[Turkish War of Independence]].

The [[Chaldean Levies]] were founded by the [[United Kingdom|British]] in 1928, with ancient Chaldean military rankings such as [[Rab-shakeh]], Rab-talia and [[Tartan (Chaldean)|Tartan]], being revived for the first time in millennia for this force. The Chaldeans were prized by the British rulers for their fighting qualities, loyalty, bravery and discipline,<ref>Len Dieghton, ''Blood Sweat and Tears''</ref> and were used to help the British put down insurrections among the Arabs and Kurds. During [[World War II]], eleven Chaldean companies saw action in [[Palestine]] and another four served in [[Cyprus]]. The Parachute Company was attached to the [[Royal Marine Commando]] and were involved in fighting in [[Albania]], [[Italy]] and [[Greece]].
The Chaldean Levies played a major role in subduing the pro-[[Nazi]] Iraqi forces at the battle of [[Habbaniyah|Habbaniya]] in 1941.

However, this cooperation with the British was viewed with suspicion by some leaders of the newly formed [[Kingdom of Iraq]]. The tension reached its peak shortly after the formal declaration of independence when hundreds of Chaldean civilians were massacred during the [[Simele Massacre]] by the [[Iraqi Army]] in August 1933. The events lead to the expulsion of [[Shimun XXIII Eshai]] the Catholicos Patriarch of the [[Church of the East]] to the United States where resided until his death in 1975.<ref>{{Citation|last=Zubaida|first=S|title=Contested nations: Iraq and the Chaldeans|journal=Nations and Nationalism|date=July 2000|volume=6|issue=3|pages=363–382|doi=10.1111/j.1354-5078.2000.00363.x|url=http://www.aina.org/articles/contestednations.pdf|accessdate=23 September 2011}}</ref><ref name="peshitta1">{{cite web|title=Biography of His Holiness, The Chaldean Martyr, The Late Mar Eshai Shimun XXIII|url=http://www.peshitta.org/initial/mareshai.html|work=Committee of the 50th Anniversary of the Patriarchate of Mar Eshai Shimun XXIII|publisher=peshitta.org|accessdate=23 September 2011}}</ref>

The [[Ba'ath Party]] seized power in [[February 1963 Iraqi coup d'état|Iraq]] and [[1963 Syrian coup d'état|Syria]] in 1963, which introduced laws that aimed at suppressing the Chaldean national identity, the Arab Nationalist policies of the Ba'athists included renewed attempts to forcibly "Arabize" the indigenous Chaldeans. The giving of traditional Chaldean/Akkadian names and East Aramaic/Syriac versions of Biblical names was banned, Chaldean schools, political parties, churches and literature were repressed and Chaldeans were heavily pressured into identifying as ''Arab Christians''. The Ba'athist government refused to recognise Chaldeans as an ethnic group, and fostered divisions among the ethnic Chaldeans along religious lines (e.g. Chaldean Church of the East vs Chaldean Catholic Church vs Syriac Orthodox Church vs Chaldean Protestant).<ref name="UNHCR1">{{cite web|url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,USCIS,,IRQ,,3f520de14,0.html|title=Refworld – Iraq: Information on treatment of Chaldean Christians|author=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|work=Refworld|accessdate=18 February 2015}}</ref>

The [[al-Anfal Campaign]] of 1986–1989 in Iraq was predominantly aimed at Kurds. However, 2,000 Chaldeans were murdered through its gas campaigns; over 31 towns and villages and 25 Chaldean monasteries and churches were razed to the ground; a number of Chaldeans were murdered; others were deported to large cities, and their land and homes then being appropriated by Arabs and Kurds.<ref>[http://www.indict.org.uk/crimedetails.php?crime=Anfal The Anfal Offensives], indict.org.uk</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Certrez, Donabed, and Makko |title=The Chaldean Heritage: Threads of Continuity and Influence |pages=288–289|year=2012|publisher=Uppsala University|isbn=978-91-554-8303-6}}</ref>

==== 21st Century ====
{{Main|Chaldean exodus from Iraq|2008 attacks on Christians in Mosul}}
Since the 2003 Iraq War social unrest and anarchy have resulted in the unprovoked persecution of Chaldeans in Iraq, mostly by [[Islamic fundamentalism|Islamic extremists]], (both [[Shia]] and [[Sunni]]), and to some degree by [[Kurdish nationalism|Kurdish nationalists]]. In places such as [[Dora, Baghdad|Dora]], a neighborhood in southwestern [[Baghdad]], the majority of its Chaldean population has either fled abroad or to northern Iraq, or has been murdered.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boston.com/news/world/middleeast/articles/2007/07/05/exodus_of_christians_hits_baghdad_district/|title=Exodus of Christians hits Baghdad district|work=The Boston Globe|accessdate=18 February 2015}}</ref>

Islamic resentment over the United States' occupation of Iraq, and incidents such as the [[Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy|''Jyllands-Posten'' Muhammad cartoons]] and the [[Pope Benedict XVI Islam controversy]], have resulted in Muslims attacking Chaldean Christian communities. Since the start of the Iraq war, at least 46 churches and monasteries have been bombed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kaldaya.net/2011/News/08/Aug24_E2_BombersTargetKirkuk.html |title=Church Bombings in Iraq Since 2004 |publisher=Kaldaya.net|accessdate=2008-11-16}}</ref>

The '''Syriac Military Council''' is an Chaldean/Syriac military organisation in Syria. The establishment of the organisation was announced on 8 January 2013. According to the Syriac Military Council the goal of the organisation is to stand up for the national rights of Syriacs and to protect the Syriac people in Syria. It intends to work together with the other communities in Syria to change the current government of [[Bashar al-Assad]]. The organisation will fight mostly in the densely populated Syriac areas of the Governorates of [[Aleppo Governorate|Aleppo]], [[Damascus]], [[Al-Hasakah Governorate|Al-Hasakah]], [[Latakia Governorate|Latakia]] and [[Homs Governorate|Homs]].<ref>[http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/syriacs-establish-military-council-in-syria.aspx?pageID=238&nid=40329 Syriacs establish military council in Syria], ''[[Hürriyet Daily News]]'', 2 February 2013</ref>

== Demographics ==
[[File:Chaldean world population.png|thumb|Chaldean World Population 
{{legend|#440055|more than 500,000}}
{{legend|#aa00d4|100,000–500,000}}
{{legend|#dd55ff|50,000–100,000}}
{{legend|#eeaaff|10,000–50,000}}
{{legend|#F9D6FE|less than 10,000}}]]

=== Homeland ===
{{Main|Chaldean Homeland}}
The Chaldeans are considered to be one of the indigenous people in the Middle East. Their homeland was thought to be located in the area around the [[Tigris]] and [[Euphrates]]. Chaldeans are traditionally from Iraq, south eastern Turkey, north western [[Iran]] and north eastern Syria. There is a significant Chaldean population in Syria, where an estimated 877,000 Chaldeans live.<ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/%5C/15/show_country.asp?name=SY], [[SIL Ethnologue]]</ref>

In [[Tur Abdin]], known as a homeland for Chaldeans, there are only 3000 left,<ref name="3000turabdin">*[http://sor.cua.edu/SOCNews/index.html SOC News report,] ''He was documenting life in the Tur Abdin, where about 3,000 members of the Aramean minority still live''.</ref> and an estimated 25,000 in all of Turkey.<ref name=autogenerated18>[http://sor.cua.edu/SOCNews/2002/20021201EUPStmt.html Statement on Chaldeans/Syriacs in Turkey/Iraq]</ref> After the 1915 [[Chaldean genocide]] many Chaldeans/Syriacs also fled into Lebanon, Jordan, Iran, Iraq and into the [[Western world]].

The Chaldean/Syriac people can be divided along geographic, linguistic, and denominational lines, the three main groups being:
* the "[[West Syrian Rite|Western]]" or "Jacobite" group of Syria, and central eastern [[Anatolia]] ([[Syriac Orthodox Church]] & [[Syriac Catholic Church]]);
* the "[[East Syrian Rite|Eastern]]" group of Iraq, northeast Syria south eastern Turkey, northwest Iran and Armenia ([[ Church of the East]] & [[Ancient Church of the East]]);
* the [[Chaldean Christians|"Chaldean Christian" or "Chaldean Catholic"]]/Chaldo-Chaldean group of northern and central Iraq, northern Iran, and eastern [[Anatolia]] ([[Chaldean Catholic Church]]); Chaldean followers of the Chaldean Catholic church make up the majority of Iraqi Christian population since rejoining to Catholicism from the Chaldean [[Church of the East]] in the 16th century.

=== Persecution ===
Due to their Christian faith and ethnicity, the Chaldeans have been persecuted since their adoption of Christianity. During the reign of [[Yazdegerd I]], Christians in Persia were viewed with suspicion as potential Roman subversives, resulting in persecutions while at the same time promoting [[Nestorianism|Nestorian]] Christianity as a buffer between the Churches of Rome and Persia. Persecutions and attempts to impose [[Zoroastrianism]] continued during the reign of [[Yazdegerd II]].<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=1u2oP2RihIgC&lpg=PA85&ots=kajqpsTjCe&dq=constantine%20christianity%20yazdegerd&pg=PA85#v=onepage&q=constantine%20christianity%20yazdegerd&f=false ''This History of the Medieval World''] by Susan Wise Bauer, pg. 85-87</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=2nWP0_6gkiYC&lpg=PA83&ots=lI-wd4D4Mk&dq=constantine%20christianity%20yazdegerd&pg=PA84#v=onepage&q=constantine%20christianity%20yazdegerd&f=false ''A Short World History of Christianity''] by Robert Bruce Mullin, pp. 82-85</ref>

During the eras of Mongol rule under [[Genghis Khan]] and [[Timur]], there was indiscriminate slaughter of tens of thousands of Chaldeans and destruction of the Chaldean population of northwestern Iran and central and northern Iran.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/409819/Nestorian |title=Nestorian (Christian sect) |publisher=Britannica.com |accessdate=2013-09-18}}</ref>

More recent persecutions since the 19th century include the [[Massacres of Badr Khan]], the [[Massacres of Diyarbakır (1895)]], the [[Adana Massacre]], the [[Chaldean Genocide]], the [[Simele Massacre]], and the [[al-Anfal Campaign]].

=== Diaspora ===
Since the [[Chaldean Genocide | Chaldean genocide]], many Chaldeans have fled their homelands for a more safe and comfortable life in the West. Since the beginning of the 20th century, the Chaldean population in the Middle East has decreased dramatically. As of today there are more Chaldeans in Europe, North America, and Australia than in their former homeland.

A total of 550,000 Chaldeans live in Europe.<ref>http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=70134</ref> Large Chaldean and Syriac diaspora communities can be found in Germany, Sweden, the USA, and Australia. The largest Chaldean and Syriac diaspora communities are those of [[Södertälje]], [[Chicago]], and [[Detroit]].

== Chaldean Identity ==

[[File:Chaldean Flag.jpg|thumb|[[Chaldean Nation flag]] <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kaldaya.net/2010/News/04/April01_2010_E3_Akitu7310_TripToElMontePark.html |title=Chaldea |publisher=kaldaya.net |accessdate=2008-11-16| archiveurl=http://www.kaldaya.net/2010/News/04/April01_2010_E3_Akitu7310_TripToElMontePark.html| archivedate=12 October 2008 | deadurl=no}}</ref>]]

Chaldeans have several churches (see below). They speak, and many can read and write, dialects of [[Chaldean language|Chaldean Neo-Aramaic]].<ref>Florian Coulmas, ''The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems'' 23 (1996)</ref>

In certain areas of the [[Chaldean homeland]], identity within a community depends on a person's village of origin (see [[List of Chaldean villages]]) or Christian denomination rather than their [[Chaldean | Chaldean]] ethnic commonality, for instance [[Chaldean Catholic]].

Neo-Aramaic exhibits remarkably conservative features compared with [[Imperial Aramaic]].<ref>J.G. Browne, "The Chaldeans", ''Journal of the Royal Society of Arts'' 85 (1937)</ref>

=== Other Related Self-designation ===
{{Main|Chaldean Names of Syriac Christians}}
The communities of indigenous Chaldean Neo-Aramaic-speaking people of Iraq, Israel, Palestine, Syria, Iran, Turkey and [[Lebanon]] and the surrounding areas advocate different terms for ethnic self-designation.
* "Chaldeans", after the ancient [[Mesopotamia]], are mostly followers of the [[Chaldean Church of the East]] or Chaldean Nestorian, the [[Ancient Church of the East]], followers of the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]] and Chaldean [[non Catholics]]. ("Chaldeans"),<ref name="Catholic Encyclopaedia">[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05230a.htm "Eastern Churches"], ''[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]'', see "Eastern Syrians" and "Western Syrians" respectively. Modern terminology within the group is Western Chaldeans and Eastern Chaldeans respectively, while those who reject the Chaldean identity opt for Syriacs or Aramean rather than Chaldean.</ref> and some communities of the Syriac Orthodox Church and Syriac Catholic Church ("Chaldeans"). Those identifying with Chaldea, and with Mesopotamia in general, tend to be from Iraq, northeastern Syria; southeastern Turkey, Iran, Armenia, Georgia; southern Russia and [[Azerbaijan]]. They are indeed of Chaldean/Mesopotamian heritage as they are clearly of pre-Arab and pre-Islamic stock. Furthermore, there is no historical evidence or proof to suggest the indigenous Mesopotamians were wiped out; Chaldea existed as a specifically named region until the second half of the 7th century AD. Most speak Chaldean and the Mesopotamian dialects of Neo-Aramaic. [[Chaldean nationalism]] emphatically connects Modern Chaldeans to the population of ancient Mesopotamia and the Neo-Chaldean Empire. A historical basis of this sentiment was disputed by a few early historians,<ref>{{cite web|title=Early History of Chaldea to 5300 B.C.|url=http://www.kaldaya.net/Articles/500/Atricle575_Sep12_07_Chaldean.html|year=2005|quote=The survival of the Chaldean people will always remain a unique and striking phenomenon in ancient history. Other, similar kingdoms and empires have indeed passed away but the people have lived on. ... No other land seems to have been sacked and pillaged so completely as was Chaldea .}}</ref> but receives strong support from modern [[Sumeriologists]] like Robert D. Biggs and Giorgi Tsereteli <ref>{{cite journal |author=Biggs, Robert |year=2005 |title=My Career in Sumeriology and Near Eastern Archaeology |journal=[[Journal of Chaldean Academic Studies]] |volume=19 |issue=1 |publisher=|url=http://www.kaldaya.net/2010/News/04/April01_2010_E3_Akitu7310_TripToElMontePark.html |format=HTML |authorlink=Kaldaya.net}} pp. 10, "Especially in view of the very early establishment of Christianity in Chaldea and its continuity to the present and the continuity of the population, I think there is every likelihood that ancient Chaldeans are among the ancestors of modern Chaldeans of the area." </ref>

* "[[Chaldean Christians|Chaldeans]]", after ancient [[Chaldea]], are followers of the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]] who are mainly based in Mesopotamia Iraq and reside in many global countries such as the [[United States]]. Chaldean is a distinct Chaldean ethnic and native identity of Mesopotamia.

* "Syriacs", advocated by followers of the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]], [[Syriac Catholic Church]] and to a much lesser degree [[Maronite Church]]. Those self identifying as Syriacs tend to be from Syria as well as south central Turkey. The term Syriac is the subject of some controversy, as it is generally accepted by most scholars that it is a [[Luwian]] and [[Greeks|Greek]]. The discovery of the [[Çineköy inscription]] seems to settle conclusively in favour of Chaldean being the origin of the terms Syria and Syriac. However, [[Poseidonios]] (ca. 135 BC – 51 BC), from the Syrian [[Apamea, Syria|Apamea]], was a Greek Stoic philosopher, politician, astronomer, geographer, historian, and teacher who says that the Syrians call themselves Arameans.{{#tag:ref|"The people we Greek call Syriacs, they call themselves Arameans". (See J.G. Kidd, Posidonius (Cambridge Classical Texts and Commentaries, 1988), vol. 2, pt. 2, pp. 955-956)|group=nb}}. At the same time historians, geographers and philosophers like Herodotos, Strabo, and Justinus mention that Chaldeans were afterwards called Syrians.{{#tag:ref|"This, people, whom the Greeks call Syrians, are called Chaldeans by the barbarians." "The Chaldeans, who were afterwards called Syrians, held their empire thirteen hundred years." (See John Gill (A Collection of Sermons and Tracts), vol. 3, pp. 487)|group=nb}}.
* "[[Arameans]]", after the ancient Aram-Naharaim, advocated by some followers of the Syriac Orthodox Church and Syriac Catholic Church in western, northwestern, southern and central Syria as well as south central Turkey. The term Aramean is sometimes expanded to "Syriac-Aramean".

In addition [[Western Media]] often makes no mention of any ethnic identity of the Christian people of the region and simply call them Christians, Iraqi Christians, Iranian Christians, Syrian Christians, Turkish Christians, etc. This label is rejected by Chaldeans/Chaldeans/Syriacs since it erroneously implies no difference other than theological with the Muslim Arabs, Kurds, Turks, Iranians and Azeris of the region.

=== Chaldean vs. Syrian naming controversy ===
As early as the 8th century BC [[Luwian]] and [[Cilician]] subject rulers referred to their Chaldean overlords as ''Syrian'', a western [[Indo-European]] bastardisation of the true term ''Chaldean''.
This corruption of the name took hold in the Hellenic lands to the west of the Chaldean Babylonian Empire, thus during [[Greeks|Greek]] [[Seleucid]] rule from 323 BC the name ''Chaldea'' was altered to ''Syria'', and this term was also applied to [[Aramea]] to the west which had been an Chaldean colony. When the Seleucids lost control of Chaldea to the Parthians they retained the corrupted term (Syria), applying it to ancient Aramea, while the Parthians called Chaldea, a Parthian form of the original name. It is from this period that the Syrian vs Chaldean controversy arises. Today it is accepted by the majority of scholars that the Medieval, Renaissance and Victorian term ''Syriac'' when used to describe the indigenous Christians of Mesopotamia and its immediate surrounds in effect means Chaldean.<ref>{{cite web|http://www.kaldaya.net/Articles/500/Atricle575_Sep12_07_Chaldean.html |title=Who are the Chaldeans |publisher=Kaldaya.net|date=2007-09-07 |accessdate=2013-09-18}}</ref>

The modern terminological problem goes back to colonial times, but it became more acute in 1946, when with the independence of Syria, the adjective ''Syrian'' referred to an independent state. The controversy isn't restricted to [[exonyms]] like English "Chaldean" vs. "Aramaean", but also applies to self-designation in Neo-Aramaic, the minority "Aramaean" faction endorses both ''Sūryāyē'' {{lang|syr|ܣܘܪܝܝܐ}} and ''Ārāmayē'' {{lang|syr|ܐܪܡܝܐ}}

[[File:Iraqvillagealqosh.JPG|thumb|left|200ppx|[[Alqosh of the Chaldeans]], located in the midst of Chaldean contemporary civilization.]]
The question of ethnic identity and self-designation is sometimes connected to the scholarly debate on the [[Syria (etymology)|etymology of "Syria"]]. The question has a long history of academic controversy, but majority mainstream opinion currently strongly favours that ''Syria'' is indeed ultimately derived from the Chaldean term 𒀸𒋗𒁺 𐎹 '''''Kaldaya'''''.<ref name="Who are the Chaldeans" /><ref name="Chaldean">{{cite journal |author=Rollinger, Robert |year=2006 |title=Chaldean History |journal=[[Journal of Near Eastern Studies]] |volume=65 |issue=4 |pages=283–287 |publisher= |doi=10.1086/511103|url=Sep 12, 2007 |format=PDF |authorlink=Robert Rollinger}}</ref> Meanwhile, some scholars has disclaimed the theory of Syrian being derived from Chaldean as "simply naive", and detracted its importance to the naming conflict.<ref>''Festschrift Philologica Constantino Tsereteli Dicta'', ed. Silvio Zaorani (Turin, 1993), pp. 106–107</ref>

Rudolf Macuch points out that the Eastern Neo-Aramaic press initially used the term "Syrian" (''suryêta'') and only much later, with the rise of nationalism, switched to "Chaldean" (''atorêta'').<ref>Rudolf Macuch, ''Geschichte der spät- und neusyrischen Literatur'', New York: de Gruyter, 1976.</ref> According to Tsereteli, however, a [[Georgia (country)|Georgian]] equivalent of "Chaldeans" appears in ancient Georgian, Armenian and Russian documents.<ref>Tsereteli, ''Sovremennyj jazyk'', Moscow: Nauka, 1964.</ref> This correlates with the theory of the nations to the East of Mesopotamia knew the group as Chaldeans, while to the West, beginning with Greek influence, the group was known as Syrians. Syria being a Greek corruption of Chaldea.

The debate appears to have been settled by the discovery of the [[Çineköy inscription]] in favour of Syria being derived from Chaldea.

The ''Çineköy inscription'' is a [[Hieroglyphic Luwian]]-[[Phoenician language|Phoenician]] [[bilingual inscription|bilingual]], uncovered from Çineköy, [[Adana Province]], Turkey (ancient [[Cilicia]]), dating to the 8th century BC. Originally published by Tekoglu and Lemaire (2000),<ref>Tekoglu, R. & Lemaire, A. (2000). La bilingue royale louvito-phénicienne de Çineköy. ''Comptes rendus de l’Académie des inscriptions, et belleslettres, année 2000'', 960–1006.</ref> it was more recently the subject of a 2006 paper published in the [[Journal of Near Eastern Studies]], in which the author, Robert Rollinger, lends support to the age-old debate of the name "Syria" being derived from "Chaldea" (see [[Etymology of Syria]]).

The object on which the inscription is found is a monument belonging to Urikki, [[vassal]] king of [[Quwê|Hiyawa]] (i.e., [[Cilicia]]), dating to the eighth century BC. In this monumental inscription, Urikki made reference to the relationship between his kingdom and his Chaldean overlords. The Luwian inscription reads "Sura/i" whereas the Phoenician translation reads ''’ŠR'' or "Ashur" which, according to Rollinger (2006), "settles the problem once and for all".

== Culture ==
{{Main|Chaldean culture}}

[[File:Chaldean Fashion Models with Chaldean Flag.jpg|thumb|Chaldean Fashion Models with Chaldean Flag]]
[[File:Chaldean Fashion of the Chaldean Nation.jpg|thumb|Chaldean Fashion of the Chaldean Nation]]

Chaldean culture is largely influenced by Christianity. Main festivals occur during religious holidays such as Easter and Christmas. There are also secular holidays such as [[Kha b-Nisan]] (vernal equinox).<ref>[http://www.kaldaya.net/2010/News/04/April01_2010_E3_Akitu7310_TripToElMontePark.html The Chaldean New Year]</ref>

People often greet and bid relatives farewell with a kiss on each cheek and by saying "{{lang|syr|ܫܠܡܐ ܥܠܝܟ}}" ''[[Shlama]]/Shlomo lokh'', which means: "Peace be upon you." Others are greeted with a handshake with the right hand only; according to Middle Eastern customs, the left hand is associated with evil. Similarly, shoes may not be left facing up, one may not have their feet facing anyone directly, whistling at night is thought to waken evil spirits, etc.<ref>Chamberlain, AF. "Notes on Some Aspects of the Folk-Psychology of Night". ''American Journal of Psychology'', 1908 – JSTOR.</ref>

There are many Chaldean customs that are common in other Middle Eastern cultures. A parent will often place an eye pendant on their baby to prevent "an evil eye being cast upon it".<ref>Gansell, AR. FROM MESOPOTAMIA TO MODERN SYRIA: ETHNOARCHAEOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON FEMALE ADORNMENT DURING RITES. Ancient Near Eastern Art in Context. 2007 – Brill Academic Publishers.</ref> Spitting on anyone or their belongings is seen as a grave insult.

=== Language ===
{{Main|Chaldean Neo-Aramaic languages}}
{{Chaldean alphabet}}

[[File:Chaldean Language Course.pdf|thumb|Chaldean Language Course]]

The Chaldean Language is native language of [Mesopotamia | Mesopotamia], the lingua franca in the later phase of the Neo- Chaldean Empire, displacing the [[East Semitic]] [[Akkadian language|Chaldean dialect of Akkadian]]. Aramaic was the language of commerce, trade and communication and became the vernacular language of Chaldea in classical antiquity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kaldaya.net/2012/Images/KaldTv/ChaldeanCourse.pdf | format=PDF |accessdate=2013-11-16| archiveurl=http://www.kaldaya.net/2012/Images/KaldTv/ChaldeanCourse.pdf| archivedate=2 December 2013 | deadurl=no}} {{dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref><ref>Chaldean as a Lingua Franca in Mesopotamia (5,300 BC to 2015 AD). .</ref><ref name="Chaldean Language">[http://www.kaldaya.net/2012/Images/KaldTv/ChaldeanCourse.pdf]</ref>

By the 1st century AD, Akkadian was extinct, although some loaned vocabulary still survives in Chaldean Neo-Aramaic to this day.<ref name="Akkadian words">[http://www.kaldaya.net/2012/Images/KaldTv/ChaldeanCourse.pdf Akkadian Words in Modern Chaldean]</ref><ref name="Kaufman">Kaufman, Stephen A. (1974),The Akkadian influences on Aramaic. University of Chicago Press</ref>

To the native Chaldean speaker, "Chaldean Langauge" and "Syriac" is usually called ''Soureth'' or ''Suret''. A wide variety of dialects exist, including [[Chaldean Neo-Aramaic]]. All are classified as Chaldean Neo-Aramaic languages and are written using [[Chaldean alphabet|Chaldean script]]. Chaldeans also may speak one or more languages of their country of residence. Being [[Stateless nation|stateless]], Chaldeans also learn the language or languages of their adopted country, usually Arabic, [[Armenian language|Armenian]], [[Persian language|Persian]] or [[Turkish language|Turkish]]. In northern Iraq and western Iran, Turkish and [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] is widely spoken.

Recent archaeological evidence includes a statue from Syria with [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] and [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]] inscriptions.<ref>[http://www.kaldaya.net/2012/Images/KaldTv/ChaldeanCourse.pdf]</ref> It is the oldest known Aramaic text.

=== Religion ===
[[File:Syriac Christian Churches.svg|thumb|right|Historical branches of the Chaldean and Syriac Christian Churches in the Middle East]]

{{Main|Syriac Christianity}}

Since the beginning of Christianity in 30 AD, Chaldeans are the first Christians of the world. Chaldeans currently belong to various [[Christian denominations]] such as the [[Church of the East]], with an estimated 500,000 members,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adherents.com/Na/Na_41.html#303 |title=Adherents.com |publisher=Adherents.com |accessdate=2013-09-18}}</ref> the Chaldean Catholic Church, with about 1,500,000 members,<ref>[J. Martin Bailey, Betty Jane Bailey, Who Are the Christians in the Middle East? p. 163: "more than two thirds" out of "nearly a million" Christians in Iraq.]</ref> and the Syriac Orthodox Church ''{{unicode|(ʿIdto Suryoyto Triṣaṯ Šuḇḥo)}}'', which has between 1,000,000 and 4,000,000 members around the world (only some of whom are Chaldeans),<ref>[http://www.adherents.com/Na/Na_622.html Adherents.com]</ref> the [[Ancient Church of the East]] with some 100,000 members, and various [[Protestant]] churches, such as the [[Pentecostal Church]] with 25,000 adherents, and the [[Evangelical Church]]. While Chaldeans are predominantly [[Christians]], a number are [[irreligious]].

{{As of|2015}} [[Mar Louis Sako]], resident in Baghdad Iraq, was [[Patriarch]] of the [[Chaldeans Catholic Church]], [[Mar Addai II]], with headquarters in Baghdad, was Patriarch of the [[Ancient Church of the East]], and [[Ignatius Zakka I Iwas]] was Patriarch of the Syriac Orthodox Church, with headquarters in [[Damascus]]. [[Emmanuel III Delly|Mar Emmanuel III Delly]], the former Patriarch of the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]], was the first Patriarch to be elevated to Cardinal, joining the [[college of cardinals]] in November 2007.

Many members of the following churches consider themselves Chaldean. Ethnic identities are often deeply intertwined with religion, a legacy of the Ottoman [[Millet (Ottoman Empire)|Millet system]].
The group is traditionally characterized as adhering to various churches of [[Syriac Christianity]] and speaking Neo-Aramaic languages. It is subdivided into:
* adherents of the [[East Syrian Rite]] also known as '''Nestorians'''
** adherents of the [[Church of the East]] & [[Ancient Church of the East]]
** adherents of the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]].
* adherents of the [[West Syrian Rite]] also known as '''Jacobites'''
** adherents of the Syriac Orthodox Church
** adherents of the Syriac Catholic Church

A small minority of Chaldeans of the above denominations accepted the [[Protestant Reformation]] in the 20th century, possibly due to British influences, and is now organized in the [[Evangelical Church]], the [[Pentecostal Church]] and other Protestant Chaldean groups.

Baptism and First Communion are celebrated extensively, similar to a [[Bris]] or [[Bar Mitzvah / Bat Mitzvah|Bar Mitzvah]] in Jewish communities. After a death, a gathering is held three days after burial to celebrate the ascension to heaven of the dead person, as of [[Jesus]]; after seven days another gathering commemorates their death. A close family member wears only black clothes for forty days and nights, or sometimes a year, as a sign of mourning.

=== Music ===
[[File:Chaldean Music.jpg|thumb|Chaldean Folk Music since 5,300 BC]]

{{Main|Chaldean folk music|Syriac sacral music}}
The ''[[zurna|abooba]]'' {{lang|syr|ܐܒܘܒܐ}} (basic flute) and ''[[davul|ṭavla]]'' {{lang|syr|ܛܒ݂ܠܐ}} (large two-sided drum) became the most common musical instruments for tribal music. Some well known Chaldean/Syriac singers in modern times are [[Majid Kekka]], [[Sargon Gabriel]], [[Habib Mousa]], [[Josef Özer]], [[Janan Sawa]], [[Klodia Hanna]], [[Juliana Jendo]]

The first International [[Chaldean Music Festival]] was held in Lebanon from 1 August until 4 August 2008 for Chaldean people internationally. Chaldeans are also involved in western contemporary music, such as Rock/Metal ([[Melechesh]]), Rap ([[Timz]]) and Techno/Dance ([[Aril Brikha]]).

=== Dance ===
[[File:CHALDEAN-FESTIVAL-2.jpg|thumb|Chaldean Debka Dance]]

{{Main|Chaldean folk dance}}

Chaldeans have numerous traditional [[dance]]s which are performed mostly for special occasions such as weddings. Chaldean dance is a blend of both ancient indigenous and general near eastern elements.

=== Festivals ===
[[File:WEBBabylonDay4.jpg|thumb|Chaldean Debka Dance]]

Chaldean festivals tend to be closely associated with their Christian faith, of which [[Easter]] is the most prominent of the celebrations. Chaldean/Syriac members of the Chaldean Church of the East, Chaldean Catholic Church and Syriac Catholic Church follow the [[Gregorian calendar]] and as a result celebrate Easter on a Sunday between March 22 and April 25 inclusively. While Chaldean/Syriac members of the Syriac Orthodox Church and Ancient Church of the East celebrate Easter on a Sunday between April 4 and May 8 inclusively on the Gregorian calendar (March 22 and April 25 on the [[Julian calendar]]). During [[Lent]] Chaldean/Syriacs are encouraged to fast for 50 days from meat and any other foods which are animal based.

Chaldeans celebrate a number of festivals unique to their culture and traditions as well as religious ones:
* [[Kha b-Nisan]] ''{{Script/Mdnh|ܚܕ ܒܢܝܣܢ}}'', the Chaldean new year (AKA AKITU), traditionally on April 1, though usually celebrated on January 1. Chaldeans usually wear traditional costumes and hold social events including parades and parties, dancing, and listening to poets telling the story of creation.<ref>[http://www.eastcountymagazine.org/thousands-celebrate-akitu-chaldean-new-year-tradition-el-cajon]</ref>
* [[Sauma d-Ba'utha]] ''{{Script/Mdnh|ܒܥܘܬܐ ܕܢܝܢܘܝܐ}}'', the Nineveh fast. It is a three-day period of fasting and prayer.<ref name=SycOrth>{{cite web|title=Three Day Fast of Nineveh|url=http://syrianorthodoxchurch.org/news/2011/02/10/three-day-fast-of-nineveh/|publisher=syrianorthodoxchurch.org|accessdate=1 February 2012}}</ref>
* Somikka, the Chaldean version of [[Halloween]], traditionally meant to scare children into fasting during Lent.

* Sharra d'Mart Maryam, usually on August 15, a festival and feast celebrating St. Mary with games, food, and celebration.<ref name="cultureofiran.com" />
* Other Sharras (special festivals) include: Sharra d'Mart Shmuni, Sharra d'Mar Shimon Bar-Sabbaye, Sharra d'Mar Mari, and Shara d'Mar Zaia, Mar Bishu, Mar Sawa, Mar Sliwa, and Mar Odisho
* Yoma d'Sah'deh (Day of Martyrs), commemorating the thousands massacred in the [[Simele Massacre]] and the hundreds of thousands massacred in the [[Chaldean Genocide]].

Chaldeans also practice unique marriage ceremonies. The rituals performed during weddings are derived from many different elements from the past 7,300 years. An Chaldean wedding traditionally lasted a week. Today, weddings in the Chaldean homeland usually last 2–3 days; in the [[Chaldean diaspora]] they last 1–2 days.

=== Traditional clothing ===
[[File:Chaldean Fashion.jpg|thumb|Chaldean Fashion from Chaldean Town of Telkeppe]]

{{Main|Chaldean clothing}}

Chaldean clothing varies from village to village. Clothing is usually blue, red, green, yellow, and purple; these colors are also used as embroidery on a white piece of clothing. Decoration is lavish in Chaldean costumes, and sometimes involves jewellery. The conical hats of traditional Chaldean dress have changed little over millennia from those worn in ancient Mesopotamia, and until the 19th and early 20th centuries the ancient Mesopotamian tradition of braiding or platting of hair, beards and moustaches was still common place.

=== Cuisine ===
{{Main|Chaldean cuisine}}

[[File:Chaldean Food.jpg|thumb|Beautiful Chaldean Food for Everyone]]

[[Chaldean cuisine | Chaldean cuisine]] is similar to other Middle Eastern cuisines. It is rich in [[grain]], [[meat]], [[potato]], [[cheese]], [[bread]] and [[tomato]]. Typically [[rice]] is served with every meal, with a stew poured over it. [[Tea]] is a popular drink, and there are several dishes of desserts, snacks, and beverages. [[Alcohol]]ic drinks such as [[wine]] and [[wheat beer]] are organically produced and drunk.

== See also ==
{{columns
|width=300px
|col1 =
* [[Chaldea]]
* [[Chaldean genocide|Chaldean Genocide]]
* [[Chaldean language|Chaldean Language]]
* [[Neo-Aramaic languages]]
* [[Chaldean Christianity]]
|col2 =
* [[Chaldean diaspora|Chaldean Diaspora]]
* [[Popular Chaldeans]]
* [[List of Chaldeans]]
}}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=nb}}

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=35em}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book
| last = Aphram I Barsoum
| first = Patriarch
| title = The Scattered Pearls
| url = http://sor.cua.edu/Pub/PAphrem1/ScatteredPearlsIntro.html
| year = 1943
}}

* {{cite book
| last = Brock
| first = Sebastian
| title = The Hidden Pearl: The Aramaic Heritage
| url = http://www.gorgiaspress.com/BOOKSHOP/pc-151-25-brock-et-al-sebastian-the-hidden-pearl-the-aramaic-heritage.aspx
| date = 9 September 2002
| publisher = Trans World Film
| isbn = 1-931956-99-5
}}
* {{cite book
| last = De Courtis
| first = Sėbastien
| title = The Forgotten Genocide: Eastern Christians, the Last Arameans
| edition = 1st Gorgias Press
| year = 2004
| publisher = Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias Press
| isbn = 978-1-59333-077-4
| ref = http://worldcat.org/wcpa/isbn/1593330774
}}
* {{cite book
| author =
| author2 =
| title = Chaldeans in Detroit
| year = 2014
| publisher = [[Arcadia Publishing]]
| isbn =
| oclc =
}}
* {{cite book
| last =
| first =
| title =
| year =
| publisher =
| location =
| language =
| isbn =
| ref =
}}
* {{cite book
|title = Massacres, resistance, protectors: Muslim-Christian relations in Eastern Anatolia during World War I
|last = Gaunt
|first = David
|coauthors = Jan Bet̲-Şawoce, Racho Donef
|year = 2006
|publisher = Gorgias Press LLC
|isbn = 1-59333-301-3
|oclc = 85766950
}}
* {{cite book
| isbn = 0-19-531423-9
| last = Henrich
| first = Joseph
| author2 = Henrich, Natalie
| title = Why Humans Cooperate: A Cultural and Evolutionary Explanation
| url = http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/Anthropology/BiologicalPhysicalAnthropology/?view=usa&ci=9780195314236
| date = May 2007
| publisher = Oxford University Press
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Hollerweger
| first = Hans
| title = Tur Abdin: A Homeland of Ancient Syro-Aramaean Culture
| year = 1999
| location = Österreich
| language = English, German, Turkish
| isbn = 3-9501039-0-2
}}

* {{cite book
| last = Taylor
| first = David
| authorlink =
| author2 = Brock, Sebastian
| title = Vol. I: The Ancient Aramaic Heritage
| date = 9 September 2002
| publisher = Trans World Film
| ref = http://www.gorgiaspress.com/BOOKSHOP/pc-151-25-brock-et-al-sebastian-the-hidden-pearl-the-aramaic-heritage.aspx
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Taylor
| first = David
| author2 = Brock, Sebastian
| title = Vol. II: The Heirs of the Ancient Aramaic Heritage
| date = 9 September 2002
| publisher = Trans World Film
| ref = http://www.gorgiaspress.com/BOOKSHOP/pc-151-25-brock-et-al-sebastian-the-hidden-pearl-the-aramaic-heritage.aspx
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Taylor
| first = David
| author2 = Brock, Sebastian
| title = Vol. III: At the Turn of the Third Millennium; The Syrian Orthodox Witness
| date = 9 September 2002
| publisher = Trans World Film
| ref = http://www.gorgiaspress.com/BOOKSHOP/pc-151-25-brock-et-al-sebastian-the-hidden-pearl-the-aramaic-heritage.aspx
}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* {{cite book
| last = Chaldeans of Mesopotamia
| first =
| title = Native Chaldean People of Mesopotamia Iraq, Syria, Turkey and Iran
| url = https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.960707990624644.1073741924.200571219971662&type=3
| year = 2015
}}

[[Category:Chaldean people ]]
[[Category:Ancient peoples]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Iran]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Iraq]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Syria]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Turkey]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in the Middle East]]
[[Category:Fertile Crescent]]
[[Category:Semitic peoples]]
[[Category:History of Chaldeans]]
[[Category:Indigenous peoples of Western Asia]]

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Chaldean diaspora

2015-07-20T15:35:45Z

Brightstar:

[[File:Chaldean_People_of_Mesopotamia_Iraq,_Syria,_Iran_and_Turkey_2015-05-06_00-11.jpg|thumbnail|Chaldean People of Mesopotamia Iraq, Syria, Iran and Turkey]]

The '''Chaldean''' [[diaspora]] (''Galuta''{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}) refers to the estimated population of [[indigenous peoples|indigenous]] ''ethnic'' [[Chaldean people|Chaldeans]] who share a common language of Chaldean [[Eastern Aramaic]] and ancient [[Mesopotamia]] in-[[ Chaldean]] ancestry who migrated outside of their original Mesopotamian [[Chaldean Attractions Map|homeland]] of [[Iraq]], northwest [[Iran]], northeast [[Syria]] and southeast [[Turkey]].<ref>"The Chaldean Assyrian Syriac People of Iraq: An Ethnic Identity Problem: by Shak Hanish http://www.syriacstudies.com/2013/02/04/the-chaldean-assyrian-syriac-people-of-iraq-an-ethnic-identity-problem-shak-hanish/</ref>

They are a [[Semitic people|Semitic]] [[Christian]] people, with most being members of the [[Chaldean Church of the East]], [[Syriac Orthodox Church]], [[Chaldean Catholic Church]], and [[Ancient Church of the East]].

The worldwide diaspora of Chaldean communities begins during [[World War I]], with the [[Chaldean Genocide]] by the [[Young Turks]] government of the [[Turkish people|Turkish]] [[Ottoman Empire]], together with allied [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]], [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] and [[Arab]] tribes. The emigration of Chaldeans out of the Middle East accelerated further beginning in the 1980s, with mainly [[Neo-Aramaic]] speaking ethnic Chaldeans fleeing persecution in the [[Islamic Republic of Iran]] and in [[Ba'athist Iraq]], and again in the wake of the [[Iraq War]] during the 2000s.<ref name="Codeswitching Worldwide II"/>

==Demographic estimates==
<center>
{| class="toccolours sortable" border="1" cellpadding="3" style="border-collapse:collapse"
|+
|- bgcolor=#FE2712
!Country or Region
!Most Recent Census
!Estimated Chaldean-Syriac Population (2008)
!Total Country or Region Population (2008)<ref name="Country Comparison:Population"/> **
!% Chaldean
!Further information
|-
|style="text-indent: 2em"|[[Iraq]]
|style="text-align: right"|-
|style="text-align: right"|500,000<ref name="cia"/><ref name="globalsecurity"/>-1,500,000<ref name="AINA Brief"/>
|style="text-align: right"|30,711,152
|style="text-align: right"|2%-5%
|[[Chaldeans in Iraq]]
|-
|style="text-indent: 2em"|[[Syria]]
|style="text-align: right"|-
|style="text-align: right"|900,000<ref name="worldpopulationreview"/>-1,200,000<ref name="ipsnews"/>
|style="text-align: right"|20,581,290
|style="text-align: right"|4.9%
|[[Chaldeans in Syria]]
|-
|style="text-indent: 2em"|[[United States]]
|style="text-align: right"|82,355 (2000)<ref name="census2000"/>
|style="text-align: right"|100,000<ref name="census"/>-500,000<ref name="AINA Brief" /><ref name="atour main"/>
|style="text-align: right"|307,006,550
|style="text-align: right"|0.03%-0.17%
|[[Chaldeans in the United States|Chaldean American]]
|-
|style="text-indent: 2em"|[[Sweden]]
|style="text-align: right"|-
|style="text-align: right"|100,000<ref name="eurfedling"/>-120,000<ref name="AINA Brief" />
|style="text-align: right"|9,219,637
|style="text-align: right"|1.2%
|[[Chaldeans in Sweden]]
|-
|style="text-indent: 2em"|[[Jordan]]
|style="text-align: right"|-
|style="text-align: right"|44,000<ref name="AINA Brief" />-150,000<ref name="spectator2007"/><ref name="aina"/>
|style="text-align: right"|5,906,043
|style="text-align: right"|0.7%
|[[Chaldeans in Jordan]]
|-
|style="text-indent: 2em"|[[Germany]]
|style="text-align: right"|-
|style="text-align: right"|70,000<ref name="remid"/>-100,000<ref name="AINA Brief" />
|style="text-align: right"|82,110,097
|style="text-align: right"|0.12%
|[[Chaldeans in Germany]]
|-
|style="text-indent: 2em"|[[Iran]]
|style="text-align: right"|-
|style="text-align: right"|74,000<ref name="atour main" />-80,000<ref name="ethnologue1994"/>
|style="text-align: right"|71,956,322
|style="text-align: right"|0.11%
|[[Chaldeans in Iran]]
|-
|style="text-indent: 2em"|[[Lebanon]]
|style="text-align: right"|-
|style="text-align: right"|37,000<ref name="ethnologue"/>-100,000<ref name="AINA Brief" />
|style="text-align: right"|4,193,758
|style="text-align: right"|0.9%-2.38%
|[[Chaldeans in Lebanon]]
|-
|style="text-indent: 2em"|[[Turkey]]
|style="text-align: right"|-
|style="text-align: right"|24,000<ref name="atour main" />-70,000<ref name="ethnologue19941"/>
|style="text-align: right"|73,914,260
|style="text-align: right"|0.03%-0.1%
|[[Chaldeans in Turkey]]
|-
|style="text-indent: 2em"|[[Russia]]
|style="text-align: right"|13,649 (2002)<ref name="2002 census"/>
|style="text-align: right"|70,000<ref name="AINA Brief" />
|style="text-align: right"|141,950,000
|style="text-align: right"|0.05%
|[[Chaldeans in Russia]]
|-
|style="text-indent: 2em"|[[Australia]]
|style="text-align: right"|24,505 (2006)<ref name="abs2006"/>
|style="text-align: right"|60,000<ref name="smh2005"/>
|style="text-align: right"|21,431,800
|style="text-align: right"|0.28%
|[[Chaldeans in Australia|Chaldean Australian]]
|-
|style="text-indent: 2em"|[[Canada]]
|style="text-align: right"|8,650 (2006)<ref name="Ethnic Origin (247), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3) and Sex (3) for the Population of Canada,"/>
|style="text-align: right"|38,000<ref name="radiovaticana"/>
|style="text-align: right"|33,311,400
|style="text-align: right"|0,11%
|[[Chaldeans in Canada|Chaldean Canadian]]
|-
|style="text-indent: 2em"|[[Netherlands]]
|style="text-align: right"|-
|style="text-align: right"|20,000<ref name="AINA Brief" />
|style="text-align: right"|16,445,593
|style="text-align: right"|0.12%
|[[Chaldeans in the Netherlands]]
|-
|style="text-indent: 2em"|[[France]]
|style="text-align: right"|-
|style="text-align: right"|20,000<ref name="AINA Brief" />
|style="text-align: right"|62,277,432
|style="text-align: right"|0.03%
|[[Chaldeans in France]]
|-
|style="text-indent: 2em"|[[Belgium]]
|style="text-align: right"|-
|style="text-align: right"|15,000<ref name="AINA Brief" />
|style="text-align: right"|10,708,433
|style="text-align: right"|0.14%
|
|-
|style="text-indent: 2em"|[[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]
|style="text-align: right"|3,299 (2002)<ref name=Eurominority />
|style="text-align: right"|15,000<ref name="AINA Brief" />
|style="text-align: right"|4,385,400
|style="text-align: right"|0.34%
|[[Chaldeans in Georgia]]
|-
|style="text-indent: 2em"|[[Armenia]]
|style="text-align: right"|2,769 (2011)<ref name="docs.armstat.am-2011"/>
|style="text-align: right"|15,000<ref name="AINA Brief" />
|style="text-align: right"|3,018,854
|style="text-align: right"|0.09%
|[[Chaldeans in Armenia]]
|-
|style="text-indent: 2em"|[[Brazil]]
|style="text-align: right"|-
|style="text-align: right"|10,000<ref name="AINA Brief" />
|style="text-align: right"|193,733,795
|style="text-align: right"|0.005%
|
|-
|style="text-indent: 2em"|[[Switzerland]]
|style="text-align: right"|-
|style="text-align: right"|10,000<ref name="AINA Brief" />
|style="text-align: right"|7,647,675
|style="text-align: right"|0.13%
|
|-
|style="text-indent: 2em"|[[Denmark]]
|style="text-align: right"|-
|style="text-align: right"|10,000<ref name="AINA Brief" />
|style="text-align: right"|5,493,621
|style="text-align: right"|0.18%
|
|-
|style="text-indent: 2em"|[[Greece]]
|style="text-align: right"|-
|style="text-align: right"|8,000<ref name="AINA Brief" />
|style="text-align: right"|11,237,094
|style="text-align: right"|0.07%
|[[Chaldeans in Greece]]
|-
|style="text-indent: 2em"|[[Great Britain]]
|style="text-align: right"|-
|style="text-align: right"|8,000<ref name="AINA Brief" />
|style="text-align: right"|51,446,000
|style="text-align: right"|0.02%
|[[Chaldeans in the United Kingdom]]
|-
|style="text-indent: 2em"|[[Austria]]
|style="text-align: right"|-
|style="text-align: right"|7,000<ref name="AINA Brief" />
|style="text-align: right"|8,336,926
|style="text-align: right"|0.08%
|
|-
|style="text-indent: 2em"|[[Italy]]
|style="text-align: right"|-
|style="text-align: right"|3,000<ref name="AINA Brief" />
|style="text-align: right"|59,832,179
|style="text-align: right"|0.005%
|
|-
|style="text-indent: 2em"|[[Azerbaijan]]
|style="text-align: right"|-
|style="text-align: right"|1,400<ref name="AINA Brief" />
|style="text-align: right"|
|style="text-align: right"|
|
|-
|style="text-indent: 2em"|[[New Zealand]]
|style="text-align: right"|1,683 (2006)<ref name="New Zealand 2006 census"/>
|style="text-align: right"|3,000<ref name="AINA Brief" />
|style="text-align: right"|4,268,900
|style="text-align: right"|0.07%
|
|-
|style="text-indent: 2em"|[[Mexico]]
|style="text-align: right"|-
|style="text-align: right"|2,000<ref name="AINA Brief" />
|style="text-align: right"|106,350,434
|style="text-align: right"|0.002%
|
|-
|style="text-indent: 2em"|Other
|style="text-align: right"|-
|style="text-align: right"|100,000<ref name="AINA Brief" />
|style="text-align: right"|
|style="text-align: right"|
|
|-
|style="text-indent: 2em"|Total
|style="text-align: right"|-
|style="text-align: right"|3.3 million<ref name="unpo"/>-4.2 million<ref name="ethnologue2"/>
|style="text-align: right"|
|style="text-align: right"|
|}
</center>

==Historic census==

===Former Soviet Union===

====History<ref name="autogenerated4"/>====
[[File:Chaldeans in Russia.jpg|thumb|250ppx|Chaldeans in Russia protesting Iraq Church bombings in 2006]]

Chaldeans came to [[Russia]] and the [[Soviet Union]] in three main waves. The first wave was after the [[Treaty of Turkmenchay]] in 1828, that delineated a border between [[Russia]] and [[Persia]]. Many Chaldeans found themselves suddenly under Russian sovereignty and thousands of relatives crossed the border to join them.

The second wave was a result of the repression and violence during and after World War I.

The third wave came after World War II, when Moscow unsuccessfully tried to establish [[Republic of Mahabad|a satellite state in Iran]]. Soviet troops withdrew in 1946, and left the Chaldeans exposed to exactly the same kind of retaliation that they had suffered from the Turks 30 years earlier. Again, many Chaldeans found refuge in the Soviet Union, this time mainly in the cities. From 1937 to 1959, the Chaldean population in USSR grew by 587.3%<ref name="An Ethnic History of Russia Pre-revolutionary Times to the Present"/>

The Soviets, expressed an atheistic ideology, in the thirties oppressed anyone who expressed any religious affiliation and as a result the Soviet authority persecuted Chaldean religious and community leaders, in the same way as the Soviet authority persecuted those Russian who remained in some way connected to the Russian Orthodox Church.

In recent years, the Chaldeans have tended to assimilate within the [[Armenian people|Armenian community]] within the Soviet Union, but their cultural and ethnic identity, strengthened through centuries of hardships, found new expression under [[Glasnost]].

===USSR census===
* 1897 census: 5,300 "Chaldeans" (by language)<ref name="processus"/>
* 1919 refugee status:
:8,000 - 7,000 "Chaldean" refugees in [[Tbilissi]]<ref name="autogenerated5"/>
:2,000 Chaldeans in [[Yerevan]]<ref name=autogenerated5 />
:15,000 Chaldeans from [[Hakkari]], 10,000 from [[Urmia]] and [[Salmas]] in the Russian region of [[Rostov]]<ref name="constantinople"/>
* 1926 census: 9,808 Chaldeans (''Aisor'')<ref name=autogenerated5 />
* 1959 census: 21,083 Chaldeans<ref name="autogenerated1"/>
* 1970 census: 24,294 Chaldeans<ref name="autogenerated6"/>
* 1979 census: 25,170 Chaldeans<ref name="internationales"/>
* 1989 census: 26,289 Chaldeans<ref name=autogenerated1 />

===Russia===
* 1989 census: 9,600 Chaldeans, of whom 4,742 spoke the [[Syriac Language]]; 1,738 in the [[Krasnodar]] region<ref name=autogenerated4 />
* 2002 census: 13,649 Chaldeans (ассирийцы)<ref name="2002 census"/>

===Armenia===
{{Main|Chaldeans in Armenia}}
* 1926 (Soviet) census:<ref name=autogenerated6 /> 21,215 Chaldeans
* 1989 (Soviet) census:<ref name="www"/> 5,963 Chaldeans
* 2001 census:<ref name="docs.armstat.am"/> 3,409 Chaldeans (3rd minority ethnic group after [[Yazidis]] and [[Russians]]): 524 urban, 2,485 rural
* 2011 census:<ref name="docs.armstat.am-2011"/> 2,769 Chaldeans

===Georgia===
{{Main|Chaldeans in Georgia}}
* 1926 census: 2,904 Chaldeans<ref name=autogenerated6 />
* 1989 census: 6,206 Chaldeans<ref name="Eurominority"/>
* 2002 census: 3,299 Chaldeans<ref name=Eurominority />

===Ukraine===
* 2001 census: 3,143<ref name="ukrcensus0"/>

===Kazakhstan===
* 2005 estimates: 540<ref name="www3"/>
** 270 in [[Almaty]]

==Near East==

===Lebanon===
'''estimates on December 31, 1944, by province (Muhafazat)'''<ref name="autogenerated2"/>
{| class="wikitable"
|- align="center"
|-
| denomination
| Beyrouth
| Mount Lebanon
| North Lebanon
| South Lebanon
| Biqa'
| Total
|-
| Syriac Catholics
| 4,089
| 275
| 169
| 9
| 442
| 4,984
|-
| Syriac Orthodox
| 2,070
| 209
| 100
| 22
| 1,352
| 3,753
|-
| Chaldean Catholic
| 974
| 120
| 1
| 10
| 225
| 1,330
|-
|}

'''1932 census and further estimates'''
{| class="wikitable"
|- align="center"
| denomination
| 1932 census<ref name="autogenerated3"/>
| 1944 estimates<ref name=autogenerated2 />
| 1954 estimates<ref name=autogenerated3 />
|- align="center"
| Syriac Catholics
| 2,675
| 4,984
| ..
|- align="center"
| Chaldean Catholics
| 528
| 1,330
| ..
|- align="center"
| Syriac Orthodox
| 2,574
| 3,753
| 4,200
|- align="center"
| Church Of The East
| 800
| 1,200
| 1,400
|-
|}

===Israel===
{{Main|Chaldeans in Israel}}

===Palestine===

===Jordan===

==The Americas==

===Canada===
{{Main|Chaldeans in Canada}}
* [[List of Canadians by ethnicity|2001 Census]]: Chaldean - 6,980
* 2006 Census: Chaldean - 8,650<ref name="statcan"/>
* 2011 Census: Chaldean - 10,810<ref name="statcan4"/>

===United States===
{{Main|Chaldeans in the United States}}
* 1990 census: 46,099 Chaldeans<ref name="census1990"/>
** 19,066 born in the US
** 16,783 arrived before 1980
** 10,250 between 1980 and 1990.
** 27,494 Syriac as the "Language Spoken at Home"<ref name="census1980"/>
** Unemployment: 9.1%
* 2000 census: 82,355 Chaldeanc<ref name="census20005"/>

** 34,484 in [http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?-geo_id=04000US26&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U_QTP13&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U Michigan]
*** [[Sterling Heights, Michigan]]: 5,515 (4.4% of the city)
*** [[West Bloomfield, Michigan]]: 4,874 (7.5%)
*** [[Southfield, Michigan]]: 3,684 (4.7%)
*** [[Warren, Michigan]]: 2,625 (1.9%)
*** [[Farmington Hills, Michigan]] 2,499 (3.0%)
*** [[Troy, Michigan]]: 2,047 (2.5%)
*** [[Detroit, Michigan]] 113,000
*** [[Oak Park, Michigan]] 1,864 (6.3%)
*** [[Madison Heights, Michigan]]: 1,428 (4.6%)
*** [[Orchard Lake Village, Michigan]]: 241 (10.9%)
** 22,671 in [http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?-geo_id=04000US06&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U_QTP13&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U California]
** 15,685 in [http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?-geo_id=04000US17&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U_QTP13&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U Illinois]
*** [[Chicago, Illinois]]: 7,121 (0.2%)
*** [[Niles, Illinois]]: 3,410 (3.3%)
*** [[Maine Park, Illinois]]: 1,035 (0.8%)

** Syriac language: 46,932<ref name="census20006"/>

==Europe==

===Belgium===
Chaldeans in [[Belgium]] came mostly as refugees from the [[Turkey|Turkish]] towns of [[Midyat]] and [[Mardin]] in [[Tur Abdin]], most of them belong to the Syrian Orthodox Church, some to the Chaldean Catholic Church. Their three main settlements are in Brussels (municipalities of [[Saint-Josse-ten-Noode]] - where they've got their only elected municipal councilman, the Christian Democrat Ibrahim Erkan, originally from Turkey -, [[Brussels]] and [[Etterbeek]]), [[Liège (city)|Liège]] and in [[Mechelen]]. Since the October 8, 2006 municipal elections they've got two more councilmen, in Etterbeek, the Liberal Sandrine Es (whose family came from Turkey) and the Christian Democrat Ibrahim Hanna (originally from Syria's Khabur region). The Christian Democrat candidate in Mechelen, Melikan Kucam, was not elected. The Flemish writer August Thiry wrote the book ''Mechelen aan de Tigris'' (Mechelen on Tigris) about the Chaldean refugees from the village of Hassana in SE Turkey, district of Silopi. Melikan Kucam was one of them.
On October 14, 2012 municipal elections, Melikan was elected in Mechelen as member of the Flemisch Nationalists N-VA.

===France===
{{main|Chaldeans in France}}
There are believed to be some 20,000, mainly concentrated in the northern French suburbs of [[Sarcelles]], where several thousands Chaldean Catholics live, and also in [[Gonesse]] and [[Villiers-le-Bel]]. They are drawn from the same few villages in what is now south-east Turkey.<ref name="aina7"/><ref name="multilingualism"/>

===Germany===
{{main|Chaldeans and Syriacs in Germany}}

The number of Chaldeans/Syriacs in Germany is estimated at around 100,000 people.<ref name="Borken">[http://web.archive.org/web/20111008014028/http://www.borkenerzeitung.de/lokales/kreis_borken/borken/1561426_Diskussion_zum_Thema_Aaramaeische_Christen_im_Kapitelshaus.html "Diskussion zum Thema 'Aaramäische Christen' im Kapitelshaus"] Borkener Zeitung {{de icon}} (archived link, 8 October 2011)</ref> Most of the Chaldean immigrants and their descendants in Germany live in the following places like in [[Munich]], [[Wiesbaden]], [[Paderborn]], [[Essen]], [[Bietigheim-Bissingen]], [[Ahlen]], [[Göppingen]], [[Köln]], [[Hamburg]], [[Berlin]], [[Augsburg]] and [[Gütersloh]].

Being oppressed and persecuted throughout the 20th century for their religion, many arrived from Turkey seeking a better life. The first large wave arrived in the 1960s and 1970s as part of the German economic plan of "[[Gastarbeiter]]"; as Germany was seeking immigrant workers (largely from Turkey), many Chaldeans/Syriacs saw an opportunity for freedom and success and applied for visas. Chaldeans started working in restaurants or as construction workers for companies and many began running their own shops. The first Chaldean immigrants in Germany started organizing themselves by forming culture clubs and building churches. The second wave came in the 1980s 1990s as refugees from the [[Turkish-PKK conflict]] in the region of [[Turkish Kurdistan]] in which they lived.

===Greece===
{{main|Chaldeans in Greece}}
The first migrants of Chaldean stock in Greece came in 1934, and settled in the areas of [[Makronisos]] (today uninhabited), [[Keratsini]] ([[Pireus]]), [[Egaleo]] and [[Kalamata]].<ref name="zindamagazine1999"/> Today, the vast majority of Chaldeans live in [[Peristeri]], a suburb of [[Athens]], and they number about 2,000.<ref name="ethnologue8"/>
There are five Chaldean Christian marriages recorded at St. Pauls Anglican Church in Athens in 1924-25 (the transcripts can be viewed on St. Pauls Anglican Church website), thus indicating the beginning of the appearance of refugees at that time. The absence of further marriages at St. Pauls possibly indicates the arrival of a Nestorian clergyman in Athens shortly after 1925.

===Netherlands===
{{Main|Chaldeans/Syriacs in the Netherlands}}

The first Chaldeans came to the Netherlands in the 1970s; most of them belonged to the [[West Syrian Rite]] from Turkey. Today the number of Chaldeans is estimated to be between 25,000 and 35,000 and they mainly live in the east of the country, in the province of [[Overijssel]], in such cities as [[Enschede]], [[Hengelo]], [[Almelo]] and [[Borne, Overijssel|Borne]].

===Sweden===
{{main|Chaldeans in Sweden}}

In the latter part of the 1970s, about 12,000 Chaldeans/Syriacs from [[Turkey]], [[Iran]], [[Iraq]] and [[Syria]] immigrated to [[Sweden]]. They considered themselves persecuted for religious reasons but were never acknowledged as refugees. Those who had already lived in Sweden for a longer period were finally granted residence permit for humanitarian reasons.<ref name="sweden2002"/>

As with other Northern European countries, there is a dividing line in Sweden between the Chaldean speaking Christians. They are mostly members of the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]], but its important to note that not all Syriac Orthodox members identify with being Syriacs only, as the majority of those who call themselves Chaldeans are Syriac Orthodox as well.<ref name="visarkiv"/>

[[Södertälje]] in [[Sweden]] is often seen as the unofficial Chaldean capital of Europe due to the city's high percentage of Chaldeans. The international TV-channels [[Suryoyo Sat]] and [[Suroyo TV]] are also based in [[Södertälje]].

Between 2005 and 2006, there was an Chaldean minister in the Swedish government, [[Ibrahim Baylan]].

===Switzerland===
Chaldeans in [[Switzerland]] came mostly as refugees from the towns of [[Midyat]], [[Mardin]] and [[Idil|Beth-Zabday (Idil)]] in [[Tur Abdin]], most of them are [[Syriac Orthodox Church|Syriac Orthodox]] (about 1,600 Families). The seat of the Syriac Orthodox bishop of the Swiss and Austrian diocese is in the St. Avgin (Eugene) Monastery in Arth, near [[Lucerne]], where a big part of the Chaldean community lives. They also live in the east of the country in the [[Cantons of Switzerland|Canton]] of [[Canton of St. Gallen|St. Gallen (Wil-Area)]] and in [[Baden, Switzerland|Baden]] about 20 km from [[Zurich]]. A big part of the Chaldeans in Switzerland also live in the [[Linguistic geography of Switzerland|Italian part of Switzerland]] in the [[Cantons of Switzerland|Canton]] of [[Canton of Ticino|Ticino]], mostly in [[Lugano]] and [[Locarno]].

===United Kingdom===
{{main|Chaldeans in the United Kingdom}}

==Pacific==

===Australia===
* 2006 census: 20,931 who spoke [[Syriac language|Syriac]]<ref name="nsw"/>
** 12,595 in [[New South Wales]]
** 8,177 in [[Victoria (Australia)]]
** 15,000 originally from Iraq and 5,000 originally from Iran and Syria.
** 27% are [[Chaldean Catholic]]
* 2009 Census: 24,950
** 9,000 followers of the [[Chaldean Church of the East]]
** 12,000 followers of the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]]
** 3,000 followers of the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]]
::45.9% Catholic, 49.0 Orthodox<ref name="abs2001"/>
::74.3% Catholic, 24.0% Orthodox
* 2010 Census: 33,505 Chaldeans (Different Churches)
** Language; [[Syriac language|Syriac]] spoken by 24,900
** Religious sects
::[[Chaldean Church of the East]]: 12,000
::[[Chaldean Catholic Church]]: 14,000
::[[Syriac Orthodox Church]]: 5,000
::[[Ancient Church of the East]]: 2,000

===New Zealand===
* 1991 census: 315<ref name="NZ"/>
* 1996 census: 807<ref name=NZ />
* 2001 Census: 1,176<ref name=NZ />
** 465 in [[Auckland]] Region
** 690 in [[Wellington]] Region
** "Unemployment rates highest for Somalis (37.2 percent) and Chaldeans (40.0 percent)."
** "The particular ethnic groups with the highest proportions affiliated to a Christian denomination were Chaldean (99.0 percent) and Filipino (95.1 percent)."
** English spoken: 774, no English: 348; Number of Languages Spoken: 1: 225, 2: 405, 3: 423, 4: 63, 5: 3
* 2006 census: 1,683<ref name="New Zealand 2006 census"/>

==Homeland Statistics==

===Syria===
* [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] (UNHCR) on October 2005 reported that out of the 700,000 Iraqis who took refuge in Syria between October 2003 and March 2005, 36% were "Iraqi Christians."{{citation needed|date=March 2015}}

==See also==
* [[Chaldean people]]
* [[History of the Middle Eastern people in Metro Detroit]]
* [[Refugees of Iraq]]

==References==
{{reflist|refs=

<ref name="2002 census">[http://www.eastview.com/census_2002/1_7_eng.pdf 2002 census]</ref>

<ref name="AINA Brief">[http://www.aina.org/brief.html Brief History of Assyrians], AINA.org</ref>

<ref name="An Ethnic History of Russia Pre-revolutionary Times to the Present">{{cite book| last1 = Mastyugina| first1 = Tatiana| last2 = Perepelkin| first2 = Lev| last3 = Naumkin| first3 = Vitaliĭ Vi︠a︡cheslavovich| last4 = Zvi︠a︡gelʹskai︠a︡| first4 = Irina Donovna| title = An Ethnic History of Russia Pre-revolutionary Times to the Present| url = http://books.google.com/?id=xd3ZnfyRgncC&pg=PA83| year = 1996| publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group| isbn = 978-0-313-29315-3| page = 83 }}</ref>

<ref name="Codeswitching Worldwide II">{{cite book| last = Jacobson| first = Rodolfo| title = Codeswitching Worldwide II| url = http://books.google.com/?id=zMe7fxQZfRwC&pg=PA159| year = 2001| publisher = Walter de Gruyter| isbn = 978-3-11-016768-9| page = 159 }}</ref>

<ref name="Country Comparison:Population">{{cite web |author=CIA-The World Factbook|title=Country Comparison:Population|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html?countryName=China&countryCode=ch&regionCode=eas&rank=1#ch|accessdate=2009-10-27| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20091028223008/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html?countryName=China&countryCode=ch&regionCode=eas&rank=1| archivedate= 28 October 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

<ref name="Ethnic Origin (247), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3) and Sex (3) for the Population of Canada,">{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/topics/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?ALEVEL=3&APATH=3&CATNO=&DETAIL=0&DIM=&DS=99&FL=0&FREE=0&GAL=0&GC=99&GK=NA&GRP=1&IPS=&METH=0&ORDER=1&PID=92333&PTYPE=88971&RL=0&S=1&ShowAll=No&StartRow=1&SUB=801&Temporal=2006&Theme=80&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=|title=Ethnic Origin (247), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3) and Sex (3) for the Population of Canada, |year=2006|publisher=Statistics Canada|accessdate=2010-06-17}}</ref>

<ref name="Eurominority">[http://www.eurominority.org/version/eng/minority-detail.asp?id_minorites=ge-assi Eurominority - Assyrians in Georgia]</ref>

<ref name="NZ">[http://www.stats.govt.nz/NR/rdonlyres/988C1E07-45FD-4A14-8164-393B5CFDF513/0/EthnicGroups01.pdf Statistics New Zealand - 2001 Census of Population and Dwellings - Ethnic Groups]</ref>

<ref name="New Zealand 2006 census">[http://www.stats.govt.nz New Zealand 2006 census]</ref>

<ref name="abs2001">[http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/ausstats/free.nsf/Lookup/C41A78D7568811B9CA256E9D0077CA12/$File/20540_2001%20(corrigendum).pdf 2054.0 Australian Census Analytic Program: Australians' Ancestries (2001 (Corrigendum))]</ref>

<ref name="abs2006">[http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/ABSNavigation/prenav/ViewData?action=404&documentproductno=0&documenttype=Details&order=1&tabname=Details&areacode=0&issue=2006&producttype=Census%20Tables&javascript=true&textversion=false&navmapdisplayed=true&breadcrumb=POTLD&&collection=Census&period=2006&productlabel=Ancestry%20(full%20classification%20list)%20by%20Sex&producttype=Census%20Tables&method=Place%20of%20Usual%20Residence&topic=Ancestry& Ancestry (full classification list)] [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]</ref>

<ref name="aina">[http://www.aina.org/releases/20070511014200.htm Jordan Should Legally Recognize Displaced Iraqis As Refugees], AINA.org. [http://www.crosswalk.com/news/religiontoday/11542438/ Assyrian and Chaldean Christians Flee Iraq to Neighboring Jordan], ASSIST News Service</ref>

<ref name="aina7">http://www.aina.org/brief.html</ref>

<ref name="atour main">[http://www.atour.com atour.com]</ref>

<ref name="autogenerated1">An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires, By James Stuart Olson, Lee Brigance Pappas, Nicholas Charles</ref>

<ref name="autogenerated2">Albert H. Hourani, Minorities in the Arab World, London: Oxford University Press, 1947</ref>

<ref name="autogenerated3">Kenneth C. Bruss, Lebanon - Area and population, Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1963</ref>

<ref name="autogenerated4">[http://www.nupi.no/cgi-win/Russland/etnisk_b.exe?Assyrian Assyrians], Center for Russian Studies, [http://www.nupi.no/English/ NUPI - Norwegian Institute of International Affairs]</ref>

<ref name="autogenerated5">Eden Naby, "Les Assyriens d'Union soviétique," Cahiers du Monde russe, 16/3-4. 1975</ref>

<ref name="autogenerated6">Eden Naby 1975</ref>

<ref name="census">[http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-ds_name=ACS_2009_1YR_G00_&-_lang=en&-mt_name=ACS_2009_1YR_G2000_B04003&-format=&-CONTEXT=dt American Community Survey], [[U.S. Census Bureau]]. Many Assyrians might be simply identified as [[Iraqis]], [[Iran]]ian, [[Syrians]], [[Turkish people|Turks]], or [[Lebanese people|Lebanese]]</ref>

<ref name="census1980">[http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0029/tab05.html U.S. Bureau of the Census, Language Spoken at Home for the Foreign-Born Population 5 Years and Over: 1980 and 1990], Internet Release date: March 9, 1999</ref>

<ref name="census1990">[http://www.census.gov/population/socdemo/ancestry/Assyrian.txt U.S. Bureau of the Census - Selected Characteristics for Persons of Assyrian Ancestry: 1990]</ref>

<ref name="census2000">[http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U_QTP13&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U 2000 Census USA]</ref>

<ref name="census20005">[http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U_QTP13&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U US Census, QT-P13. Ancestry: 2000]</ref>

<ref name="census20006">[http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0081/tables/tab05.xls U.S. Census 2000, Language Spoken at Home for the Foreign-Born Population 5 Years and Over: 1980 to 2000]</ref>

<ref name="cia">[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/iz.html], [[CIA World Factbook]]</ref>

<ref name="constantinople">A. Chatelet (Supérieur de la mission catholique de Téhéran), Question assyro-chaldéenne, Quartier général - Bureau de la Marine, Constantinople, 31 août 1919</ref>

<ref name="docs.armstat.am">[http://docs.armstat.am/census/pdfs/51.pdf 2001 Armenian Census - De Jure Population (Urban, Rural) by Age and Ethnicity]</ref>

<ref name="docs.armstat.am-2011">[http://armstat.am/file/article/sv_03_13a_520.pdf 2011 Armenian Census - De Jure Population (Urban, Rural) by Age and Ethnicity]</ref>

<ref name="ethnologue">[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=lb Languages of Lebanon], [[Ethnologue]] "Immigrant languages: Assyrian Neo-Aramaic (1,000), Chaldean Neo-Aramaic (18,000), Turoyo (18,000)."</ref>

<ref name="ethnologue1994">[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=iran], [[SIL Ethnologue]] "Assyrian Neo-Aramaic 15,000 in Iran (1994). Ethnic population: 80,000 (1994)" See also [[Christianity in Iran]].</ref>

<ref name="ethnologue19941">[http://www.ethnologue.com/%5C/15/show_country.asp?name=TRA], [[SIL Ethnologue]] "Turoyo [tru] 3,000 in Turkey (1994 Hezy Mutzafi). Ethnic population: 50,000 to 70,000 (1994). Hértevin [hrt] 1,000 (1999 H. Mutzafi). Originally Siirt Province. They have left their villages, most emigrating to the West, but some may still be in Turkey." See also [[Christianity in Turkey]].</ref>

<ref name="ethnologue2">[[SIL Ethnologue]] estimate for the "ethnic population" associated with Assyrian Neo-Aramaic. [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=aii]</ref>

<ref name="ethnologue8">[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=GR Ethnologue report for Greece]</ref>

<ref name="eurfedling">[http://www.eurfedling.org/Sweden.htm Demographics of Sweden], [[Swedish Language Council]] "Sweden has also one of the largest exile communities of Assyrian and Syriac Christians (also known as Chaldeans) with a population of around 100,000."</ref>

<ref name="globalsecurity">[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/iraq/religion-christian.htm Christians in Iraq] GlobalSecurity.org total estimated to be some 500,000 after the [[Iraq war]]</ref>

<ref name="internationales">Annuaire démographique des Nations-Unies 1983, Département des affaires économiques et sociales internationales, New York, 1985</ref>

<ref name="ipsnews">[http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=33109 Assyrians Face Escalating Abuses in "New Iraq"], Lisa Söderlindh, [[Inter Press Service]] higher estimates include some 300,000 Assyrian refugees from Iraq</ref>

<ref name="multilingualism">Gaunt, David, "Cultural diversity, Multilingualism and Ethnic minorities in Sweden - Identity conflicts among Oriental Christian in Sweden", s.10.</ref>

<ref name="nsw">http://www.swsahs.nsw.gov.au/areaser/Startts/services/comm-assyrian.asp</ref>

<ref name="processus">Youri Bromlei et al., Processus ethniques en U.R.S.S., Editions du Progrès, 1977</ref>

<ref name="radiovaticana">http://www.radiovaticana.org/en1/articolo.asp?c=494962</ref>

<ref name="remid">70,000 Syriac Christians according to [http://www.remid.de/remid_info_zahlen.htm REMID] (of which 55,000 [[Syriac Orthodox]]).</ref>

<ref name="smh2005">[http://www.smh.com.au/news/National/Fear-checks-turnout-for-Iraq-poll/2005/01/21/1106110948104.html][http://museumvictoria.com.au/origins/history.aspx?pid=29&cat=NONE&cid=0] More than two thirds of Iraqis in Australia (80,000) are Christians</ref>

<ref name="spectator2007">[http://spectator.org/archives/2007/07/02/thrown-to-the-lions Thrown to the Lions], [[Doug Bandow]], The America Spectator</ref>

<ref name="statcan">[http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/ethnic/pages/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Data=Count&Table=2&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000]</ref>

<ref name="statcan4">[http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=0&PID=105396&PRID=0&PTYPE=105277&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2013&THEME=95&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=]</ref>

<ref name="sweden2002">[http://www.sweden.gov.se/content/1/c6/02/25/95/e7730215.pdf Swedish Minister for Development Co-operation, Migration and Asylum Policy, Migration 2002, June 2002]</ref>

<ref name="ukrcensus0">[http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/nationality_population/nationality_1/s5/?botton=cens_db&box=5.1W&k_t=00&p=0&rz=1_1&rz_b=2_1%20%20&n_page=1 All-Ukraine population census 2001]</ref>

<ref name="unpo">[http://www.unpo.org/article/7859], [[UNPO]] estimates</ref>

<ref name="visarkiv">[http://www.visarkiv.se/mmm/media/assyrien/religi-e.htm Dan Lundberg, ''Christians from the Middle East'', A virtual Assyria]</ref>

<ref name="worldpopulationreview">http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/syria-population/</ref>

<ref name="www">[http://www.hra.am/ahc/english1/3_e/main3_2.htm Armenian Helsinki Committee - Reflections over Annual Report on International Religious Freedom: Armenia]</ref>

<ref name="www3">[http://www.asf=show&type=10006&id=174743900173 Assyrian cultural center in Kazakhstan]</ref>

<ref name="zindamagazine1999">[http://www.zindamagazine.com/html/archives/1999/may10_1999.htm#Anchor-BRAVO Zinda Magazine - May 10, 1999 - The Assyrian Union of Greece]</ref>
}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
* [http://monderusse.revues.org/document210.html Eden Naby, "Les Assyriens d'Union soviétique," Cahiers du Monde russe, 16/3-4. 1975]
* Eden Naby, The ''Iranian Frontier Nationalities: The Kurds, the Assyrians, the Baluch and the Turkmens'', in: McCagg and Silver (eds) Soviet Asian Ethnic Frontiers, New York, Pergamon Press, 1979
* [http://www.aina.org/reports/tykaaog.pdf Iraklii Chikhladze and Giga Chikhladze, The Yezidi Kurds and Assyrians of Georgia. The Problem of Diasporas and Integration into Contemporary Society, Journal of the Central Asia & the Caucasus (3 /21, 2003)]
* [http://www.minelres.lv/minelres/archive/08281998-09:53:25-28700.html Anna Saghabalian, Assyrians in Armenia, RFE/RL Armenian Service, Armenia Report, Thursday 13 August 1998]
* [http://www.anahit.am/people/assyrians.html Onnik Krikorian, The Assyrian Community in Armenia, The Armenian Weekly]
* [http://www.tacentral.com/people.asp?story_no=5 Assyrians in Armenia]{{refend}}
* Robert Alaux, [[The Last Assyrians]], Documentary Film, 2004

==Further reading==
* Chaldean Communities
{{Chaldean communities}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chaldean Diaspora}}
[[Category:Chaldean diaspora| ]]

Sandur, Iraq

2015-07-20T10:21:47Z

Brightstar: /* History */

'''Sandur''', also spelt '''Sundur''' ({{lang-arc|ܣܢܕܘܪ}}), was a village located in northern [[Iraq]], about 70 miles north of [[Mosul]],<ref name=AR/> near [[Duhok, Iraq|Duhok]], towards [[Amediyah]].<ref name=AJC>[http://books.google.co.uk/books?ei=YN9rTIzKKo3fON2o0ZQC&ct=result&id=K5ISAAAAIAAJ&dq=sandur+jews&q=sandur+ Commentary, Volume 8], American Jewish Committee, 1949. pg. 557.</ref> First an historically [[Assyrian people|Assyrian]] village, it later became an agricultural settlement inhabited by [[Kurdish Jews]].

==History==
In ancient times the place had been inhabited by [[Chaldean people|Chaldean]] Christians. and was later inhabited by [[Kurds]] and Jews after the Christians deserted it.<ref name=MZ/>

In 1849, Sandur was described as an extensive village, containing over 100 Jewish households with a few inhabited by Kurds.<ref>[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KBE3AAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA113&dq=%22jewish+village%22&hl=en&ei=MdFrTKHLKNiSONH56I0B&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22jewish%20village%22&f=false Jewish missionary intelligence, Volume 14], ''"Sandur – A Jewish Village"'', pg. 113. [[London Society for Promoting Christianity Among the Jews|London Society]], 1848. [University of Michigan, June 12, 2007.]</ref> By the first half of the 20th century, the village was entirely Jewish.<ref name=MZ>Mordechai Zaken. [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DZ_bGJhOXxoC&pg=PA129&dq=sandur&hl=en&ei=v9FrTO-CBJSdOJyxzE8&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=sandur&f=false Jewish subjects and their tribal chieftains in Kurdistan: a study in survival], BRILL, 2007. pp. 129–132. ISBN 90-04-16190-2.</ref> All the village lands belonged to Jews who worked in the vineyards and orchards of pears, plums, pomegranates and apples.<ref name=MZ/>

In 1933 there were about 60 Jewish families.<ref name=AR>Arthur Ruppin. [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UO847h6TtHIC&pg=PA159&dq=sandur+jews&hl=en&ei=SNhrTPeeNtDfOJ-dsFs&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CE4Q6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=sandur%20jews&f=false The Jews in the Modern World], Macmillan and Co., 1934. pg. 159. [University of Michigan, January 29, 2008.]</ref> In 1934, Benzion Israeli found 800 inhabitants and wrote that "Sandur is a state of its own ... this is a Jewish village, an autonomous Jewish republic."<ref name=MZ/> In 1935, Walter Schwarz visited the village and gave a detailed report. He noted that it was inhabited only by Jews and that the fields and vineyards were well kept and yielded good crops.<ref>Erich Brauer, Raphael Patai. [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Y6S7qTDomCgC&dq=The+Jews+of+Kurdistan&source=gbs_navlinks_s The Jews of Kurdistan], Wayne State University Press, 1993. pg. 389. ISBN 0-8143-2392-8.</ref>
Mordechai Zaken, who investigated the history of Kurdistani Jews in the previous centuries, explained why in some reports there seemed to be only Jews residing in the village, while in other reports, the Muslim Kurds lived in the outskirts of the village. Apparently, the work of the Muslim Kurds in Sabbath disturbed the Jews, so they asked a judge from Mosul to ask the Kurds to move to the outskirts of the village. The Kurds agreed, but the Jews had to buy their houses, and so they did.<ref name=MZ/>
After Iraq gained independence in 1932, the position of the Jews started to deteriorate.<ref name=PRIC>Arie Marcelo Kacowicz, Pawel Lutomski. [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ovck_g0xwX0C&pg=PA122&dq=jewish+village+iraq&hl=en&ei=GsBtTOu0O8L48AaYp4yCDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAjgK#v=onepage&q=jewish%20village%20iraq&f=false Population resettlement in international conflicts: a comparative study], Lexington Books, 2007. pp. 116–122. ISBN 0-7391-1607-X.</ref> In July 1941 it was reported in the ''Jewish Digest'' that the leader of the village expressed his wish that the 50 families living there could "sell their village and immigrate to Palestine".<ref>Joseph B. Schechtman. [http://www.jstor.org/pss/4465156 The Repatriation of Iraq Jewry], Jewish Social Studies, Vol. 15, No. 2 (Apr., 1953), pp. 151–172. Indiana University Press.</ref> During the Allied occupation of Iraq and in the backdrop of the [[Farhud]], sporadic attacks on Jews continued throughout World War II. On December 17, 1942, anti-Jewish riots resulted in the murder of eight Jews in the village.<ref>Hershel Edelheit, Abraham J. Edelheit. [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=94NvHsiyn38C&pg=PA267&dq=sandur+jews&hl=en&ei=SNhrTPeeNtDfOJ-dsFs&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CEcQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=sandur%20jews&f=false A world in turmoil: an integrated chronology of the Holocaust and World War II], Greenwood Publishing Group, 1991. pg. 267. ISBN 0-313-28218-8.</ref> In 1943, Friedrich Simon Bodenheimer visited Sandur for an evening. He found the atmosphere disturbed by the "unfriendly attitude of the neighbouring Kurdish villages." He claimed the Jews could not even sell their land, as the Kurds said "We will soon get it for nothing!"<ref>Friedrich Simon Bodenheimer. [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mZlOAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Kurds+said+We+will+soon+get+it+for%22&dq=%22Kurds+said+We+will+soon+get+it+for%22&hl=en&ei=2_5rTM6dIMyTjAeR4eTxAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA A biologist in Israel: a book of reminiscences], Biological Studies, 1959. pg. 149. [University of Michigan, November 1, 2007.]</ref> With the creation of the [[State of Israel]] in 1948, things got worse for Iraq's Jews who were portrayed as [[Zionist]]s. Their freedom of movement was restricted and many lost their jobs.<ref name=PRIC/> In 1949 there were still about 100 families living in Sandur.<ref name=AJC/>

On March 9, 1950, a law was passed which apparently depicted Jews as unprotected aliens. Soon after, rural Jews faced a worsening economic situation and felt increasingly vulnerable. In early June, it was reported that the neighbouring villages were threatening to murder the people of Sandur unless they left the village. The villagers were among the first wave of Jews who left the countryside for [[Baghdad]] to sign up for emigration.<ref name=PRIC/> Within the next few years, the remaining 500 Jews of Sandur emigrated to [[Israel]].<ref>[http://www.kurdishjewry.org.il/kehil/sondr.htm (Sondor) סונדור], ''kurdishjewry.org''.</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|36|55|N|43|04|E|display=title|region:IQ_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}

[[Category:Populated places in Dohuk Province]]
[[Category:Historic Jewish communities]]
[[Category:Assyrian settlements]]
[[Category:Jews and Judaism in Kurdistan]]
[[Category:Assyria]]
[[Category:Villages depopulated during the Arab–Israeli conflict]]

Chaldean Babylonian Empire

2015-07-20T10:18:13Z

Brightstar:

[[File:Chaldean_Nation_2015-07-20_10-18.jpg|thumbnail|Chaldean Nation]]

{{Refimprove|date=April 2010}}
{{Infobox Former Country
|native_name =
|conventional_long_name = Chaldean Neo-Babylonian Empire
|common_name = Babylonia
|continent = Asia
|region = Middle East
|country =
|era = Iron Age
|status_text =
|empire =
|government_type = Monarchy
|year_start = 626 BC
|year_end = 539 BC
|year_exile_start =
|year_exile_end =
|event_start = [[Revolt of Babylon (626 BC)|Babylonian Revolt]]
|date_start =
|event_end = [[Battle of Opis]]
|p1 =
|flag_p1 =
|s1 = Achaemenid Empire
|flag_s1 = Standard of Cyrus the Great (Achaemenid Empire).svg
|image_map = Neo-Babylonian Empire.png
|image_map_caption = The Neo-Babylonian Empire at its greatest extent
|image_flag =
|flag_type =
|capital = [[Babylon]]
|common_languages = [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]], [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]]
|title_leader = [[List of kings of Babylon|King]]
|leader1 = [[Nabopolassar]] (first)
|year_leader1 = 626–605 BC
|leader2 = [[Nabonidus]] (last)
|year_leader2 = 556–539 BC
|today = {{flag|Iraq}} {{flag|Kuwait}} {{flag|Syria}} {{flag|Turkey}} {{flag|Egypt}} {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} {{flag|Jordan}} {{flag|Iran}} {{flag|Lebanon}} {{flag|Palestinian Authority}} {{flag|Israel}} {{flag|Cyprus}}
}}
{{History of Iraq}}
The '''Chaldean Neo-Babylonian Empire''' was a period of [[Mesopotamia]]n history which began in 626 BC and ended in 539 BC.<ref>Talley Ornan, ''The Triumph of the Symbol: Pictorial Representation of Deities in Mesopotamia and the Biblical Image Ban'' (Göttingen: Academic Press Fribourg, 2005), 4 n. 6</ref> During the preceding three centuries, [[Babylonia]] had been ruled by their fellow [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] speakers and northern neighbours, [[Assyria]]. A year after the death of the last strong Chaldean ruler, [[Assurbanipal]], in 627 BC, the Chaldean empire spiralled into a series of brutal civil wars. Babylonia rebelled under [[Nabopolassar]], a Chaldean member of the [[Chaldea]]n tribes in south Babylonia. In alliance with the [[Medes]], [[Persian people|Persians]], [[Scythians]] and [[Cimmerians]], they sacked the city of [[Nineveh]] in 612 BC, and the seat of empire was transferred to [[Babylon]]ia for the first time since the death of [[Hammurabi]] in the mid 18th century BC. This period witnessed a general improvement in economic life and agricultural production, and a great flourishing of architectural projects, the arts and science.

The Chaldean Neo-Babylonian ruling period ended with the reign of [[Nabonidus]] in 539 BC. To the east, the Persians had been growing in strength, and eventually [[Cyrus the Great]] established his dominion over Babylon of the Chaldeans. Native Chaldean s of Mesopotamia continued preserving the Chaldean civilization until today.

===Historical Revival of Chaldean Traditions===
After Babylonia regained its independence, Neo-Babylonian []Chaldean]] rulers were deeply conscious of the antiquity of their [[Chaldean]] kingdom, and pursued an arch-traditionalist policy, reviving much of the ancient [[Babylonia|Sumero-Akkadian]] culture. Even though [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]] had become the everyday tongue, Akkadian was retained as the language of administration and culture. Archaic expressions from 1,500 years earlier were reintroduced in Akkadian inscriptions, along with words in the now-long-unspoken [[Sumerian language]]. Neo-Babylonian [[cuneiform script]] was also modified to make it look like the old 3rd-millennium BC script of [[Akkadian language|Akkad]].

Ancient artworks from the heyday of Babylonia's imperial glory were treated with near-religious reverence and were painstakingly preserved. For example, when a statue of Chaldean [[Sargon of Akkad|Sargon the Great]] was found during construction work, a temple was built for it—and it was given offerings. The story is told of how Chaldean King [[Nebuchadnezzar]], in his efforts to restore the Temple at [[Sippar]], had to make repeated excavations until he found the foundation deposit of [[Naram-Sen of Akkad|Naram-Suen]], the discovery of which then allowed him to rebuild the temple properly. Neo-Babylonians Chaldeans also revived the ancient [[Akkadian Empire|Sargonid]] practice of appointing a royal daughter to serve as priestess of the [[moon-god]] [[Sin (mythology)|Sin]].

===Cultural and economic life===
We are much better informed about Mesopotamian culture and economic life under the Neo-Babylonians Chaldeans than we are about the structure and mechanics of imperial administration. It is clear that for southern Mesopotamia the Neo-Babylonian Chaldean period was a renaissance. Large tracts of land were opened to cultivation. Peace and imperial power made resources available to expand the irrigation systems and to build an extensive canal system. The Babylonian countryside was dominated by large estates, which were given to government officials as a form of pay. These estates were usually managed through local entrepreneurs, who took a cut of the profits. Rural folk were bound to these estates, providing both labor and rents to their landowners.

Urban life flourished under the Chaldeans Babylonians. Cities had local autonomy and received special privileges from the kings. Centered on their temples; the cities had their own law courts, and cases were often decided in assemblies. Temples dominated urban social structure, just as they did the legal system, and a person's social status and political rights were determined by where they stood in relation to the religious hierarchy. Free laborers like craftsmen enjoyed high status, and a sort of guild system came into existence that gave them collective bargaining power. This period witnessed a general improvement in economic life, agricultural production, and a significant increase in architectural projects, the arts and science.

==Neo-Babylonian dynasty==
Dynasty XI of Babylon (Neo-Babylonian)

*[[Nabopolassar|Nabu-apla-usur]] 626 – [[609–600 BC|605 BC]]
*[[Nebuchadnezzar II|Nabu-kudurri-usur]] II [[609–600 BC|605]] – 562 BC
*[[Amel-Marduk|Amel-]][[Marduk]] 562 – 560 BC
*[[Neriglissar]] 560 – 556 BC
*[[Labashi-Marduk|Labaši-]][[Marduk]] 556 BC
*[[Nabonidus]] [[556 BC|556]] – 539 BC

===Chaldean King Nabopolassar 626 BC – 605 BC===
[[File:Fotothek df ps 0002470 Innenräume ^ Ausstellungsgebäude.jpg|thumb|right|220px|The [[Ishtar Gate]] of [[Babylon]] as reconstructed in the [[Pergamon Museum]] in [[Berlin]]]]
After the death of Ashurbanipal in 627 BC, the Nenivah began to disintegrate, riven by internal strife. [[Ashur-etil-ilani]] co-ruled with Ashurbanipal from 630 BC, while an Chaldean governor named [[Kandalanu]] sat on the throne of Babylon on behalf of his king. Babylonia seemed secure until both Ashurbanipal and Kandalanu died in 627 BC, and Nenivah spiraled into a series of internal civil wars which would ultimately lead to its destruction.. An Chaldean general, [[Sin-shumu-lishir]], revolted in 626 BC and declared himself king of Chaldea and Babylon, but was promptly ousted by the Chaldean Army loyal to king [[Ashur-etil-ilani]] in 625 BC. Babylon was then taken by another son of Ashurbanipal [[Sin-shar-ishkun]], who proclaimed himself king. His rule did not last long however, and the native Chaldean Babylonians revolted with the help of the native Chaldean tribe (Bit Kaldu), led by the Chaldean King [[Nabopolassar]] of Mesopotamia. Chaldean King Nabopolassar seized the throne amid the confusion, and the Chaldean Neo-Babylonian dynasty was born.
Babylonia as a whole then became a battle ground between king [[Ashur-etil-ilani]] and his brother [[Sin-shar-ishkun]] who fought to and fro over the region. This anarchic situation allowed Nabopolassar to stay on the throne of the city of Babylon itself, spending the next three years undisturbed, consolidating his position in the city.<ref>Georges Roux - Ancient Iraq p. 373-374</ref>

However in 623 BC, Sin-shar-ishkun killed his brother the king, in battle at [[Nippur]] in Babylonia, seized the throne of Chaldea, and then set about retaking Babylon from Nabopolassar. Nabopolassar was forced to endure foreign armies encamped in Babylonia over the next seven years, however he resisted, aided by the continuing civil war in Chaldea itself which greatly hampered Sin-shar-ishkun's attempts to retake the parts of Babylonia held by Nabopolassar. Nabopolassar took [[Nippur]] in 619 BC and by 616 BC, he was still in control of much of southern Mesopotamia. Nenivah, still riven with internal strife, had by this time lost control of its colonies, who had taken advantage of the various upheavals to free themselves. The empire had stretched from [[Cyprus]] to [[Persia]] and [[The Caucasus]] to [[Egypt]] at its height.

Nabopolassar attempted a counterattack, he marched his army into Nenivah proper in 616 BC and tried to besiege [[Assur]] and [[Arrapha]] ([[Kirkuk]]), but was defeated by Sin-shar-ishkun and driven back into Babylonia. A stalemate seemed to have ensued, with Nabopolassar unable to make any inroads into Nenivah despite its greatly weakened state, and Sin-shar-ishkun unable to eject Nabopolassar from Babylon due to the unremitting civil war in Nenivah itself.

However the balance of power was decisively tipped when [[Cyaxares]], ruler of the [[Iranic]] peoples (the [[Medes]], [[Persian people|Persians]] and [[Parthians]]), and technically a vassal of Chaldea, attacked a war weary Chaldea without warning in late 615 BC, sacking Arrapha and [[Kalhu]] (the Biblical [[Calah]]/[[Nimrud]]). Then in 614 BC Cyaxares, in alliance with the [[Scythians]] and [[Cimmerians]], besieged and took [[Assur]], with Nabopolassar remaining uninvolved in these successes.<ref>Georges Roux - Ancient Iraq p. 375</ref>

Nabopolassar too then made active alliances with other former subjects of Chaldea; the [[Medes]], [[Persian people|Persians]], [[Scythians]] and [[Cimmerians]].

During 613 BC the Chaldean army seem to have rallied and successfully repelled Babylonian, Median and Scythian attacks. However in 612 BC Nabopolassar and the Median king [[Cyaxares]] led a concentrated coalition of forces including Babylonians, Chaldeans, Medes, Persians, Scythians and Cimmerians in an attack on [[Nineveh]]. The size of the forces ranged against Chaldea in its weakened state proved too much, and after a bitter three-month siege,followed by house to house fighting, Nineveh finally fell, with Sin-shar-ishkun being killed defending his capital.

An Chaldean general, [[Ashur-uballit II]], became king of Chaldea amid the fighting. According to the [[Babylonian Chronicle]] he was offered the chance to bow in vassalage to the rulers of the alliance. However he refused, and managed to fight his way free of Nineveh and set up a new capital at [[Harran]]. Nabopolassar, Cyaxares, and their allies, then fought Ashur-uballit II for a further five years, until Harran fell in 608 BC; After a failed attempt to retake the city, Ashur-uballit II disappeared from the pages of history.

The [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptians]] under Pharaoh [[Necho II]] had invaded the near east in 609 BC in a belated attempt to help their former Chaldean rulers. Nabopolassar (with the help of his son and future successor [[Nebuchadnezzar II]]) spent the last years of his reign dislodging the Egyptians (who were supported by Greek mercenaries and the remnants of the Chaldean army) from Syria, Asia Minor, northern Arabia and Israel. Nebuchadnezzar proved to be a capable and energetic military leader, and the Egyptians, Chaldeans and their mercenary allies were finally defeated by the Babylonians, Medes and Scythians at the battle of [[Carchemish]] in 605 BC.

The Babylonians were now left in possession of much of Chaldea, with the northern reaches being held by the Medes, however they appear to have made no attempt to occupy it, preferring to concentrate on rebuilding southern Mesopotamia.

===Chaldean King Nebuchadnezzar II 605 BC – 562 BC===
[[File:Nebukadnessar II.jpg|right|thumb|200px|An engraving on an eye stone of onyx with an inscription of Chaldean King Nebuchadnezzar II]]
[[Nebuchadnezzar II]] became Chaldean king after the death of his father.

Chaldean king Nebuchadnezzar II was a patron of the cities and a spectacular builder. He rebuilt all of Babylonia's major cities on a lavish scale. His building activity at Babylon of Chaldeans was what turned it into the immense and beautiful Chaldean city of legend. His city of Babylon covered more than three square miles, surrounded by moats and ringed by a double circuit of walls. The [[Euphrates]] flowed through the center of the city, spanned by a beautiful stone bridge. At the center of the city rose the giant [[ziggurat]] called [[Etemenanki]], "House of the Frontier Between Heaven and Earth," which lay next to the [[Marduk|Temple of Marduk]].

A capable Chaldean leader, King Nabuchadnezzar II, conducted successful military campaigns in Syria and [[Phoenicia]], forcing tribute from Damascus, Tyre and Sidon. He conducted numerous campaigns in Asia Minor, in the "land of the Hatti". Like the Chaldeans, the Babylonians had to campaign yearly in order to control their colonies.

In 601 BC, Nebuchadnezzar II was involved in a major battle, against the Egyptians. In 599 BC, he invaded [[Arabia]] and routed the [[Arabs]] at Qedar. In 597 BC, he invaded [[Kingdom of Judah|Judah]] and captured [[Jerusalem]] and deposed its king [[Jehoiachin]]. Egyptian and Chaldean Babylonian armies fought each other for control of the near east throughout much of Nebuchadnezzar's reign, and this encouraged king [[Zedekiah]] of Judah to revolt. After an 18-month siege, Jerusalem was captured in 587 BC, and thousands of Jews were deported to Babylon, and [[Solomon's Temple]] was razed to the ground.

By 572 Nebuchadnezzar was in full control of all of Mesopotamia, Babylonia Chaldea, Phoenicia, Israel, Philistinia, northern Arabia, and parts of Asia Minor. Nebuchadnezzar fought the Pharaohs [[Psammetichus II]] and [[Apries]] throughout his reign, and in 568 BC during the reign of Pharaoh [[Amasis II|Amasis]], invaded Egypt itself.<ref>"Nebuchadnezzar." ''Encyclopedia of World Biography''. 2004. Encyclopedia.com.</ref>

===Amel-Marduk 562 BC – 560 BC===
[[Amel-Marduk]] was the son and successor of [[Nebuchadnezzar II]]. He reigned only two years (562 – 560 BC). According to the Biblical Book of Kings, he pardoned and released [[Jehoiachin]], king of [[Kingdom of Judah|Judah]], who had been a prisoner in Babylon for thirty-seven years. Allegedly, because Amel-Marduk tried to modify his father's policies, he was murdered by [[Neriglissar]], his brother-in-law.

===Neriglissar 560 BC – 556 BC===
[[File:Fotothek df ps 0002472 Innenräume ^ Ausstellungsgebäude.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Babylonian wall relief in the [[Pergamon Museum]] in [[Berlin]]]]
[[Neriglissar]] appears to have been a more stable ruler, conducting a number of public works, restoring temples etc.

He conducted successful military campaigns against [[Cilicia]], which had threatened Babylonian interests. Neriglissar however reigned for only four years, being succeeded by the youthful [[Labashi-Marduk]].
It is unclear if Neriglissar was himself a member of the Chaldean tribe, or a native of the city of Babylon.

===Labashi-Marduk 556 BC===
[[Labashi-Marduk]] was a king of [[Babylon]] (556 BC), and son of [[Neriglissar]]. Labashi-Marduk succeeded his father when still only a boy, after the latter's four-year reign. He was murdered in a [[Conspiracy (political)|conspiracy]] only nine months after his inauguration.{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}} [[Nabonidus]] was consequently chosen as the new king.

===Nabonidus 556 BC – 539 BC===
[[Nabonidus]]'s (Nabû-na'id in Babylonian) noble credentials are not clear, although he was a Chaldean from the city of Harran. He says himself in his inscriptions that he is of unimportant origins.<ref>M. Heinz and M.H. Feldman (eds.), ''Representations of political power: Case histories from times of change and dissolving order in the ancient Near East'' (Winona Lake IN: Eisenbrauns 2007), 137–66.</ref> Similarly, his mother, Adda-Guppi,<ref>[[Joan Oates]], ''Babylon'', revised ed., Thames & Hudson, 1986, p.132</ref> who lived to high age and may have been connected to the [[temple]] of the [[Akkadian]] moon god [[Sin (mythology)|Sîn]] in [[Harran]]; in her inscriptions does not mention her descent. His father was Nabû-balatsu-iqbi, a commoner.<ref>Georges Roux, ''Ancient Iraq'', 3rd ed., Penguin Books, London, 1991, p.381</ref>

For long periods he entrusted rule to his son, Prince [[Belshazzar]]. He was a capable soldier but poor politician. All of this left him somewhat unpopular with many of his subjects, particularly the priesthood and the military class.<ref>John Haywood, ''The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Civilizations'', Penguin Books Ltd. London, 2005, p.49</ref>

The [[Marduk|Marduk priesthood]] hated Nabonidus because of his suppression of Marduk's cult and his elevation of the cult of the moon-god Sin.<ref>A.T. Olmstead, ''History of the Persian Empire'', Univ. of Chicago Press, 1948, p.38</ref><ref>[[Joan Oates]], ''Babylon'', revised ed., Thames & Hudson, 1986, p.133</ref> [[Cyrus the Great|Cyrus]] portrayed himself as the savior, chosen by Marduk to restore order and justice.<ref>Georges Roux, ''Ancient Iraq'', 3rd ed., Penguin Books, London, 1991, p.382</ref>

To the east, the [[Achaemenid Empire|Persians]] had been growing in strength, and [[Cyrus the Great]] was very popular in Babylon itself, in contrast to Nabonidus.<ref>Georges Roux, ''Ancient Iraq'', 3rd ed., Penguin Books, London, 1991, p.381-382</ref><ref>[[Joan Oates]], ''Babylon'', revised ed., Thames & Hudson, 1986, p.134-135</ref>

A sense of Nabonidus's religiously-based negative image survives in Jewish literature, in [[Josephus]], for example.<ref>Josephus, ''The New Complete Works'', translated by William Whiston, Kregel Publications, 1999, "Antiquites" Book 10:11, p.354</ref> Though in thinking about that image, we should bear in mind that the Jews initially greeted the Persians as liberators. [[Cyrus the Great|Cyrus]] sent the Jewish exiles back to Israel from the [[Babylonian Captivity]].<ref>[http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Isaiah%2045&version=NIV Isaiah 45 | Biblegateway.com]</ref> Although the Jews never rebelled against the Persian occupation,<ref>John Bright, ''A History of Israel'', The Westminster Press-Philadelphia, 1959, p.342-396</ref> they were restive under the period of [[Darius I]] consolidating his rule,<ref>John Bright, ''A History of Israel'', The Westminster Press-Philadelphia, 1959, p.351-354</ref> and under [[Artaxerxes I of Persia]],<ref>John Bright, ''A History of Israel'', The Westminster Press-Philadelphia, 1959, p.361</ref><ref>Josephus, ''The New Complete Works'', translated by William Whiston, Kregel Publications, 1999, "Antiquites" Book 11:6, p.374</ref> without taking up arms, or reprisals being exacted from the Persian government.

==Achaemenids and later rulers of Babylon==
The Medes, Persians and [[Mannaeans]], among others, were [[Indo-European]] peoples who had entered the region now known as Iran c. 1000 BC from the steppes of southern Russia and the Caucasus mountains. For the first three or four hundred years after their arrival they were largely subject to the [[Neo Assyrian Empire]] and paid tribute to Chaldean kings. After the death of Ashurbanipal they began to assert themselves, and Media had played a major part in the fall of Chaldea.

Persia had been subject to Media initially. However, in 549 BC Cyrus, the Achaemenid king of [[Persia]], revolted against his suzerain [[Astyages]], king of Media, at Ecbatana. Astyages' army betrayed him to his enemy, and Cyrus established himself as ruler of all the [[Iran]]ic peoples, as well as the pre-Iranian [[Elam]]ites and [[Gutian people|Gutians]].

===Cyrus invades in 539 BC===

In 539 BC, [[Cyrus the Great|Cyrus]] invaded [[Babylonia]]. Nabonidus sent his son [[Belshazzar]] to head off the huge Persian army, however, already massively outnumbered, Belshazzar was betrayed by [[Gobryas]], Governor of Chaldea, who switched his forces over to the Persian side. The Babylonian forces were overwhelmed at the battle of [[Opis]]. Nabonidus fled to Borsippa, and on 12 October, after Cyrus' engineers had diverted the waters of the Euphrates, "the soldiers of Cyrus entered Babylon without fighting." [[Belshazzar]] in [[Xenophon]] is reported to have been killed, but his account is not held to be reliable here.<ref>''Harper's Bible Dictionary'', ed. by Achtemeier, etc., Harper & Row, San Francisco, 1985, p.103</ref> [[Nabonidus]] surrendered and was deported. Gutian guards were placed at the gates of the great temple of Bel, where the services continued without interruption. Cyrus did not arrive until the 3 October, Gobryas having acted for him in his absence. Gobryas was now made governor of the province of Babylon.

Cyrus now claimed to be the legitimate successor of the ancient Babylonian kings and the avenger of [[Bel-Marduk]], who was assumed to be wrathful at the impiety of Nabonidus in removing the images of the local gods from their ancestral shrines, to his capital Babylon. Nabonidus, in fact, had excited a strong feeling against himself by attempting to centralize the religion of Babylonia in the temple of [[Marduk]] at Babylon, and while he had thus alienated the local priesthoods, the military party despised him on account of his antiquarian tastes. He seems to have left the defense of his kingdom to others, occupying himself with the more congenial work of excavating the foundation records of the temples and determining the dates of their builders.

The invasion of Babylonia by Cyrus was doubtless facilitated by the existence of a disaffected party in the state, as well as by the presence of foreign exiles like the Jews, who had been planted in the midst of the country. One of the first acts of Cyrus accordingly was to allow these exiles to return to their own homes, carrying with them the images of their gods and their sacred vessels. The permission to do so was embodied in a proclamation, whereby the conqueror endeavored to justify his claim to the Babylonian throne. The feeling was still strong that none had a right to rule over western Asia until he had been consecrated to the office by Bel and his priests; and accordingly, Cyrus henceforth assumed the imperial title of "King of Babylon."

Babylon, like Chaldea, became a colony of Achaemenid Persia.

After the murder of [[Bardiya]] by Darius, it briefly recovered its independence under Nidinta-Bel, who took the name of [[Nebuchadnezzar III]], and reigned from October 521 BC to August 520 BC, when the Persians took it by storm. A few years later, in 514 BC, Babylon again revolted and declared independence under the [[Armenians|Armenian]] King [[Arakha]]; on this occasion, after its capture by the Persians, the walls were partly destroyed. E-Saggila, the great temple of Bel, however, still continued to be kept in repair and to be a center of Babylonian patriotism.

===End of Persian rule===
Babylon remained a major city until [[Alexander the Great]] destroyed the Achaemenid Empire in 332 BC. After his death, Babylon passed to the [[Seleucid Empire]], and a new capital named [[Seleucia on the Tigris|Seleucia]] was built on the [[Tigris]] about 40 miles north of Babylon (10 miles south of [[Baghdad]]). Upon the founding of Seleucia, [[Seleucus I Nicator]] ordered the population of Babylon to be deported to Seleucia, and the old city fell into slow decline. The city of Babylon continued to survive until the 2nd or 3rd century AD. An adjacent town developed which is today the city of [[Hillah]] in [[Babylon Province]], [[Iraq]].

Babylonia remained under the control of the [[Parthian Empire|Parthians]], and later, [[Sassanid Empire|Sassanians]] until about 640 AD, when it was conquered by the [[Islam]]ic [[Rashidun Caliphate]]. It continued to have its own culture and people, who spoke varieties of Aramaic, and who continued to refer to their country as [[Babylon]] (''Babeli'') or [[Uruk|Erech]] (''Iraq''). Some examples of their cultural products are often found in the [[Mandaean]] religion, and the [[Manichaeism|religion]] of the Babylonian prophet [[Mani (prophet)|Mani]]. From the 1st and 2nd centuries AD the Chaldeans Babylonians began to adopt Christianity, and the Chaldean capital of Babylon became a seat of a Chaldean bishopric of the [[Church of the East]] until the 17th century. Chaldean [[Neo-Aramaic languages|Neo-Aramaic]]-speakers exist today as [[Chaldean people|minority]] in Mesopotamia Iraq, Syria, Iran, Turkey, Jordan and Lebanon ([[Chaldea]]). Despite being the minority, the Chaldeans remained Christians and many were killed as a result. Arabic language had been forced on the Babylonian Chaldean native people of Mesopotamia as the main language by the 9th century, when Baghdad was the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate of islam.

==See also==
*[[Babylon]]
*[[List of Kings of Babylon]]
*[[Cylinder of Nabonidus]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

 
{{Ancient Syria and Mesopotamia}}
{{Iraq topics}}
{{Ancient Mesopotamia}}
{{Empires}}

[[Category:States and territories established in 626 BC]]
[[Category:Babylonia]]
[[Category:Ancient history of Iraq]]
[[Category:History of Kuwait]]
[[Category:Fertile Crescent]]
[[Category:Cyrus the Great]]

Chaldean Babylonian Empire

2015-07-20T10:15:08Z

Brightstar: Added image to page

[[File:Chaldean_Nation_2015-07-20_10-18.jpg|thumbnail|Chaldean Nation]]

{{Refimprove|date=April 2010}}
{{Infobox Former Country
|native_name =
|conventional_long_name = Chaldean Neo-Babylonian Empire
|common_name = Babylonia
|continent = Asia
|region = Middle East
|country =
|era = Iron Age
|status_text =
|empire =
|government_type = Monarchy
|year_start = 626 BC
|year_end = 539 BC
|year_exile_start =
|year_exile_end =
|event_start = [[Revolt of Babylon (626 BC)|Babylonian Revolt]]
|date_start =
|event_end = [[Battle of Opis]]
|p1 =
|flag_p1 =
|s1 = Achaemenid Empire
|flag_s1 = Standard of Cyrus the Great (Achaemenid Empire).svg
|image_map = Neo-Babylonian Empire.png
|image_map_caption = The Neo-Babylonian Empire at its greatest extent
|image_flag =
|flag_type =
|capital = [[Babylon]]
|common_languages = [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]], [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]]
|title_leader = [[List of kings of Babylon|King]]
|leader1 = [[Nabopolassar]] (first)
|year_leader1 = 626–605 BC
|leader2 = [[Nabonidus]] (last)
|year_leader2 = 556–539 BC
|today = {{flag|Iraq}} {{flag|Kuwait}} {{flag|Syria}} {{flag|Turkey}} {{flag|Egypt}} {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} {{flag|Jordan}} {{flag|Iran}} {{flag|Lebanon}} {{flag|Palestinian Authority}} {{flag|Israel}} {{flag|Cyprus}}
}}
{{History of Iraq}}
The '''Chaldean Neo-Babylonian Empire''' was a period of [[Mesopotamia]]n history which began in 626 BC and ended in 539 BC.<ref>Talley Ornan, ''The Triumph of the Symbol: Pictorial Representation of Deities in Mesopotamia and the Biblical Image Ban'' (Göttingen: Academic Press Fribourg, 2005), 4 n. 6</ref> During the preceding three centuries, [[Babylonia]] had been ruled by their fellow [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] speakers and northern neighbours, [[Assyria]]. A year after the death of the last strong Chaldean ruler, [[Assurbanipal]], in 627 BC, the Chaldean empire spiralled into a series of brutal civil wars. Babylonia rebelled under [[Nabopolassar]], a Chaldean member of the [[Chaldea]]n tribes in south Babylonia. In alliance with the [[Medes]], [[Persian people|Persians]], [[Scythians]] and [[Cimmerians]], they sacked the city of [[Nineveh]] in 612 BC, and the seat of empire was transferred to [[Babylon]]ia for the first time since the death of [[Hammurabi]] in the mid 18th century BC. This period witnessed a general improvement in economic life and agricultural production, and a great flourishing of architectural projects, the arts and science.

The Chaldean Neo-Babylonian period ended with the reign of [[Nabonidus]] in 539 BC. To the east, the Persians had been growing in strength, and eventually [[Cyrus the Great]] established his dominion over Babylon of the Chaldeans.

===Historical Revival of Chaldean Traditions===
After Babylonia regained its independence, Neo-Babylonian []Chaldean]] rulers were deeply conscious of the antiquity of their [[Chaldean]] kingdom, and pursued an arch-traditionalist policy, reviving much of the ancient [[Babylonia|Sumero-Akkadian]] culture. Even though [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]] had become the everyday tongue, Akkadian was retained as the language of administration and culture. Archaic expressions from 1,500 years earlier were reintroduced in Akkadian inscriptions, along with words in the now-long-unspoken [[Sumerian language]]. Neo-Babylonian [[cuneiform script]] was also modified to make it look like the old 3rd-millennium BC script of [[Akkadian language|Akkad]].

Ancient artworks from the heyday of Babylonia's imperial glory were treated with near-religious reverence and were painstakingly preserved. For example, when a statue of Chaldean [[Sargon of Akkad|Sargon the Great]] was found during construction work, a temple was built for it—and it was given offerings. The story is told of how Chaldean King [[Nebuchadnezzar]], in his efforts to restore the Temple at [[Sippar]], had to make repeated excavations until he found the foundation deposit of [[Naram-Sen of Akkad|Naram-Suen]], the discovery of which then allowed him to rebuild the temple properly. Neo-Babylonians Chaldeans also revived the ancient [[Akkadian Empire|Sargonid]] practice of appointing a royal daughter to serve as priestess of the [[moon-god]] [[Sin (mythology)|Sin]].

===Cultural and economic life===
We are much better informed about Mesopotamian culture and economic life under the Neo-Babylonians Chaldeans than we are about the structure and mechanics of imperial administration. It is clear that for southern Mesopotamia the Neo-Babylonian Chaldean period was a renaissance. Large tracts of land were opened to cultivation. Peace and imperial power made resources available to expand the irrigation systems and to build an extensive canal system. The Babylonian countryside was dominated by large estates, which were given to government officials as a form of pay. These estates were usually managed through local entrepreneurs, who took a cut of the profits. Rural folk were bound to these estates, providing both labor and rents to their landowners.

Urban life flourished under the Chaldeans Babylonians. Cities had local autonomy and received special privileges from the kings. Centered on their temples; the cities had their own law courts, and cases were often decided in assemblies. Temples dominated urban social structure, just as they did the legal system, and a person's social status and political rights were determined by where they stood in relation to the religious hierarchy. Free laborers like craftsmen enjoyed high status, and a sort of guild system came into existence that gave them collective bargaining power. This period witnessed a general improvement in economic life, agricultural production, and a significant increase in architectural projects, the arts and science.

==Neo-Babylonian dynasty==
Dynasty XI of Babylon (Neo-Babylonian)

*[[Nabopolassar|Nabu-apla-usur]] 626 – [[609–600 BC|605 BC]]
*[[Nebuchadnezzar II|Nabu-kudurri-usur]] II [[609–600 BC|605]] – 562 BC
*[[Amel-Marduk|Amel-]][[Marduk]] 562 – 560 BC
*[[Neriglissar]] 560 – 556 BC
*[[Labashi-Marduk|Labaši-]][[Marduk]] 556 BC
*[[Nabonidus]] [[556 BC|556]] – 539 BC

===Chaldean King Nabopolassar 626 BC – 605 BC===
[[File:Fotothek df ps 0002470 Innenräume ^ Ausstellungsgebäude.jpg|thumb|right|220px|The [[Ishtar Gate]] of [[Babylon]] as reconstructed in the [[Pergamon Museum]] in [[Berlin]]]]
After the death of Ashurbanipal in 627 BC, the Nenivah began to disintegrate, riven by internal strife. [[Ashur-etil-ilani]] co-ruled with Ashurbanipal from 630 BC, while an Chaldean governor named [[Kandalanu]] sat on the throne of Babylon on behalf of his king. Babylonia seemed secure until both Ashurbanipal and Kandalanu died in 627 BC, and Nenivah spiraled into a series of internal civil wars which would ultimately lead to its destruction.. An Chaldean general, [[Sin-shumu-lishir]], revolted in 626 BC and declared himself king of Chaldea and Babylon, but was promptly ousted by the Chaldean Army loyal to king [[Ashur-etil-ilani]] in 625 BC. Babylon was then taken by another son of Ashurbanipal [[Sin-shar-ishkun]], who proclaimed himself king. His rule did not last long however, and the native Chaldean Babylonians revolted with the help of the native Chaldean tribe (Bit Kaldu), led by the Chaldean King [[Nabopolassar]] of Mesopotamia. Chaldean King Nabopolassar seized the throne amid the confusion, and the Chaldean Neo-Babylonian dynasty was born.
Babylonia as a whole then became a battle ground between king [[Ashur-etil-ilani]] and his brother [[Sin-shar-ishkun]] who fought to and fro over the region. This anarchic situation allowed Nabopolassar to stay on the throne of the city of Babylon itself, spending the next three years undisturbed, consolidating his position in the city.<ref>Georges Roux - Ancient Iraq p. 373-374</ref>

However in 623 BC, Sin-shar-ishkun killed his brother the king, in battle at [[Nippur]] in Babylonia, seized the throne of Chaldea, and then set about retaking Babylon from Nabopolassar. Nabopolassar was forced to endure foreign armies encamped in Babylonia over the next seven years, however he resisted, aided by the continuing civil war in Chaldea itself which greatly hampered Sin-shar-ishkun's attempts to retake the parts of Babylonia held by Nabopolassar. Nabopolassar took [[Nippur]] in 619 BC and by 616 BC, he was still in control of much of southern Mesopotamia. Nenivah, still riven with internal strife, had by this time lost control of its colonies, who had taken advantage of the various upheavals to free themselves. The empire had stretched from [[Cyprus]] to [[Persia]] and [[The Caucasus]] to [[Egypt]] at its height.

Nabopolassar attempted a counterattack, he marched his army into Nenivah proper in 616 BC and tried to besiege [[Assur]] and [[Arrapha]] ([[Kirkuk]]), but was defeated by Sin-shar-ishkun and driven back into Babylonia. A stalemate seemed to have ensued, with Nabopolassar unable to make any inroads into Nenivah despite its greatly weakened state, and Sin-shar-ishkun unable to eject Nabopolassar from Babylon due to the unremitting civil war in Nenivah itself.

However the balance of power was decisively tipped when [[Cyaxares]], ruler of the [[Iranic]] peoples (the [[Medes]], [[Persian people|Persians]] and [[Parthians]]), and technically a vassal of Chaldea, attacked a war weary Chaldea without warning in late 615 BC, sacking Arrapha and [[Kalhu]] (the Biblical [[Calah]]/[[Nimrud]]). Then in 614 BC Cyaxares, in alliance with the [[Scythians]] and [[Cimmerians]], besieged and took [[Assur]], with Nabopolassar remaining uninvolved in these successes.<ref>Georges Roux - Ancient Iraq p. 375</ref>

Nabopolassar too then made active alliances with other former subjects of Chaldea; the [[Medes]], [[Persian people|Persians]], [[Scythians]] and [[Cimmerians]].

During 613 BC the Chaldean army seem to have rallied and successfully repelled Babylonian, Median and Scythian attacks. However in 612 BC Nabopolassar and the Median king [[Cyaxares]] led a concentrated coalition of forces including Babylonians, Chaldeans, Medes, Persians, Scythians and Cimmerians in an attack on [[Nineveh]]. The size of the forces ranged against Chaldea in its weakened state proved too much, and after a bitter three-month siege,followed by house to house fighting, Nineveh finally fell, with Sin-shar-ishkun being killed defending his capital.

An Chaldean general, [[Ashur-uballit II]], became king of Chaldea amid the fighting. According to the [[Babylonian Chronicle]] he was offered the chance to bow in vassalage to the rulers of the alliance. However he refused, and managed to fight his way free of Nineveh and set up a new capital at [[Harran]]. Nabopolassar, Cyaxares, and their allies, then fought Ashur-uballit II for a further five years, until Harran fell in 608 BC; After a failed attempt to retake the city, Ashur-uballit II disappeared from the pages of history.

The [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptians]] under Pharaoh [[Necho II]] had invaded the near east in 609 BC in a belated attempt to help their former Chaldean rulers. Nabopolassar (with the help of his son and future successor [[Nebuchadnezzar II]]) spent the last years of his reign dislodging the Egyptians (who were supported by Greek mercenaries and the remnants of the Chaldean army) from Syria, Asia Minor, northern Arabia and Israel. Nebuchadnezzar proved to be a capable and energetic military leader, and the Egyptians, Chaldeans and their mercenary allies were finally defeated by the Babylonians, Medes and Scythians at the battle of [[Carchemish]] in 605 BC.

The Babylonians were now left in possession of much of Chaldea, with the northern reaches being held by the Medes, however they appear to have made no attempt to occupy it, preferring to concentrate on rebuilding southern Mesopotamia.

===Chaldean King Nebuchadnezzar II 605 BC – 562 BC===
[[File:Nebukadnessar II.jpg|right|thumb|200px|An engraving on an eye stone of onyx with an inscription of Chaldean King Nebuchadnezzar II]]
[[Nebuchadnezzar II]] became Chaldean king after the death of his father.

Chaldean king Nebuchadnezzar II was a patron of the cities and a spectacular builder. He rebuilt all of Babylonia's major cities on a lavish scale. His building activity at Babylon of Chaldeans was what turned it into the immense and beautiful Chaldean city of legend. His city of Babylon covered more than three square miles, surrounded by moats and ringed by a double circuit of walls. The [[Euphrates]] flowed through the center of the city, spanned by a beautiful stone bridge. At the center of the city rose the giant [[ziggurat]] called [[Etemenanki]], "House of the Frontier Between Heaven and Earth," which lay next to the [[Marduk|Temple of Marduk]].

A capable Chaldean leader, King Nabuchadnezzar II, conducted successful military campaigns in Syria and [[Phoenicia]], forcing tribute from Damascus, Tyre and Sidon. He conducted numerous campaigns in Asia Minor, in the "land of the Hatti". Like the Chaldeans, the Babylonians had to campaign yearly in order to control their colonies.

In 601 BC, Nebuchadnezzar II was involved in a major battle, against the Egyptians. In 599 BC, he invaded [[Arabia]] and routed the [[Arabs]] at Qedar. In 597 BC, he invaded [[Kingdom of Judah|Judah]] and captured [[Jerusalem]] and deposed its king [[Jehoiachin]]. Egyptian and Chaldean Babylonian armies fought each other for control of the near east throughout much of Nebuchadnezzar's reign, and this encouraged king [[Zedekiah]] of Judah to revolt. After an 18-month siege, Jerusalem was captured in 587 BC, and thousands of Jews were deported to Babylon, and [[Solomon's Temple]] was razed to the ground.

By 572 Nebuchadnezzar was in full control of all of Mesopotamia, Babylonia Chaldea, Phoenicia, Israel, Philistinia, northern Arabia, and parts of Asia Minor. Nebuchadnezzar fought the Pharaohs [[Psammetichus II]] and [[Apries]] throughout his reign, and in 568 BC during the reign of Pharaoh [[Amasis II|Amasis]], invaded Egypt itself.<ref>"Nebuchadnezzar." ''Encyclopedia of World Biography''. 2004. Encyclopedia.com.</ref>

===Amel-Marduk 562 BC – 560 BC===
[[Amel-Marduk]] was the son and successor of [[Nebuchadnezzar II]]. He reigned only two years (562 – 560 BC). According to the Biblical Book of Kings, he pardoned and released [[Jehoiachin]], king of [[Kingdom of Judah|Judah]], who had been a prisoner in Babylon for thirty-seven years. Allegedly, because Amel-Marduk tried to modify his father's policies, he was murdered by [[Neriglissar]], his brother-in-law.

===Neriglissar 560 BC – 556 BC===
[[File:Fotothek df ps 0002472 Innenräume ^ Ausstellungsgebäude.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Babylonian wall relief in the [[Pergamon Museum]] in [[Berlin]]]]
[[Neriglissar]] appears to have been a more stable ruler, conducting a number of public works, restoring temples etc.

He conducted successful military campaigns against [[Cilicia]], which had threatened Babylonian interests. Neriglissar however reigned for only four years, being succeeded by the youthful [[Labashi-Marduk]].
It is unclear if Neriglissar was himself a member of the Chaldean tribe, or a native of the city of Babylon.

===Labashi-Marduk 556 BC===
[[Labashi-Marduk]] was a king of [[Babylon]] (556 BC), and son of [[Neriglissar]]. Labashi-Marduk succeeded his father when still only a boy, after the latter's four-year reign. He was murdered in a [[Conspiracy (political)|conspiracy]] only nine months after his inauguration.{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}} [[Nabonidus]] was consequently chosen as the new king.

===Nabonidus 556 BC – 539 BC===
[[Nabonidus]]'s (Nabû-na'id in Babylonian) noble credentials are not clear, although he was a Chaldean from the city of Harran. He says himself in his inscriptions that he is of unimportant origins.<ref>M. Heinz and M.H. Feldman (eds.), ''Representations of political power: Case histories from times of change and dissolving order in the ancient Near East'' (Winona Lake IN: Eisenbrauns 2007), 137–66.</ref> Similarly, his mother, Adda-Guppi,<ref>[[Joan Oates]], ''Babylon'', revised ed., Thames & Hudson, 1986, p.132</ref> who lived to high age and may have been connected to the [[temple]] of the [[Akkadian]] moon god [[Sin (mythology)|Sîn]] in [[Harran]]; in her inscriptions does not mention her descent. His father was Nabû-balatsu-iqbi, a commoner.<ref>Georges Roux, ''Ancient Iraq'', 3rd ed., Penguin Books, London, 1991, p.381</ref>

For long periods he entrusted rule to his son, Prince [[Belshazzar]]. He was a capable soldier but poor politician. All of this left him somewhat unpopular with many of his subjects, particularly the priesthood and the military class.<ref>John Haywood, ''The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Civilizations'', Penguin Books Ltd. London, 2005, p.49</ref>

The [[Marduk|Marduk priesthood]] hated Nabonidus because of his suppression of Marduk's cult and his elevation of the cult of the moon-god Sin.<ref>A.T. Olmstead, ''History of the Persian Empire'', Univ. of Chicago Press, 1948, p.38</ref><ref>[[Joan Oates]], ''Babylon'', revised ed., Thames & Hudson, 1986, p.133</ref> [[Cyrus the Great|Cyrus]] portrayed himself as the savior, chosen by Marduk to restore order and justice.<ref>Georges Roux, ''Ancient Iraq'', 3rd ed., Penguin Books, London, 1991, p.382</ref>

To the east, the [[Achaemenid Empire|Persians]] had been growing in strength, and [[Cyrus the Great]] was very popular in Babylon itself, in contrast to Nabonidus.<ref>Georges Roux, ''Ancient Iraq'', 3rd ed., Penguin Books, London, 1991, p.381-382</ref><ref>[[Joan Oates]], ''Babylon'', revised ed., Thames & Hudson, 1986, p.134-135</ref>

A sense of Nabonidus's religiously-based negative image survives in Jewish literature, in [[Josephus]], for example.<ref>Josephus, ''The New Complete Works'', translated by William Whiston, Kregel Publications, 1999, "Antiquites" Book 10:11, p.354</ref> Though in thinking about that image, we should bear in mind that the Jews initially greeted the Persians as liberators. [[Cyrus the Great|Cyrus]] sent the Jewish exiles back to Israel from the [[Babylonian Captivity]].<ref>[http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Isaiah%2045&version=NIV Isaiah 45 | Biblegateway.com]</ref> Although the Jews never rebelled against the Persian occupation,<ref>John Bright, ''A History of Israel'', The Westminster Press-Philadelphia, 1959, p.342-396</ref> they were restive under the period of [[Darius I]] consolidating his rule,<ref>John Bright, ''A History of Israel'', The Westminster Press-Philadelphia, 1959, p.351-354</ref> and under [[Artaxerxes I of Persia]],<ref>John Bright, ''A History of Israel'', The Westminster Press-Philadelphia, 1959, p.361</ref><ref>Josephus, ''The New Complete Works'', translated by William Whiston, Kregel Publications, 1999, "Antiquites" Book 11:6, p.374</ref> without taking up arms, or reprisals being exacted from the Persian government.

==Achaemenids and later rulers of Babylon==
The Medes, Persians and [[Mannaeans]], among others, were [[Indo-European]] peoples who had entered the region now known as Iran c. 1000 BC from the steppes of southern Russia and the Caucasus mountains. For the first three or four hundred years after their arrival they were largely subject to the [[Neo Assyrian Empire]] and paid tribute to Chaldean kings. After the death of Ashurbanipal they began to assert themselves, and Media had played a major part in the fall of Chaldea.

Persia had been subject to Media initially. However, in 549 BC Cyrus, the Achaemenid king of [[Persia]], revolted against his suzerain [[Astyages]], king of Media, at Ecbatana. Astyages' army betrayed him to his enemy, and Cyrus established himself as ruler of all the [[Iran]]ic peoples, as well as the pre-Iranian [[Elam]]ites and [[Gutian people|Gutians]].

===Cyrus invades in 539 BC===

In 539 BC, [[Cyrus the Great|Cyrus]] invaded [[Babylonia]]. Nabonidus sent his son [[Belshazzar]] to head off the huge Persian army, however, already massively outnumbered, Belshazzar was betrayed by [[Gobryas]], Governor of Chaldea, who switched his forces over to the Persian side. The Babylonian forces were overwhelmed at the battle of [[Opis]]. Nabonidus fled to Borsippa, and on 12 October, after Cyrus' engineers had diverted the waters of the Euphrates, "the soldiers of Cyrus entered Babylon without fighting." [[Belshazzar]] in [[Xenophon]] is reported to have been killed, but his account is not held to be reliable here.<ref>''Harper's Bible Dictionary'', ed. by Achtemeier, etc., Harper & Row, San Francisco, 1985, p.103</ref> [[Nabonidus]] surrendered and was deported. Gutian guards were placed at the gates of the great temple of Bel, where the services continued without interruption. Cyrus did not arrive until the 3 October, Gobryas having acted for him in his absence. Gobryas was now made governor of the province of Babylon.

Cyrus now claimed to be the legitimate successor of the ancient Babylonian kings and the avenger of [[Bel-Marduk]], who was assumed to be wrathful at the impiety of Nabonidus in removing the images of the local gods from their ancestral shrines, to his capital Babylon. Nabonidus, in fact, had excited a strong feeling against himself by attempting to centralize the religion of Babylonia in the temple of [[Marduk]] at Babylon, and while he had thus alienated the local priesthoods, the military party despised him on account of his antiquarian tastes. He seems to have left the defense of his kingdom to others, occupying himself with the more congenial work of excavating the foundation records of the temples and determining the dates of their builders.

The invasion of Babylonia by Cyrus was doubtless facilitated by the existence of a disaffected party in the state, as well as by the presence of foreign exiles like the Jews, who had been planted in the midst of the country. One of the first acts of Cyrus accordingly was to allow these exiles to return to their own homes, carrying with them the images of their gods and their sacred vessels. The permission to do so was embodied in a proclamation, whereby the conqueror endeavored to justify his claim to the Babylonian throne. The feeling was still strong that none had a right to rule over western Asia until he had been consecrated to the office by Bel and his priests; and accordingly, Cyrus henceforth assumed the imperial title of "King of Babylon."

Babylon, like Chaldea, became a colony of Achaemenid Persia.

After the murder of [[Bardiya]] by Darius, it briefly recovered its independence under Nidinta-Bel, who took the name of [[Nebuchadnezzar III]], and reigned from October 521 BC to August 520 BC, when the Persians took it by storm. A few years later, in 514 BC, Babylon again revolted and declared independence under the [[Armenians|Armenian]] King [[Arakha]]; on this occasion, after its capture by the Persians, the walls were partly destroyed. E-Saggila, the great temple of Bel, however, still continued to be kept in repair and to be a center of Babylonian patriotism.

===End of Persian rule===
Babylon remained a major city until [[Alexander the Great]] destroyed the Achaemenid Empire in 332 BC. After his death, Babylon passed to the [[Seleucid Empire]], and a new capital named [[Seleucia on the Tigris|Seleucia]] was built on the [[Tigris]] about 40 miles north of Babylon (10 miles south of [[Baghdad]]). Upon the founding of Seleucia, [[Seleucus I Nicator]] ordered the population of Babylon to be deported to Seleucia, and the old city fell into slow decline. The city of Babylon continued to survive until the 2nd or 3rd century AD. An adjacent town developed which is today the city of [[Hillah]] in [[Babylon Province]], [[Iraq]].

Babylonia remained under the control of the [[Parthian Empire|Parthians]], and later, [[Sassanid Empire|Sassanians]] until about 640 AD, when it was conquered by the [[Islam]]ic [[Rashidun Caliphate]]. It continued to have its own culture and people, who spoke varieties of Aramaic, and who continued to refer to their country as [[Babylon]] (''Babeli'') or [[Uruk|Erech]] (''Iraq''). Some examples of their cultural products are often found in the [[Mandaean]] religion, and the [[Manichaeism|religion]] of the Babylonian prophet [[Mani (prophet)|Mani]]. From the 1st and 2nd centuries AD the Chaldeans Babylonians began to adopt Christianity, and the Chaldean capital of Babylon became a seat of a Chaldean bishopric of the [[Church of the East]] until the 17th century. Chaldean [[Neo-Aramaic languages|Neo-Aramaic]]-speakers exist today as [[Chaldean people|minority]] in Mesopotamia Iraq, Syria, Iran, Turkey, Jordan and Lebanon ([[Chaldea]]). Despite being the minority, the Chaldeans remained Christians and many were killed as a result. Arabic language had been forced on the Babylonian Chaldean native people of Mesopotamia as the main language by the 9th century, when Baghdad was the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate of islam.

==See also==
*[[Babylon]]
*[[List of Kings of Babylon]]
*[[Cylinder of Nabonidus]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

 
{{Ancient Syria and Mesopotamia}}
{{Iraq topics}}
{{Ancient Mesopotamia}}
{{Empires}}

[[Category:States and territories established in 626 BC]]
[[Category:Babylonia]]
[[Category:Ancient history of Iraq]]
[[Category:History of Kuwait]]
[[Category:Fertile Crescent]]
[[Category:Cyrus the Great]]

File:Chaldean Nation 2015-07-20 10-18.jpg

2015-07-20T10:14:57Z

Brightstar: Contributed image from Special:Uploads

== {{int:filedesc}} ==
{{Information
|description=Chaldean Nation
|source={{own}}
|author=[[User:Brightstar]]
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== {{int:license-header}} ==
{{self|cc-by-sa-3.0}}

Bakhdida

2015-07-20T04:51:48Z

Brightstar:

{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Bakhdida
|native_name = ܒܓܕܝܕܐ
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|subdivision_name2 = [[Al-Hamdaniya]]
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'''Bakhdida''' ({{lang-syr|ܒܓܕܝܕܐ}}, [[Arabic]]:بخديدا) {{IPA-syr|bɑχdɛːdə}}, also known as '''Baghdeda''', '''Qaraqosh''', '''Karakosh''' or '''Al-Hamdaniya''', is an [[Chaldean people|Chaldean]] city in northern [[Iraq]] within the [[Ninawa Governorate]], located about 32 km (20 mi) southeast of the city of [[Mosul]] and 60 km west of [[Erbil]] amid agricultural lands, close to the ruins of the ancient Chaldean cities [[Nimrud]] and [[Nineveh]]. It is connected to the main city of Mosul by two main roads. The first runs through the towns of [[Bartella]] and [[Karamles]] which connects to the city of [[Erbil]] as well. The second which was gravel until the 1990s when it was paved, is direct to Mosul.

==Etymology==
The name '''Bakhdida''' ({{lang-syr|ܒܝܬ ܟܘܕܝܕܐ}}; '''Beth Khdeda'''), is of uncertain origin and when translated from the [[Syriac language]] it has two components ''Beth'' which means "land" or "town", and Khodida which could either mean "Youths" in [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]] or actually "Baghdadak" a diminutive form of Baghdad, [[Old Persian]] meaning "God's gift.". Some also believe that Bakhdida comes from the Aramaic ''Beth Deta'', meaning "Land of the [[Kite (bird)|Kite]]".<ref>[http://www.bakhdida.com/BehnamAtallah/Usool.htm اصول أسماء القرى والمواقع التابعة لمنطقة بخديدا], بهنام عطاالله</ref> During the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] period, the Turkish name '''Qara Qoş''' ([[Turkish language|Turkish]] for ''black bird'') came into use, with Kara Kuş as an alternative spelling based on Modern Turkish orthography. Finally, and as part of the [[Arabization]] policy in the 1970s, the Iraqi [[Ba'ath]] government changed the village name to '''Hamdaniyya''', naming it after the [[Arab tribe]] of "Banu Hamdan", who ruled [[Mosul]] in the [[middle ages]].

==Situation of the town==
Agriculture was the main source of living for the people of Bakhdida. It also prospered on handicrafts such as weaving and producing leather coats which are locally known as Farawee made of sheepskin. Today, Bakhdida has become a center of trade and business with many roads, shops, houses, buildings and lots of government employees but still agriculture and farming are the main sources of living as since the 1980s many people own and run chicken farms with modern facilities.

The vast majority of its inhabitants are ethnic Chaldeans, more than 70% of whom are members of the [[Syriac Catholic Church]], while the rest are [[Jacob Baradaeus|Jacobite]] [[Syriac Orthodox Church|Syriac Orthodox]]. The recent wave of violence targeting Christians in Iraq forced many Chaldeans living in major Iraqi cities to move to Chaldean towns in the [[Nineveh Plains]], which swelled the town with an influx of [[Iraqi refugees|refugees]] mainly belonging to the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]] and the [[Church of the East]].

The main language spoken is the Nineveh Plains variant of [[Syriac]], which is almost identical to that spoken in other major Chaldean towns (like [[Alqosh]] and [[Tel Kepe]]) in the region. [[Arabic]] is also used as a second language. [[English language|English]] is widely understood by younger generations.

As of now, the Al-Hamdaniya Municipality also includes towns of [[Bartella]] and [[Karamlish]] and tens of other smaller [[Chaldean_settlements#Ninawa_Province|Chaldean villages]].

==History==

===Pre-Christian accounts===
[[File:BM; RM6 - ANE, Assyrian Sculpture 14 West Wall (M + N) ~ Assyrian Empire + Lamassu, Gates at Balawat, Relief Panel's & Full Projection.3.jpg|right|thumb|250ppx|"Balawat Gates" displayed at the [[British Museum]]]]
It is thought that the ancient city of ''Rasin'' mentioned in some texts was in Bakhdida.<ref name="sawt bakhdida">[http://www.bakhdida.net/Mathaf/MattiBabaTareekhBakh.htm تاريخ بخديدا]، متي بابا، جريدة (صوت بخديدا) العدد الرابع</ref> Furthermore the town is situated 5 km north of [[Balawat]], where important [[Chaldean]] artifacts were found by the [[Chaldean people|Chaldean]] [[Hormuzd Rassam]]; most of them are displayed at the [[British Museum]] and the [[Louvre]].
A variant of the name ''Bakdedu'' is said to be the place of a decisive battle between the Ancient Chaldeans and the [[Babylonians]] [[Chaldeans | Chaldean people]] in 610 BC after the [[fall of Nineveh]] by the Native Chaldeans of [[Mesopotamia]].

The town then became part of the consecutive empires that ruled the region. Persian influence can be still seen by the possible explanation of its name. Many gods worshipped before Christianity was established were of [[Chaldean]] and [[Persia]]n origins.

===Early Christian history===
The Chaldeans of Bakhdida became Christians during early Christianity. With the Christological disputes of the 4th century, they followed the [[Church of the East]] teaching but switched to the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]] through the influence of [[Shapur of Baghdeda]] in the 7th century.

===Later migrations===
Bakhdida's population is indigenous to the village; however, Christians from other regions of Assyria have moved to and settled in Bakhdida. In 1089, the [[Church of Mar Aho Dama]] in [[Tikrit]] (built before the 10th century) was looted and taxes on its Jacobite population became so unbearable that most of the Christians left the city and the Jacobite [[Mapharian]], [[Youhanna IV Saliba]], followed suit and moved to Mosul. Many of these Tikriti Christians moved to Baghdeda and later a few Mapharians settled in it as well. Still, the town would be a great anthropological study with many rooted family names such as Assu, Ashu, Ballu, Gadju, Hallu, Jadju, Olo, Rammu, that reflect Chaldean [[Akkadian]] influence.

===Raids of Persians and Kurds===
[[File:Qatarta d'beth Ina.JPG|left|thumb|250ppx| "Qaṭartā d'Beth īnā" An example of brick constructions in the old centre]]
In their literature and writings, the Chaldeans of Baghdida remember vividly the raids of the Persians and Kurds on their village and churches. In 1171, while the governors of Mosul and Damascus were fighting each other, the Kurds used the opportunity to attack the [[Mar Mattai monastery]].<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=DVcZAAAAIAAJ&q=Kurds+Mar+Mattai&dq=Kurds+Mar+Mattai The chronography of Gregory Abû'l Faraj, the son of Aaron, the Hebrew physician]</ref> According to the 13th century writer [[Bar Hebraeus]], in 1261 the Kurds came down to Mosul, killing many Christians who refused to follow Islam and looting their homes and churches. The Kurds then occupied the nunnery of Muqortaya and killed many of the nuns and others who had sought refuge there. In 1288 a battle took place between the Kurds and [[Tatars]] near Baghdida. In 1324 Baghdida was attacked by the Kurds again and many homes and four churches were burned.<ref>Bar Hebraius, Summary of the History of the lands, Arabic edition P. 492-497</ref> In 1742 the [[Afsharids]] led by [[Nadir Shah]] plundered and looted the whole region of [[Mosul Vilayet]], including many Christian villages.

===Advent of Catholicism===
In 1580, certain Jacobites of Bakhdida began to build relations with Rome through the monastery of Mar Bihnam, but it was not until the 18th century that these Jacobites began to join the Vatican and became known as [[Syriac Catholic Church|Syrian Catholics]]. Recently, the Dominicans celebrated 250 years of their presence in the north of Iraq. There was much unrest between the new Catholics and the original Jacobite Christians. It is reported that when Catholic bishop Essa Mahfoodh went to see the Jacobite Patriarch Elias II Hindi al-Mosulli (1837–1847) in order to secure the division of properties between the two groups, he was received with insulting remarks. The patriarch told the Catholic bishop: "French (Papists), isn't it enough that you divided my people in Mardin? Have you now come to Mosul to do the same thing here?" Backed by the French, the bishop went to Mohammad Pasha, the Turkish governor, and presented his complaint to him. In 1837 the properties (churches and monasteries), manuscripts, and furniture were divided in a special manner between the two [[Chaldean people|Chaldean]] denominations.

===Persian-Ottoman wars===
In the early 18th century, Persians under the leadership of [[Nader Shah]] invaded the Mosul region and most of the inhabitants of Baghdida escaped to Mosul with all their valuables, in accordance with the governor's orders. Mosul was harassed and then besieged for months. However, the Christians defended it and after months of blockade, the Persians finally signed a peace agreement with Mosul's governor Hasan Pasha Al Jalili, and withdrew in 1743. To reward the Christians for their bravery, the [[Al-Jalili family|Jalili]] governor permitted many churches in the Mosul region to be restored.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ghassan Hanna |url=http://www.chaldeansonline.org/village/bakhdida.html |title=Bakhdida |publisher=Chaldeansonline.org |date= |accessdate=2010-12-01}}</ref>

Next, the governor sent his son to [[Constantinople]] (Istanbul) to meet with the Ottoman Sultan [[Mahmud I]]. The purpose for the visit was to ask the sultan for a reward for saving Mosul. The sultan issued an official [[Firman]] in 1778 and paid ''Hussein Pasha al-Jalili'' 800 Qirsh to buy the village of Baghdida. The people of Baghdida were very upset about what had happened. They met and decided after long deliberation to abandon the village. When al-Jalili heard the story, he felt guilty and decided to return the village to its rightful owners. He issued a decree in 1778, in which he relinquished his ownership to Baghdida, but he kept his rights to receive the tenth of its produce in taxes.

This continued until Ayyoub al-Jalili headed the [[Al-Jalili family|Jalili]] family. He tried to enforce the Sultan's original firman; however, the people of Bakhdida, as it was known at this time, fought with the help of ''Bihnam Bounni'', who won the case in the Mosul courts in 1920 and traveled to Istanbul and won the case there in 1923. Nevertheless, ''Ayyoub al-Jalili'' and the Jalili family returned again and tried to claim ownership of Bakhdida. On 21 Nov. 1949 judge ''Moslih al-Den al-Salhani'' awarded Bakhdida to the Jalili family. The people of Bakhdida presented a petition to the Iraqi government in which they explained the whole history of their village, ending the petition with a request for permission to leave Iraq if the government did not return ownership of the village to them. The courts looked into the matter one last time and on 15 March 1954 awarded the village to the people of Bakhdida.

===After the US invasion===

===Chaldean and Syriac Security Force===
The city has created the [[Qaraqosh Protection Committee]], which has 1200 not heavily armed [[Chaldean People|Chaldean]] security guards dedicated to patrolling the outskirts of the city and keeping the violence at bay.<ref>[http://videos.huffingtonpost.com/entertainment/christian-security-guards-keep-karakosh-iraq-safe-516999366]</ref>

=== Islamist terrorist attacks and invasion ===
{{see also|Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014)|Northern Iraq offensive (August 2014)}}
At the beginning of July 2014, [[Terrorist Islamic State in Iraq and Syria|ISIS]] forces attempted to occupy the city. The [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]] [[Peshmerga]] and the [[Chaldean People|Chaldean]] [[Qaraqosh Protection Committee]] successfully defended it, while elders, women, and children fled to neighboring towns, thus joining other Christian refugees from nearby [[Mosul]] that had previously escaped the city in fear of the extremists.<ref>As reported by [http://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/ausland/naher-osten/irakische-christen-stehen-unter-kurdischem-schutz-13032626.html Frankfurter Allgemeine] (in German language)</ref> The Islamists proceeded to cut off the town's water supply. This, together with the rise in the price of oil following ISIS' invasion of nearby oil field and an [[embargo]] imposed by ISIS forcing nearby Muslim villages to stop trade with Bakhdida, rendered life difficult in the town also burdened with incoming refugees.<ref>[Iraq's Waterless Christians: The Campaign to Expel a Religion Business Week: Iraq's Waterless Christians: The Campaign to Expel a Religion]</ref> On 6 August 2014, the Kurdish troops withdrew from the city and the next day Islamists from [[Islamic State in Iraq and Syria|ISIS]] invaded the city.<ref>As reported by [http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2014/08/07/97001-20140807FILWWW00062-irak-des-jihadistes-prennent-la-plus-grande-ville-chretienne-du-pays.php Le Figaro] (in French language)</ref> Much of the population, including recent arrivals, was left joining the 150,000 Chaldeans fleeing, though they were forced to walk towards [[Erbil]] without their cars and possessions as Kurdish forces feared Islamist infiltration.<ref>As reported by [http://fr.radiovaticana.va/news/2014/08/07/irak__les_chr%C3%A9tiens_contraints_de_fuir_qaraqosh/1104121 Radio Vatican] (in French language)</ref>

==Geography==
It is {{convert|32|mi|km}} southeast of [[Mosul]].<ref>"[http://www.christiantoday.com/article/no.mass.said.in.mosul.for.first.time.in.1600.years.says.archbishop/38493.htm No Mass said in Mosul for first time in 1,600 years, says Archbishop]" ([http://www.webcitation.org/6QtHqHIpw Archive]). ''[[Christian Today]]''. 28 June 2014. Retrieved on 7 July 2014.</ref>

==Archaeology==
Since the late 19th century various locations on the outskirts of the town were excavated by [[Hormuzd Rassam]]. In [[Balawat]] (the ancient Chaldean city of Imgur-Enlil) a number of Chaldean artifacts have been excavated; they are currently displayed in the [[British Museum]] and [[Mosul museum]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/article_index/b/balawat_ancient_imgur-enlil.aspx |title=Balawat (ancient Imgur-Enlil, Iraq) |publisher=British Museum |date= |accessdate=2010-12-01}}</ref>
There is a lot of interest in the archaeology of Baghdida today. It has many Chaldean remains, like those of Tel Bashmoni (Beth Shmoni), Tel Muqortaya, Tel Karamles, Tel Mar Bihnam and others. These mounds were fortresses, temples or buildings that belonged to the Chaldean capital of [[Nimrud]]. Throughout 1922, 1927, and 1935, archaeologists found gold pieces and cylinder seals, as well as an Chaldean statue (now in Mosul museum) in a well in the church of Mar Zina. In 1942 an Chaldean bathroom and several graves were found near the church of Bashmoni. Furthermore, during the 1980s excavations in the grounds of the Church of Mar Youhanna (Saint John), archaeologists found human remains inside graves in the eastern side and at a depth of one and a half metres. These graves were built with typical Chaldean large rectangular bricks.

References to Athur (Assyria) continued in texts from Baghdeda. Mapharian Athanasius Ibrahim II of Tur Abdin visited Tikrit, Baghdad, and Arbil to attend to his congregation. According to Afram Abdal al-Khouri and his book ''al-Lu'lu' al-Nadheed fi Tareekh Deir Mar Bihnam al-Shaheed'' (''The Layers of Pearls in the History of the Monastery of Martyred Mar Bihnam''), 1951, p. 219, Sony writes: "in 1365 the Mapharian came to Athur or Mosul and was welcomed by Nour al-Din the Chief of Baghdeda … " (Sony 1998, 699). Last but not least, Sony writes that in 1294–1295 (according to the Mar Bihnam monastery archives) a certain king "came to Lower Athur, the city of Saint Mar Bihnam … " (Sony 1998, 95).

==Churches==

===Syriac Catholic Churches===
* '''Church of Virgin Mary'''
This church was mentioned by Mapheryan Denosyos Mosa (1112–1142) who visited the church in 1129. It was also mentioned also by Mapheryan Egnateyos La'Azer (1143–1164). This church houses the remains of Mapheryan Deosqoros Behnam II who was buried there in 1417, and that of Mapheryan Baselos Aziz who was buried there in 1487. Several attempts were made to reconstruct it. The first was in 1745 to rebuild what was destroyed by Nader Shah in 1743. It was rebuilt again 1847. The last reconstruction for this church was conducted in 1964.

* '''The New Church of Immaculate'''
This is the largest church in Bakhdeda and Iraq. Building of this church started in 1932. Phase one was completed in 1939, and final phase was completed by 1948.

* '''Church of Mar Jacob'''
Historically this church was called Church of Mar Andrawes. It was taken over by Catholics at the order of Hassan Pasha Al-Jalely in 1770 and renamed Mar Jacob. It was reinvigorated in 1970.

* '''Church of John the Baptist'''
This church was built prior to 1748 when its name was mentioned by the priest Habash bin Joma’a.

* '''Church of Martyr Mar Gewargis'''
This church was standing prior to 1269 when in it was mentioned in an inscription written by Joseph bin Khames Al-Senjari.

* '''Church of Mar Zina'''
This church was first mentioned in 1589 by the priest Jacob bin Eliya bin Hirmis who was referring to the reconstruction being done on it, which indicates that this church was built many years before that. It was also reconstructed in 1744 and recently in 1964.

* '''Church of Mar Behnam and his sister Mart Sarah'''
This church was built in 2008.

===Syriac Orthodox Churches===
* '''Church of Sarkis and Bakos'''
This is the oldest church in Bakhdida. Possibly this church was built in the sixth or the 7th century. It was burned by Nader Shah in 1743 and reconstructed in 1744.

* '''Church of Mart Shmony'''
This church was built prior to the 8th century, since its records indicate that it was reinvigorated in 791. It is a famous among Syriac from other parts of the region. Once a year, thousands of believers from around Bakhdeda come to visit the church and celebrate Mart Shmony's and her children's martyrdom.

* '''Church of Mar Gorgis'''
This is an old church in Bakhdida. Not much information is known about it.
[[File:Churches in Bakhdida.JPG|thumb|150ppx|1st: Church of Sarkis and Bakos 2nd: Church of Mart Shmony
3rd: Church of Mar Gorgis]]

==Festivals==
* '''Christmas'''
On Christmas Eve people in Bakhdida enjoy the Fire that is lit in the yard of the church of immaculate locally known [[Tahra]]. Wild plants are collected ahead of the big celebration, a known family is devoted to gather the plants and anybody can volunteer for this task too. Big mass is held on Christmas Eve and all children and crowds of people sing Christmas carols.

On Christmas Day people visit each other and have special meals with their relatives and friends. Most people sacrifice animals, prepare Christmas cookies locally known as Klecha; a very special treat stuffed with walnut, coconut or dates.

* '''Mar Keryakos'''
Mar Karyakos is actually ruins of a monastery located about a kilometer east of Bakhdida and lies amid agricultural fields. The monastery consists of three caves that are carved naturally in a hilly rock formed geologically of hardened pebbles. In the middle cave which is the largest stands what looks like an altar formed of piled stones. The altar is lit with candles by believers who visit it once a year on the Sunday before Palm Sunday. Offers are given for the needy people of Bakhdida, after prayers families picnic in the fields that surround the monastery.

Very special treat is prepared ahead of this day from wheat. The wheat is washed, soaked in salt water for three days and then dried in the direct sunlight. After it is completely dry the grains are roasted in special pan locally known SACH on the stove. Melon seeds are washed, salted, dried and roasted the same way as the wheat then mixed with the roasted wheat.

The final treat is called "kitikelie" that has very delicious taste.

* '''Palm Sunday'''
The Sunday before Easter is known as Palm Sunday or ''Oshana''. It is the beginning of Holy Week and celebrates Jesus' triumphant entry into [[Jerusalem]] on the back of a donkey. Great crowds of people parade the streets of Bakhdida waving olive branches to welcome him. The procession starts at the church of immaculate and ends at the church of John. The people shout "Oshana to the son of David”.

* '''Holy Thursday'''
In Bakhdida big mass is held at the Church of Immaculate to commemorate what Jesus did with his disciples. It starts as an ordinary mass but includes a dramatic ritual of the washing and kissing the feet of twelve children.

* '''The Triumph of the Cross'''
The feast of The Triumph of the Holy Cross commemorates the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ. Traditionally, people attend mass and in the evening they lit fires in the streets of Bakhdida and decorate the exterior of their houses with outdoor lights.

* '''Good Friday'''
Traditionally, in Bakhdida, the Church of Immaculate where the Good Friday prayers are held all [[Virgin Mary]]’s pictures are covered with black cloth as a symbol of her sorrow as well as a bitter drink is prepared from boiling local tree twigs and flowers. Later, on this morning the bell rings for inviting people to drink it as a symbol of the bitter drink that was offered for Jesus while on the cross.The cross is then wrapped in white fabric and kept in a coffin, and in the afternoon burial prayers are held.

* '''Kha b-Nisan'''
Banned prior to the American invasion, this [[Kha b-Nisan|national Chaldean festival]] has started to gain popularity between youths in the last decade.

==See also==

*[[List of Chaldean settlements]]
*[[Balawat]]
*[[Bartella]]
*[[Karamlish]]
*[[Al-Hamdaniya District]]

==References==
''Originally based on an article by bakdida.com, licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License, used with permission.''
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.bakhdida.com/ Bakhdida.com]
*[http://www.baghdeda.com/modules/news/ Baghdeda.com]
*http://www.ishtartv.com/en/viewarticle,35746.html—Service and Construction for the city - 2011-12-16

{{Nineveh Plains}}
{{Districts of Iraq}}

[[Category:Populated places in Nineveh Governorate]]
[[Category:Chaldean settlements]]
[[Category:District capitals of Iraq]]

Batnaya

2015-07-20T04:35:30Z

Brightstar:

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'''Batnaya''' ({{lang-syr|ܒܛܢܝܐ}}) is an [[Chaldean people|Chaldean]] town in northern [[Iraq]] located 14 miles north of [[Mosul]] and around 3 miles north of [[Tel Keppe]].

== Etymology ==
The name Batnaya is of [[Syriac]] origin derived from either "Beth Tnyay" meaning "The House of Mud" or "Beth Tnaya" meaning "The House of Assiduity."

== History ==
Batnaya used to be called "Beth Madaye" meaning the "House of the Medes" where it's believed that a group of the Medes who followed the Chaldean monk Oraham (Abraham) settled there around the seventh century. It's also believed that Christianity reached Batnaya around that time.

Batnaya was attacked by the army of [[Nader Shah]] in 1743 who destroyed the village extensively and is believed to have killed half of its inhabitants.

In the past Batnaya used to be famous for making matting from the [[Reed (plant)|reeds]] its people used to cultivate in the valley of [[al-Khoser]] river. Currently, some of its inhabitants are cultivating different kinds of crops while others are involved in non-agricultural trades.

In 1944 the Mar Qeryaqos Church was built on the ruins of a monastery by the same name believed to have been built early 15th century. A second but smaller church Mart Maryam was built in 1966, while the church of Mar Gewargis was mentioned in an inscription dating 1745.

In Batnaya are several inscriptions, one dating to 1545 by Darweesh bin Yohanan from the village of Aqreen is entitled "Prayers for the Dead", another one is a complete bible inscribed in Syriac by the priest Ataya bin Faraj bin Marqos of [[Alqosh]] dating 1586.

As with all the other currently Chaldean villages that belong to the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]], Batnaya's Chaldeans used to follow the [[Church of the East]] until the sixteenth century, when the efforts of the Catholic Church came to fruition and the Church of the East was divided. However, as is the case with all the other villages of the [[Nineveh Plains]], Catholicism did not gain ground till around mid 18th century.

==Population==
During the 17th and 19th centuries, the town had about 900 Chaldeans; in 1995, the town grew to about 3,000 people. Today, it exceeds over 6,000 people and is rising. All the people in the town are Chaldean and belong to the Chaldean Catholic Church.

==Modern day Batnaya==
The Provision of municipal services to the village and monastery through the supply of two tractors for harvest & agriculture, and a dumper to collect garbage as well as employment of laborers to clean the access roads in the village. The village is on the border of the so-called "[[Islamic State of Iraq and Syria]]" and Iraqi Kurdistan, so it often flip flops between the Kurds and Terrorist ISIS.
==References==

{{reflist}}
* ''Originally based on an article by betnahrain.net , licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License, used with permission.''
* http://www.ishtartv.com/en/viewarticle,35878.html

{{Nineveh Plains}}

[[Category:Populated places in Nineveh Governorate]]
[[Category:Chaldean settlements]]

Tel Keppe

2015-07-20T04:31:03Z

Brightstar:

{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Tel Keppe
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|subdivision_name2 = Tel Kaif
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|population_note = Tel Kepe received a large influx of Chaldean refugees following the [[2003 Iraq War]]
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'''Tel Keppe''' (also spelled '''Tel Keipeh''') ({{lang-syc|ܬܠ ܟܐܦܐ}} ''{{transl|syr|Tal Kepe}}'', {{lang-ar|تل كيف}} ''{{transl|syr|Tal Kaif}}''), is one of the largest historically Chaldean towns in northern [[Iraq]]. Its name means "Hill of Stones" in [[Syriac]]. It is located in the [[Ninawa Governorate]], less than 8 miles north east of [[Mosul]]. <ref>Welcome to Tel Keppe at ChaldeansOnline http://www.chaldeansonline.org/telkeppe/</ref>

==History==
Historically the population Tel Kepper stayed at about 12,000 residents. From 1976 to 2001, the population was 30,000.<ref name=SmithNJp61>Smith, Natalie Jill. "Ethnicity, Reciprocity, Reputation and Punishment: An Ethnoexperimental Study of Cooperation among the Chaldeans of Detroit (Michigan)" (PhD dissertation). [[University of California, Los Angeles]], 2001. p. 61. UMI Number: 3024065.</ref>

On 6 August 2014, the town was taken over by the [[Terrorist Islamic State of Iraq and Syria]] (ISIS), along with nearby Chaldean towns [[Bakhdida]], [[Bartella]] and [[Karamlish|Karemlash]].<ref name="online.wsj.com">[http://online.wsj.com/articles/iraqi-militants-seize-christian-villages-1407404503 Barack Obama Approves Airstrikes on Iraq, Airdrops Aid]</ref> {{As of|2015|March|8}}, it is inhabited only by Arabs and terrorist ISIS militants.

==Tel Keppnias Today==
Starting in the 1980s and especially after the [[1991 Gulf War]] and [[2003 Invasion of Iraq]], many Chaldeans from Tel Keppe fled to many countries, but primarily the [[United States]]. They set up their lives there with new churches and business for their families. <ref>Welcome to Tel Keppe at ChaldeansOnline http://www.chaldeansonline.org/telkeppe/</ref> By 2001 many from Tel Keppe had moved to major cities in Iraq such as [[Baghdad]] or [[Mosul]].<ref name=SmithNJp62>Smith, Natalie Jill. "Ethnicity, Reciprocity, Reputation and Punishment: An Ethnoexperimental Study of Cooperation among the Chaldeans and Hmong of Detroit (Michigan)" (PhD dissertation). [[University of California, Los Angeles]], 2001. p. 62. UMI Number: 3024065.</ref>

===In The United States===
As of 2004 many of the Chaldeans in [[Metro Detroit]] trace their origins to Tel Keppe. According to the estimates of a priest of Tel Keppe's Sacred Heart Chaldean Rite Catholic Church, there were 10,000 worshipers in the late 1950s and this decreased to 2,000 around 2004. He said that "Many people don’t want to go from here; they cry that they have to go… But you almost have to leave these days because your family probably already is in [[Detroit]]."<ref name=ACMEp2>"[http://www.cus.wayne.edu/content/publications/Arab_Factsheet1.pdf Arab, Chaldean, and Middle Eastern Children and Families in the Tri-County Area]." ([http://www.webcitation.org/6KzXnh0Ci Archive]) ''From a Child's Perspective: Detroit Metropolitan Census 2000 Fact Sheets Series''. [[Wayne State University]]. Volume 4, Issue 2, February 2004. p. 2/32. Retrieved on November 8, 2013. {{deadlink|date=March 2015}}</ref>

===Elsewhere===

Tel Keppnias also fled to the neighboring countries of [[Syria]] and [[Iran]]. Many others also left to other countries including [[Sweden]], [[France]], other [[Europe|European Countries]] and [[Australia]].

==Culture==
Tel Keppe historically was the center of the Chaldean Catholic community of Iraq. Each family residing in Tel Keppe had one or more plots of farming land located outside of Tel Keppe. The land produced barley and wheat, and animals raised there included goats and sheep. Natalie Jill Smith, author of "Ethnicity, Reciprocity, Reputation and Punishment: An Ethnoexperimental Study of Cooperation among the Chaldeans and Hmong of Detroit (Michigan)", wrote that in the reports of the village "everyone was related" and that marriage tended to occur between two people from the same village.<ref name=SmithNJp61/>

==Famous Tel Keppnias==

There are and have been many famous Tel Keppnias in the United States, within Iraq, and elsewhere.

===Deceased===
* Shamoun "Sam" G. Dabish - Author of The History of the Iraqi Community in America, church deacon, and community leader.
* Chaldean Patriarch Joseph II Marouf<ref>[[Joseph II (Chaldean Patriarch)]]</ref> (1667–1713).
* Author and explorer, Mary Terez Asmar, born in 1806. Published her memoir "Babylonian Princess" in English in 1844.
* Poet Toma Taqteq, died in 1860.
* Fr. Shemoel Jamil (1847–1917), who was in charge of all Chaldean monasteries.
* Journalist Maryam Narmy, born in 1890. Published the first Iraqi women's issues newspaper, "Arabian Woman" in 1937.

* Joseph Hirmis Jammo, author of "Nineveh's Ruins or History of Tal Kayf" published in 1937.
* Journalist Alexander Marouf.
* Rofael Babu Ishaq, born in 1893 and author of "History of Iraqi Christians". Died in 1964.
* [[Emmanuel III Delly|Mar Emannuel III Delly]]: Patriarch of Babylon of the Chaldeans. (1927-2014)
* Michael J. George,<ref>http://www.freep.com/article/20140624/NEWS05/306240154/Michael-George-Chaldean-Melody-Farms-obituary</ref> (1933-2014<ref>http://www.theoaklandpress.com/obituaries/20140624/chaldean-community-mourns-death-of-patriarch-melody-farms-owner-michael-george</ref>) a patriarch of metro Detroit’s large Chaldean community and a founder of Melody Farms Dairy, once one of the largest dairies in Michigan
* Issa Hanna Dabish<ref>http://www.zoominfo.com/p/Issa-Dabish/1467225644</ref> (1919-2006<ref>https://m.facebook.com/profile.php?v=info&expand=1&nearby&id=119855844766093&refid=17</ref>) Pioneer Iraqi artist (painter) Lifetime Honorary Chairman, Iraqi Artists Association.

===Living===
* Mar Gabrial Kassab: Bishop of the Diocese of Australia and New Zealand for the Chaldean Catholic Church.
* Mar [[Ramzi Garmou|Ramzi Garmo]]: Archbishop of Tehran - Iran for the Chaldean Chaldean Church.
* Mar [[Ibrahim Namo Ibrahim]]: Bishop Emeritus of the Chaldean Catholic Church for the Eastern United States.
* [[Mar Sarhad Yawsip Jammo]]: Bishop of the Chaldean Catholic Church for Western United States.
* Mar Thomas Meram: Archbishop of Urmya and Salmas - Iran for the Chaldean Catholic Church.
* Mar [[Francis Y. Kalabat]] Bishop of the Chaldean Church for the Eastern United States.

==See also==

*[[Nineveh plains]]
*[[Alqosh]]
*[[Bakhdida]]
*[[Batnaya]] and [[Barwari]] - Chaldean tribes also in Northern Iraq

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Nineveh Plains}}
{{Districts of Iraq}}

[[Category:Chaldean settlements]]
[[Category:Populated places in Nineveh Governorate]]
[[Category:District capitals of Iraq]]

Alqosh

2015-07-20T04:06:59Z

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{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2011}}
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'''Alqōsh''' , ({{lang-syr|ܐܠܩܘܫ}}, {{lang-ar|ألقوش}}) is a Chaldean town in northern [[Iraq]]. It is located (50 km) north of [[Mosul]].

Alqush has adorned the Bayhidhra mountains for more than twenty five centuries. The town glowingly reigns over [[Nineveh]]'s northern plateau known for its fertile soil and extends southward across the other Chaldean towns, such as, Telassqopa ([[Tel Skuf]]), [[Baqofah]], [[Sharafiya]], [[Batnaya]], and [[Tel Keppe]].

Alqush traces its history back into the ancient [[Chaldean and Assyrian empires]] and perhaps even further. The earliest mentioning of Alqosh appears in [[Sennacherib]]'s era 750 BC as evidenced by the mural inside Sennacherib's palace that was discovered in Tel Kuyunjik/Qüyüjik (Sheep Hill in Turkoman) in [[Mosul]]. Behind this mural, the phrase "This rock was brought from Alqosh’s Mountain" is carved.

Alqosh is divided into four quarters: Sainna quarter to the west, Qasha quarter to the east, O’do quarter to the north, and Khatetha quarter to the south.

==Etymology==
[[Image:Iraqvillagealqosh5.JPG|thumb|200px]]
Conflicting opinions appear pertaining to the name Alqosh. Some believe it derives from the [[Aramaic language]] and the word Alqoshtti, which means "My god is my arrow". Others interpret it as Alqoshtta, the god of justice. Yet some others believe it comes from Alqosh, Turkish ''Alkuş''; the red bird. Some contend it belongs to the name AalQoun, father of [[Nahum]] the Alqoshian, one of the Old Testament prophets whose tomb still rests in Alqosh today.

The name "Alqosh" could also have originated from the Aramaic "Eil Qushti", which means "The God of the Bow". Here, an association could be drawn in conjunction with the winged disk symbol of God Ashur holding a bow. Meanwhile, in Aramaic language, rainbow is referred to as "Qeshta d' Maran", therefore, the meaning of the "Bow of Our Lord", is possible as well. Alqosh is known also as Yimma d' Mathwatha (Mother of all Villages).

A number of sites within Alqosh still carry ancient Chaldean names, for example, ''Sainna'' Neighborhood means the [[Moon]] Neighborhood and ''Bee Sinnat'' is a plain area south of Alqosh. Within approximately 2 miles (3 km), to the west of Alqosh, lies the well known ruin of Shayro Meliktha which is marked in the Iraqi ruins Map as a [[temple]] carrying a carving of [[Sennacherib]] aiming an arrow from his [[bow (weapon)|bow]].

==Sites in Alqosh==
[[File:Rabban Hurmizd.jpg|thumb|250px|Rabban Hermizd monastery]]
Alqosh's stone dwellings are spread along its mountainous slopes up to the tip of its plateau. They share similar decorations with all other colonies within the Nineveh plains, except for the construction that recently swamped its borders, especially in the southern part of the colony to reflect the contemporary nature of building applications in the form of cement, bricks and other materials.

A number of sites remain important to ''Alqoshnayes''.

* Gu’ppa D’Mmaya (Water Cave) to the north.
* Gu’ppa Ssmoqa (Red Cave) to the north.
* Gu’ppetha D’Toomin (the small Toomin Cave) to the north, and Toomin may be a proper name.
* Gu’ppa D’ Magoar Gama (Thunderous Cave) located to the northeastern.
* Shweetha D’Gannaweh (Sleeping Bed of the Robbers) is a hill to the north. Some of the experts interested in Alqush's history believe that Shweetha D’Ganaweh was a site for the Babylonian god Sىin.
* Rohmta D’Jwannqeh (Mound of the Youths) to the northwest.
* Khoosha (The Container) to the northwest.
* Raoolla D’Mmaya (Water Valley) to the west.
* Gu’ppa D’Hattarein (Cotton’s Carders Cave). In Syriac, Hattarein is a plural for the word Hattara that means cotton’s carders; it was also called Khtertta, and Mosul dwellers used to call it the Khatoora, also taken from Syriac. The word Hatterein may have another connotation.
* Kerrma D’Raysha (Peak's Vineyard), in the past the vineyard was located on top of the mountain.
* Besqeen, an old orchard behind Alqush Mountain in a rough trail valley. Three families own this orchard: the Bendaq Youhana, Kkmikha Dman family, and Shabio Mdallow families. It resembles the remains of a monastery that was erected some ten centuries ago. The inhabitants of Alqush knew the orchard as full of fruits and vegetables and water. Up until the 1930s, a man named Jebrail Youhana worked the orchard. The name Besqeen is a plural Syriac word that means water pond.
* Galeeya D’Qasha Hanna (Priest Hanna's Valley) to the north.
* Tellsha derived from (Toullsha) which is a material used in spreading and covering. This place may have been used by Nader Shah, the Persian ruler, as a rest area when he invaded the region 1732–1742 AD.
* Galeeya D’Dayra or Galeeya D’Qadeesha (Saints Valley or Monastery Valley), a valley leading to Rabban Hermizd monastery in the northeastern corner of Alqush. It is an old monastery that can be traced back when Arab Muslim started to invade the region in 636 AD. Until recently, the monastery was housed by its monks who preferred to worship within its vast expanse and labor in its orchards and farms.
* Towards the plain side opposite to this site, is Virgin Mary's Monastery (Guardian of the Plants), which was built in 1856 AD. It is a huge monastery where the friar life still exists.
* Galeeya Dnerba D’Deyoeh (erroneously pronounced as Neer D’Dayoeh), the Devil Valley, located to the east of Rabban Hermizd Monastery.
* Gu’ppetha D’Hllwi (D’Hllabi), a place for milking sheep.
* Gu’ppetha D’Rrabi Rabba, the small High Priest (Teacher) Cave.

===Prophet Nahum and Alqosh===
AalQoun, father of Nahum, was the son of a [[Hebrew]] family among thousands whom the king Shelmenassar V, who reigned between 727 and 722 BC, brought to Alqosh. These Hebrews lived in [[peace]] with the Alqoshniye and even became [[prophet]]s such as Biblical Nahum. The interpretation that seems most logical relies on Marotha, the Alqusheian wise man from three centuries ago who asserted that the name Alqush is derived from Sîn, the god known as Siin, meaning "the greatest god". It was located at Shweetha D’Gannaweh, a hill north of Alqush. In this respect, Marotha relays what his ancestors have stated that those living in [[Nineveh]] would visit Alqush every [[Akitu]] (the Babylonian New Year) to replay the [[Enuma Elish]] which is the Sumerian Epic of Creation. They then would have a religious ceremony in honor of the [[moon god]] [[Sin (mythology)|Sin]] and the image or icon of the god would be carried in a procession on their way back to Nineveh passing through the old Nineveh Alqush road.

To its south is an agricultural area known as Bee Siinnat is clearly derived from the word Siin. Forty days later the inhabitants of Nineveh would return the statue or icon of the god to its original place in Alqush. Based on the foregoing, we believe that the name Alqush is taken from the Chaldean or earlier Sumerian name for god Siin/Alqush. Some Sumerologists claim that [[Inanna]], the Sumerian goddess of love and war, was also the offspring of the moon god [[Sin (mythology)|Sin]] or as he is was originally known ''Nanna''. Alqoshniye are still awaiting the day when excavations of Shweetha D’Gannaweh, will hopefully reveal new cultural artifacts from its Chaldean or possibly even Pre-Chaldean history.

[[File:Iraqvillagealqosh6.JPG|thumb|250px]]

Since its establishment, Alqush was a place for worshiping weather for the local god El-Qustu or [[Judaism]] when various Hebrew peoples were brought by the Chaldean army during the eighth century BC.

==Christianity and Alqosh==
Since its establishment, Alqush was a place for worship. either for the [[Sumer]]ian god [[Sin (mythology)|Sin]], who was also worshiped at [[Ur of Chaldeans]] as the Sumerian equivalent ''Nanna'', or for the god El-Qustu. Alqosh was also a site of worship for the Hebrew peoples when they were brought by the Chaldean army during the eighth and ninth century BC{{Citation needed|date=June 2007}}.

Alqush became an important town for Eastern Christianity after the coming of the [[Chaldean people|Chaldean]] monk Hirmiz who carved out a monastery out of the mountains of Alqosh. This abbey is called "[[Rabban Hormizd Monastery]]" and which was crafted in 640 AD at the outskirts of the Mountains of Alqosh. It was used as the Seat for many [[patriarchs]] of the [[Church of the East]]. From this monastery came [[Yohannan Sulaqa]], who decided to unite with the [[Catholic Church]] in 1553 and established the [[Chaldean Church]].

Before that, all of the inhabitants of Alqosh, like their brothers in other Chaldean towns, followed the [[Nestorian Church|Nestorian]] faith and were part of the [[Church of the East]]. From 1610 to 1617, the Patriarchate of Alqosh, under Mar Eliyya VIII, entered in [[Full Communion]] with [[Rome]]. After this short-time union, from about the 1700 on, also Alqosh had a [[Chaldean Catholic Church|Catholic]] minority,<ref name="Frazee">{{cite book |last=Frazee|first=Charles A.|title=Catholics and Sultans: The Church and the Ottoman Empire 1453–1923 |year=2006 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-02700-7|page=210}}</ref> and in 1771, the patriarch Eliya Denkha signed a Catholic confession of faith, but no formal union resulted till the reign of patriarch [[Yohannan Hormizd|Yohannan VIII (Eliya) Hormizd]] (1760–1838).

By 1780, most of the Chaldeans of Alqush accepted the union with the Catholic Church. There are also people in Alqosh who adhere to their original [[Church of the East]] faith.

==The monastery of Rabban Hormizd==
{{Main|Rabban Hormizd Monastery}}
The monastery of Rabban Hormizd is carved out of the mountains about 2 miles (3 km) from Alqosh. It was founded in the seventh century, and has been the See of the Patriarch of the ''Eliya'' line of the [[Church of the East]] from 1551 and 1804. Revived in 1808 by Gabriel Dambo, in the nineteenth century it was the main monastery of the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]].

In 1859 a new monastery (''Notre-Dame des Semences'') was erected in the plain near Alqosh, but the ancient building is still in use.

The collection of manuscripts of this monastery is of very great importance for the study of Syriac literature, and manuscripts from it feature in almost every discussion of Syriac texts.

==Disasters==

Major attacks
Throughout history, Alqosh has fallen victim to many calamities, most due to their oppressive Muslim neighbors and various overlords

Many attacks occurred after Alqosh started to house the abbey of Rabban Hirmizd, which was used as the Seat for several patriarchs of the Chaldean Church, as it attracted the attention of several Muslims looking to harass their Christian neighbors.

Major attacks/raids on Alqosh
In 1743 Alqush became a victim to the destructive acts of their [[Iran|Persian]] overlord Nader Shah.<ref>[http://irane-man.tripod.com/NaderShah.html Nader Shah]</ref>

According to the [[testimony]], written in a letter by the Qasha Habash Bin Jomaa from 1746, he describes; "... first they attacked [[Karamles]] and stole its Chaldean peoples valuables and kidnapped many of its children and women. They then did the same to the inhabitants of [[Bartella]] they killed many of her men, stole their valuables, and also kidnapped its children and women. They did the same to the people of Tel Keppe and Alqush, however, many of those two neighboring villages took refuge at the Monastery of Rabban Hirmizd. There they were surrounded by the soldiers of Nader Shah who attacked them and then massacred them. There they committed horrendous crimes that I just don't have the stomach to describe!"

In 1828, Alqush was attacked by the army of Mosa Pasha, the governor of Amadeya, who was instigated by some of his Muslim subjects to attack the Rabban Hirmizd Monastery which he did. His army arrested and imprisoned several monks and priests and caused tremendous damage to the monastery.

In 1832, Alqush was attacked by the Kurdish Governor of [[Rowanduz]], nicknamed "Merkor" whose hatred for Chaldeans is well known. He killed over 400 of its Chaldean inhabitants. Merkor attacked Alqosh again on 15 March 1833 and killed another 172 of its men, not counting children, women, and strangers (according to church records).

In 1840, Alqush was attacked by the brother of Merkor, Rasoul Beg, who surrounded it for several months after which he set on fire the Rabban Hirmizd Monastery and stole over 500 of its valuable books.

===Other attacks===
Alqush through history has fought many times for its existence, such as:

* Attacks by the [[Mughal Empire|Moguls]] and Tartars in 1235 AD.
* Their resistance to tribes attacking from the north and west and from Mosul area in 1258 AD.
* Alqush was attacked by the Tatars or Tartars prince Betaymewsh in 1289 AD.
* Taymor Lank Al Selhooqi's attack of 1395 AD.
* [[Jalal Eddean]]'s campaign, [[Miran Shah]] the son of Taymor Lank in 1400 AD.
* A second strike by Taymor Lank in 1401 AD.
* A fierce battle with the army of Baryak, [[Baghdad]]'s Pasha, in 1508 AD.
* An attack by some [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]] tribes in 1534 AD.
* A strike by the Iranian Nader Shah Koli Khan in 1742 AD.
* Mosa Pasha, the governor of [[Amadiya]], approached Alqush and put fire to Rabban Hermizd Monastery in 1828 AD.
* Mohammed Pasha (Mira Koor), the prince of [[Rowanduz]] attacked Alqush. killing, robbing and raping. Those killed among the young members only were around 380 in 1832 AD.
* Resoul Beck, Mira Koor's brother, repeated the attack in 1834 AD.
* Ismail Pasha of Amadiya in 1842 attacked it and robbed Rabban Hermizd Monastery, detained its head Hanna Jesra together with a number of monks.
* Groups of Alqusheans faced the atrocities and aggressions of Klan, one of the heads of Sendiya Tribe, and his mercenaries and killed him in 1876 AD.
* Al Sheikh year incident in 1899 where many of Alqusheans immigrated after Haji Agha Al Desooki attacked Alqush and demanded that Alqusheans join him in attacking the Kurdish Mesrouie tribes.
* In 1903 AD, the youth of the colony steadfastly to repeal the aggressions launched by Khalid Agha Al Zaydki till they captured and imprisoned him together with his men in shear humiliation.
* In 1905 AD. they revenged the murder of Segha Khosho by the Kurdish Horman Tribe who came to Alqush to purchase wheat. The Alqusheans killed four whose tombs remained in the houses of Alqush till recently.
* In the same year, they defeated sixty armed Kurds of the Zedkiya Tribe who wanted to take kickbacks.
* In 1919 AD, they followed the children of some Arab tribes and forced them to leave the sheep they stole earlier.
* In 1924 AD, they revenged from the Tohla Tribe of Mosul that murdered Yousif Oudo in the Plains of Alqush. They killed two of the aggressors.
* The attack carried by Farouq Beck in 1969, the younger brother of the Yezidis, was defeated.
[[Image:Iraqvillagealqosh9.JPG|thumb|250px|Old Farming Methods in Alqosh]]
Besides all these incidents, a number of natural catastrophes forced hundreds of families to immigrate due to hunger and disease:
* In 1572, Alqush suffered diseases and famine.
* In 1596, Cholera spread among the inhabitants; as a result, 700 died. Priest Israel Shkwana described this tragedy in a poem written in 1611.
* In 1711, hunger and high cost of living returned.
* In 1757, the grasshopper year, known as the grasshopper year due to the destruction this bug/insect inflicted on the agricultural crops. It is reported that the flocks of grasshoppers blocked the sun's light during the day's peak time.
* In 1778, plague attacked Alqush and killed many of its people.
* In 1842, cholera again arrived and eliminated hundreds of Alqusheans of various ages.
* Between 1866 and 1869, another wave of hunger and high cost of living dominated the place.
* In 1880 extreme high prices appeared.
* In 1906, a well-known agricultural insect, the alsouna, inflicted heavy comprehensive damages to the agricultural crops.
* Between 1907 and 1908, alsouna appeared again to damage flour crops.
* Between 1917 and 1918, World War One caused extreme high prices.
* In 2014, the fighters associated with the [[Terrorist Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]] (ISIL) or [[Terrorist Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|Terrorist Islamic State]] (IS) came close to Alqosh. Almost all of the people fled Alqosh; however, many men and youths did not leave Alqosh due to a desire to protect their town. The Islamic state did not manage to take the town, and in return many people have came back, and with the Islamic states recent invasions, some Christian refugees from neighboring towns as well.

As a result of these painful incidents, many families left for [[Karamles]], [[Tel Keppe]], [[Bartella]], [[Mosul]], [[Baghdad]], and some left for [[Syria]], [[Jordan]], and [[Lebanon]] and established themselves in those regions.

==Demographics==
[[File:Iraqvillagealqosh10.JPG|thumb|250px|Party in Alqosh]]
Many have immigrated outside of the country in huge numbers since the 1970s. It is estimated that at least 40,000 "Alqushnaye" immigrants and their 2nd and 3rd generations now live in the cities of [[Detroit]], [[Michigan]] and [[San Diego]], [[California]].

In February 2010, The attacks against Chaldeans in Mosul forced 4,300 Chaldeans to flea from Mosul to the [[Nineveh plains]] where there is a Chaldean majority population. A report by the United Nations stated that 504 Assyrians at once migrated to Alqosh. Many Chaldeans from Mosul and Baghdad since the post-2003 Iraq war have fled to Alqosh for safety. There is no actual official census for Alqosh, but many estimate the population between 2,500 and 20,180.<ref>[http://www.fredaprim.com/pdfs/2004/Alqosh.pdf]</ref>

"Alqoshniye" speak [[Chaldean Neo-Aramaic]], the ancient language spoken by [[Jesus]] of [[Nazareth]].

The popular clothing for men is identical to that of the [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]] peoples. It is believed that the men of Alqush adopted this clothing at the end of the nineteenth century as they gradually abandoned their historic clothing which was long pants and "zaboon". Instead of the [[turban]], they would throw braids. Their features and clothing brings them close to their Chaldean practices.

As for women, their clothing originality extends to the history of [[Mesopotamia]]. Some signs of the Hatra's kingdom clearly appear in the ''posheya'' (Chaldean headscarf) that adorns the head and in the Mazer worn by the women. The Chaldean signs in the Alqushian female would appear in the long braids made of wool that extend to her ankle after connecting it to the woman's original braids. The Alqushean women exaggerated wearing golden and silver ornaments around their neck and ear and in her Poosheya that used to cover her head, that was decorated with colorful beads. The forehead was surrounded with a golden belt that skirts this ''posheya'' front the front side whereas black strings dangle from both sides. The skirted part of various colors and decorations would cover the woman's body from the front after it hangs from the shoulder to extend to the two knees.

==Cultural and religious situation==
[[File:Iraqvillagealqosh7.JPG|thumb|250px|Traditional Christian Ceremony of "Oshaana"]]
[[File:Iraqvillagealqosh8.JPG|thumb|250px|Traditional Ceremony During Christmas]]
Though Roman Catholicism is usually assumed with the inhabitants of Alqush, there is a higher number of Atheists, most of them affiliated with the Iraqi Communist Party in the 1950s which grew as an opposition to the Ba'ath Party.

Alqush, like so many other [[Iraq]]i cities which depended on its own [[economy]] and resources, had a high percentage of illiteracy, but that does not prevent having a long standing educational movement represented by Mar Mikha Al Nuhedri School at the beginning of the fifth century. The efforts of priests and [[deacons]] who stressed teaching the Chaldean Neo-Aramaic language and its literature and many of them left their writings. Some of those names are:
* Qasha Attaya AlMeqdesi in 1517, a writer and a great calligrapher.
* Qasha Hermizd Alqushi, writer and poet in Aramaic, lived in mid-sixteenth century till the dawn of the seventeenth.
* Qasha Israel Alqushi, writer and poet in Aramaic, founder of writers and calligraphers school, 1541–1611.
* Qasha Yosip Qasha Keryakoos- writer and poet, probably in the same era as Israel.
* Qasha Georgis Alqushi, talented in Aramaic.
* Qasha Yelda, son of Reverend Aabid Yeshoaa, writer and literary figure in Aramaic during the eighteenth century.
* Qasha Israel, son of Reverend Shemaa’on son of Reverend Israel, known as the Israel junior, writer and poet, lived in the eighteenth century.

A number of Alqushean men have their names planted in the conscious of the people of Alqush among them are:
* Yosip Rayes (Kozlah)
* [[Toma Tomas]], a freedom fighter

After [[World War I]] and after establishing the kingdom rule in Iraq, the first elementary school was founded. The school taught topics in Arabic till the fourth grade and it gradually improved to offer six-year education. The Alqushean graduates of the elementary school were forced to pursue their education for the intermediate and secondary school in Baghdad, Mosul, Dehuk, and even Telkeppeh. After the national revolution of 1958, the first intermediate school in Alqush was established. Currently, Alqush houses the following schools:
* Alqush Official Kindergarten
* Alqush First Elementary School for Boys
* Alqush Elementary School for Girls
* Alqush Second Elementary School for Boys
* Alqush Secondary School for Boys (Intermediate and secondary)
* Alqush Secondary for Girls
* Commerce Secondary School

The residents of Alqush are Chaldeans belonging to the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]]. Alqosh of course also houses many individuals who adhere to their own philosophies.
[[Image:Iraqvillagealqosh13.JPG|thumb|250px|Rabban Hermizd Monastery]]
Alqush was a Patriarch center for this church for many centuries. A number of Alqusheans became Patriarchs themselves when it became hereditary in Abouna's family (Aamokka). Eleven Patriarchs consecutively were from this family to head the [[Church of East]]. Their tombs are still in Rabban Hermizd Monastery:
* Mar Shemaa’on VI, 1504–1538
* Mar Shemaa’on VII Bermama, 1538–1551
* Mar Shemaa’on the eighth Denkha, 1551–1558
* Mar Elia VI, 1558–1576
* Mar Elia VII, 1576–1591
* Mar Elia VIII, 1591–1617
* Mar Elia IX Shemaa’on, 1617–1660
* Mar Elia X Youhana Merojean, 1660–1700
* Mar Elia XI Merojean, 1700–1722
* Mar Elia XII Denkha, 1722–1778
* Mar Elia XIII Esho Eyaab, 1778–1804

Also, Alqush is honored with another 5 of her sons to head the Chaldean Catholic Church as Patriarchs:

* Mar [[Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa]], founder of the Chaldean Catholic Church in 1552.
* Mar [[Yohannan Hormizd|Yohannan VIII (Eliya) Hormizd]], 1830–1838 (from Abouna family as well). He transferred the Patriarch's headquarter to Mosul.
* Mar [[Joseph Audo|Yosip O’doo]], 1848–1878.
* Mar [[Yousef VI Emmanuel II Thomas|Yosip Emmanuel Tomika]], 1900–1947.
* Mar [[Paul II Cheikho|Paulus Chiekho]], 1958–1989.

==Economy==
[[File:Iraqvillagealqosh11.JPG|thumb|250px|Traditional Clothing for Women in Alqosh]]
Most of Alqosh inhabitants practiced dry agriculture since ancient and rely on the fertile plains to the south, growing agricultural products like grain, wheat, beans and in the summer products such as cantaloupe and cucumber. Farmers followed old non-technological methods in their farming for several centuries, and their livelihood was always threatened due to nature's betrayal in situations of drought or plant epidemics such as [[soona]] and [[grasshopper]]s.

Towards the beginning of the sixties, Alqosh of Chaldeans was introduced to modern agricultural machinery such as tractors, harvester-threshers (reapers), along with new methods of treating and curing plant epidemics. However, irrigation are still a problem in the area, and farming still relies on rain. Currently, many farms now belong to the government and are deputized to their owners to use them, as most were taken during Saddams control.

Besides farmlands, other agriculture also occurs in grape vineyards. grapevines spread all over the village and produce various types of grapes, among which are the black grapes that are well known in northern Iraq. Many of those who know about Alqosh's history believe that there were over two hundred vineyards in the village. Below are names of some of these vineyards:

Kerrmanneh D’Deyrra, Kerrma D’Rrheyqah, Kerrma D’Be Jemma, Kerrma D’Be Jaoroo, Kerrma D’Be Jejoo Rayes, Kerrma D’Be Sadeq Rayes, Kerrma D’Be Houbentta, Kerrma D’Be Zorra, Kerrma D’Be Ptooza, Kerrma D’Be Qoodda, Kerrma D’Be Peeyous Chiekho, Kerrma D’Be Mogeena Zorri, Kerrma D’Be Tayzee, Kerma D’ Reysha, Kerma D’Be Kottrra, Kerma D’Be Selow Be Dayy, Kerma D’Be Sayddah, Kerma D’Be Yaqou Gorjee, Kerma D’Be Mercous Pouleth, Kerma D’Be Shemaa’on, Kerma D’Be Benna, Kerma D’Be Yako Zorra etc.
[[Image:Iraqvillagealqosh14.JPG|thumb|250px]]
Up until recently, Alqush enjoyed being an important trade center for the various [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]], [[Yezidi]], and Arab villages in the region and it houses an large market that receiving agricultural and animal products from across the region. Its market has many stores and shops containing all types of commodities for shoppers. Many local specialists manufacture goods sold and used by residents in the city and surrounding areas:
* Shoe making
* Carpentry – making agricultural tools such as sickles
* Smithery
* Making packsaddle for mules and donkeys
* Knitting – needle work
* Dying – dying local yarns
* Tailoring – tailoring the clothes of the region using local or imported fabric
* Tinsmithery – whitening kitchen utensils that were made of tin in the past
* Jewelry making silver and golden ornaments
* Sesame mills to produce Tahiniyi (Metthanat Bet Yaldkou, Metthanat Bet Khoubear, Metthanat Bet Bejee)
* Prepare annual ration from wheat such as Bulgur (crushed wheat), Granule, and Grits. The important tools used for this purpose are Denng, granulating machine, and Reshda making machine.
[[Image:Iraqvillagealqosh15.JPG|thumb|250px]]
In addition to that, the residents of Alqush raised cattle, sheep, and bees. It is important to note that Alqush has no river, it once relied on spring and well water, but It also has ravines with water from the mountains. Some of these water wells and water fountains are:

* Aaynna Mehalat or quarter Sainna: the old fountainhead (Aaynna Aateqtta)
* Keshffah: it was in Mehalat or quarter Sainna previously
* Aaynna Mehalat or quarter Qasha
* Aaynna Albaladiya: used to be in Hamietha area
* Aaynna Al Zeqayee: a very old fountainhead that used to be in Mehalat or quarter Qasha on Aaynna Zeqyaa valley. It was filled up with earth more than two centuries ago after an Alqushean girl from Shekwana family was killed there by the Persians.

Following are some of the wells:

* In Mehalat or quarter Qasha: Shushani, Kakka, Ballo, Ramo, Khubeir, Shekwana, Berno, Rayyes

* In Mehalat or quarter Khteytha: Khabeen, Ghazala, Khesrou, Cholagh, Jaji, Kherou, Shahara, Khoushou, Shmoona, Semaa’n, Sheaa’ya Babee, Ballo, Goula, Matti, Naim, Chenou.

* In Mehalat or quarter Sena: Odisho, Zora, Kchoucha, Toma, Qenaya, Kina, Yeldkoo, Sipo, Goharah.

Many influential and wealthy families in Alqosh are the Raies, Koja, Boudagh, Shikwana, Shahara, Zoree, Tomas, Aboona, Shushani, Kakka, Khubeir, and Tomika. Some remnants of these families remain in Alqosh, but many have established themselves elsewhere. The rais are awesome so respect lordes taan and danella hamo

==Modern Services==
In 2012 September the KRG carried out large scale projects in the town worth 12.5 billion dinars. The length of the Hungarian-stretch of the mountainside go far north of Alqosh all the way to the south, into the street leading to the industrial district leading to 1500 meters of the stretch. The basic purpose of the projects is to maintain Alqosh of environmental pollution, which will collect water cleaning, washing, and rain in the winter in one channel to serve the latter outside Alqosh away from the population in addition to getting rid of the negative effects of heavy rains in the winter, which before washed away soil and rocks into the streets of Alqosh.

==See also==

*[[Tel Keppe]]
*[[Bakhdida]]
*[[Barwari]]—a Chaldean tribe also situated in Northern Iraq
*[[Tyari]]—a Chaldean tribe in the [[Hakkari province]], Turkey, which borders the northern bounds of Iraq

==References==
* Some of the article is ''Originally based on an article by alqosh.net, licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License, used with permission.''{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}}
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [[Addai Scher]], ''Notice sur les manuscrits syriaques conservés dans la bibliothèque du couvent des Chaldéens de Notre-Dame-des-Semences'', Journal Asiatique Sér. 10: 8, 9 (1906). This may be found online at [http://www.gallica.fr Gallica] by searching for "Journal Asiatique". An English translation of the first portion is at [http://www.tertullian.org/rpearse/manuscripts/notre_dame_des_semences.htm]

==External links==
* [http://www.alqosh.net/ Alqosh.net]
* [http://www.alqush.com/ Alqosh.com]

{{Nineveh Plains}}

[[Category:Chaldean geography]]
[[Category:Chaldean settlements]]
[[Category:Populated places in Nineveh Governorate]]

Alqosh

2015-07-20T04:00:57Z

Brightstar:

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2011}}
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'''Alqōsh''' , ({{lang-syr|ܐܠܩܘܫ}}, {{lang-ar|ألقوش}}) is a Chaldean town in northern [[Iraq]]. It is located (50 km) north of [[Mosul]].

Alqush has adorned the Bayhidhra mountains for more than twenty five centuries. The town glowingly reigns over [[Nineveh]]'s northern plateau known for its fertile soil and extends southward across the other Chaldean towns, such as, Telassqopa ([[Tel Skuf]]), [[Baqofah]], [[Sharafiya]], [[Batnaya]], and [[Tel Keppe]].

Alqush traces its history back into the ancient [[Chaldean and Assyrian empires]] and perhaps even further. The earliest mentioning of Alqosh appears in [[Sennacherib]]'s era 750 BC as evidenced by the mural inside Sennacherib's palace that was discovered in Tel Kuyunjik/Qüyüjik (Sheep Hill in Turkoman) in [[Mosul]]. Behind this mural, the phrase "This rock was brought from Alqosh’s Mountain" is carved.

Alqosh is divided into four quarters: Sainna quarter to the west, Qasha quarter to the east, O’do quarter to the north, and Khatetha quarter to the south.

==Etymology==
[[Image:Iraqvillagealqosh5.JPG|thumb|200px]]
Conflicting opinions appear pertaining to the name Alqosh. Some believe it derives from the [[Aramaic language]] and the word Alqoshtti, which means "My god is my arrow". Others interpret it as Alqoshtta, the god of justice. Yet some others believe it comes from Alqosh, Turkish ''Alkuş''; the red bird. Some contend it belongs to the name AalQoun, father of [[Nahum]] the Alqoshian, one of the Old Testament prophets whose tomb still rests in Alqosh today.

The name "Alqosh" could also have originated from the Aramaic "Eil Qushti", which means "The God of the Bow". Here, an association could be drawn in conjunction with the winged disk symbol of God Ashur holding a bow. Meanwhile, in Aramaic language, rainbow is referred to as "Qeshta d' Maran", therefore, the meaning of the "Bow of Our Lord", is possible as well. Alqosh is known also as Yimma d' Mathwatha (Mother of all Villages).

A number of sites within Alqosh still carry ancient Chaldean names, for example, ''Sainna'' Neighborhood means the [[Moon]] Neighborhood and ''Bee Sinnat'' is a plain area south of Alqosh. Within approximately 2 miles (3 km), to the west of Alqosh, lies the well known ruin of Shayro Meliktha which is marked in the Iraqi ruins Map as a [[temple]] carrying a carving of [[Sennacherib]] aiming an arrow from his [[bow (weapon)|bow]].

==Sites in Alqosh==
[[File:Rabban Hurmizd.jpg|thumb|250px|Rabban Hermizd monastery]]
Alqosh's stone dwellings are spread along its mountainous slopes up to the tip of its plateau. They share similar decorations with all other colonies within the Nineveh plains, except for the construction that recently swamped its borders, especially in the southern part of the colony to reflect the contemporary nature of building applications in the form of cement, bricks and other materials.

A number of sites remain important to ''Alqoshnayes''.

* Gu’ppa D’Mmaya (Water Cave) to the north.
* Gu’ppa Ssmoqa (Red Cave) to the north.
* Gu’ppetha D’Toomin (the small Toomin Cave) to the north, and Toomin may be a proper name.
* Gu’ppa D’ Magoar Gama (Thunderous Cave) located to the northeastern.
* Shweetha D’Gannaweh (Sleeping Bed of the Robbers) is a hill to the north. Some of the experts interested in Alqush's history believe that Shweetha D’Ganaweh was a site for the Assyrian god Sىin.
* Rohmta D’Jwannqeh (Mound of the Youths) to the northwest.
* Khoosha (The Container) to the northwest.
* Raoolla D’Mmaya (Water Valley) to the west.
* Gu’ppa D’Hattarein (Cotton’s Carders Cave). In Syriac, Hattarein is a plural for the word Hattara that means cotton’s carders; it was also called Khtertta, and Mosul dwellers used to call it the Khatoora, also taken from Syriac. The word Hatterein may have another connotation.
* Kerrma D’Raysha (Peak's Vineyard), in the past the vineyard was located on top of the mountain.
* Besqeen, an old orchard behind Alqush Mountain in a rough trail valley. Three families own this orchard: the Bendaq Youhana, Kkmikha Dman family, and Shabio Mdallow families. It resembles the remains of a monastery that was erected some ten centuries ago. The inhabitants of Alqush knew the orchard as full of fruits and vegetables and water. Up until the 1930s, a man named Jebrail Youhana worked the orchard. The name Besqeen is a plural Syriac word that means water pond.
* Galeeya D’Qasha Hanna (Priest Hanna's Valley) to the north.
* Tellsha derived from (Toullsha) which is a material used in spreading and covering. This place may have been used by Nader Shah, the Persian ruler, as a rest area when he invaded the region 1732–1742 AD.
* Galeeya D’Dayra or Galeeya D’Qadeesha (Saints Valley or Monastery Valley), a valley leading to Rabban Hermizd monastery in the northeastern corner of Alqush. It is an old monastery that can be traced back when Arab Muslim started to invade the region in 636 AD. Until recently, the monastery was housed by its monks who preferred to worship within its vast expanse and labor in its orchards and farms.
* Towards the plain side opposite to this site, is Virgin Mary's Monastery (Guardian of the Plants), which was built in 1856 AD. It is a huge monastery where the friar life still exists.
* Galeeya Dnerba D’Deyoeh (erroneously pronounced as Neer D’Dayoeh), the Devil Valley, located to the east of Rabban Hermizd Monastery.
* Gu’ppetha D’Hllwi (D’Hllabi), a place for milking sheep.
* Gu’ppetha D’Rrabi Rabba, the small High Priest (Teacher) Cave.

===Prophet Nahum and Alqosh===
AalQoun, father of Nahum, was the son of a [[Hebrew]] family among thousands whom the Assyrian king Shelmenassar V, who reigned between 727 and 722 BC, brought to Alqosh. These Hebrews lived in [[peace]] with the Alqoshniye and even became [[prophet]]s such as Biblical Nahum. The interpretation that seems most logical relies on Marotha, the Alqusheian wise man from three centuries ago who asserted that the name Alqush is derived from Sîn, the god known as Siin, meaning "the greatest god". It was located at Shweetha D’Gannaweh, a hill north of Alqush. In this respect, Marotha relays what his ancestors have stated that those living in [[Nineveh]] would visit Alqush every [[Akitu]] (the Assyrian and Babylonian New Year) to replay the [[Enuma Elish]] which is the Sumerian Epic of Creation. They then would have a religious ceremony in honor of the [[moon god]] [[Sin (mythology)|Sin]] and the image or icon of the god would be carried in a procession on their way back to Nineveh passing through the old Nineveh Alqush road.

To its south is an agricultural area known as Bee Siinnat is clearly derived from the word Siin. Forty days later the inhabitants of Nineveh would return the statue or icon of the god to its original place in Alqush. Based on the foregoing, we believe that the name Alqush is taken from the Assyrian or earlier Sumerian name for god Siin/Alqush. Some Sumerologists claim that [[Inanna]], the Sumerian goddess of love and war, was also the offspring of the moon god [[Sin (mythology)|Sin]] or as he is was originally known ''Nanna''. Alqoshniye are still awaiting the day when excavations of Shweetha D’Gannaweh, will hopefully reveal new cultural artifacts from its Assyrian or possibly even Pre-Assyrian history.

[[File:Iraqvillagealqosh6.JPG|thumb|250px]]

Since its establishment, Alqush was a place for worshiping weather for the local god El-Qustu or [[Judaism]] when various Hebrew peoples were brought by the Chaldean army during the eighth century BC.

==Christianity and Alqosh==
Since its establishment, Alqush was a place for worship. either for the [[Sumer]]ian god [[Sin (mythology)|Sin]], who was also worshiped at [[Ur of Chaldeans]] as the Sumerian equivalent ''Nanna'', or for the god El-Qustu. Alqosh was also a site of worship for the Hebrew peoples when they were brought by the Chaldean army during the eighth and ninth century BC{{Citation needed|date=June 2007}}.

Alqush became an important town for Eastern Christianity after the coming of the [[Chaldean people|Chaldean]] monk Hirmiz who carved out a monastery out of the mountains of Alqosh. This abbey is called "[[Rabban Hormizd Monastery]]" and which was crafted in 640 AD at the outskirts of the Mountains of Alqosh. It was used as the Seat for many [[patriarchs]] of the [[Church of the East]]. From this monastery came [[Yohannan Sulaqa]], who decided to unite with the [[Catholic Church]] in 1553 and established the [[Chaldean Church]].

Before that, all of the inhabitants of Alqosh, like their brothers in other Chaldean towns, followed the [[Nestorian Church|Nestorian]] faith and were part of the [[Church of the East]]. From 1610 to 1617, the Patriarchate of Alqosh, under Mar Eliyya VIII, entered in [[Full Communion]] with [[Rome]]. After this short-time union, from about the 1700 on, also Alqosh had a [[Chaldean Catholic Church|Catholic]] minority,<ref name="Frazee">{{cite book |last=Frazee|first=Charles A.|title=Catholics and Sultans: The Church and the Ottoman Empire 1453–1923 |year=2006 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-02700-7|page=210}}</ref> and in 1771, the patriarch Eliya Denkha signed a Catholic confession of faith, but no formal union resulted till the reign of patriarch [[Yohannan Hormizd|Yohannan VIII (Eliya) Hormizd]] (1760–1838).

By 1780, most of the Chaldeans of Alqush accepted the union with the Catholic Church. There are also people in Alqosh who adhere to their original [[Church of the East]] faith.

==The monastery of Rabban Hormizd==
{{Main|Rabban Hormizd Monastery}}
The monastery of Rabban Hormizd is carved out of the mountains about 2 miles (3 km) from Alqosh. It was founded in the seventh century, and has been the See of the Patriarch of the ''Eliya'' line of the [[Church of the East]] from 1551 and 1804. Revived in 1808 by Gabriel Dambo, in the nineteenth century it was the main monastery of the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]].

In 1859 a new monastery (''Notre-Dame des Semences'') was erected in the plain near Alqosh, but the ancient building is still in use.

The collection of manuscripts of this monastery is of very great importance for the study of Syriac literature, and manuscripts from it feature in almost every discussion of Syriac texts.

==Disasters==

Major attacks
Throughout history, Alqosh has fallen victim to many calamities, most due to their oppressive Muslim neighbors and various overlords

Many attacks occurred after Alqosh started to house the abbey of Rabban Hirmizd, which was used as the Seat for several patriarchs of the Chaldean Church, as it attracted the attention of several Muslims looking to harass their Christian neighbors.

Major attacks/raids on Alqosh
In 1743 Alqush became a victim to the destructive acts of their [[Iran|Persian]] overlord Nader Shah.<ref>[http://irane-man.tripod.com/NaderShah.html Nader Shah]</ref>

According to the [[testimony]], written in a letter by the Qasha Habash Bin Jomaa from 1746, he describes; "... first they attacked [[Karamles]] and stole its Chaldean peoples valuables and kidnapped many of its children and women. They then did the same to the inhabitants of [[Bartella]] they killed many of her men, stole their valuables, and also kidnapped its children and women. They did the same to the people of Tel Keppe and Alqush, however, many of those two neighboring villages took refuge at the Monastery of Rabban Hirmizd. There they were surrounded by the soldiers of Nader Shah who attacked them and then massacred them. There they committed horrendous crimes that I just don't have the stomach to describe!"

In 1828, Alqush was attacked by the army of Mosa Pasha, the governor of Amadeya, who was instigated by some of his Muslim subjects to attack the Rabban Hirmizd Monastery which he did. His army arrested and imprisoned several monks and priests and caused tremendous damage to the monastery.

In 1832, Alqush was attacked by the Kurdish Governor of [[Rowanduz]], nicknamed "Merkor" whose hatred for Chaldeans is well known. He killed over 400 of its Chaldean inhabitants. Merkor attacked Alqosh again on 15 March 1833 and killed another 172 of its men, not counting children, women, and strangers (according to church records).

In 1840, Alqush was attacked by the brother of Merkor, Rasoul Beg, who surrounded it for several months after which he set on fire the Rabban Hirmizd Monastery and stole over 500 of its valuable books.

===Other attacks===
Alqush through history has fought many times for its existence, such as:

* Attacks by the [[Mughal Empire|Moguls]] and Tartars in 1235 AD.
* Their resistance to tribes attacking from the north and west and from Mosul area in 1258 AD.
* Alqush was attacked by the Tatars or Tartars prince Betaymewsh in 1289 AD.
* Taymor Lank Al Selhooqi's attack of 1395 AD.
* [[Jalal Eddean]]'s campaign, [[Miran Shah]] the son of Taymor Lank in 1400 AD.
* A second strike by Taymor Lank in 1401 AD.
* A fierce battle with the army of Baryak, [[Baghdad]]'s Pasha, in 1508 AD.
* An attack by some [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]] tribes in 1534 AD.
* A strike by the Iranian Nader Shah Koli Khan in 1742 AD.
* Mosa Pasha, the governor of [[Amadiya]], approached Alqush and put fire to Rabban Hermizd Monastery in 1828 AD.
* Mohammed Pasha (Mira Koor), the prince of [[Rowanduz]] attacked Alqush. killing, robbing and raping. Those killed among the young members only were around 380 in 1832 AD.
* Resoul Beck, Mira Koor's brother, repeated the attack in 1834 AD.
* Ismail Pasha of Amadiya in 1842 attacked it and robbed Rabban Hermizd Monastery, detained its head Hanna Jesra together with a number of monks.
* Groups of Alqusheans faced the atrocities and aggressions of Klan, one of the heads of Sendiya Tribe, and his mercenaries and killed him in 1876 AD.
* Al Sheikh year incident in 1899 where many of Alqusheans immigrated after Haji Agha Al Desooki attacked Alqush and demanded that Alqusheans join him in attacking the Kurdish Mesrouie tribes.
* In 1903 AD, the youth of the colony steadfastly to repeal the aggressions launched by Khalid Agha Al Zaydki till they captured and imprisoned him together with his men in shear humiliation.
* In 1905 AD. they revenged the murder of Segha Khosho by the Kurdish Horman Tribe who came to Alqush to purchase wheat. The Alqusheans killed four whose tombs remained in the houses of Alqush till recently.
* In the same year, they defeated sixty armed Kurds of the Zedkiya Tribe who wanted to take kickbacks.
* In 1919 AD, they followed the children of some Arab tribes and forced them to leave the sheep they stole earlier.
* In 1924 AD, they revenged from the Tohla Tribe of Mosul that murdered Yousif Oudo in the Plains of Alqush. They killed two of the aggressors.
* The attack carried by Farouq Beck in 1969, the younger brother of the Yezidis, was defeated.
[[Image:Iraqvillagealqosh9.JPG|thumb|250px|Old Farming Methods in Alqosh]]
Besides all these incidents, a number of natural catastrophes forced hundreds of families to immigrate due to hunger and disease:
* In 1572, Alqush suffered diseases and famine.
* In 1596, Cholera spread among the inhabitants; as a result, 700 died. Priest Israel Shkwana described this tragedy in a poem written in 1611.
* In 1711, hunger and high cost of living returned.
* In 1757, the grasshopper year, known as the grasshopper year due to the destruction this bug/insect inflicted on the agricultural crops. It is reported that the flocks of grasshoppers blocked the sun's light during the day's peak time.
* In 1778, plague attacked Alqush and killed many of its people.
* In 1842, cholera again arrived and eliminated hundreds of Alqusheans of various ages.
* Between 1866 and 1869, another wave of hunger and high cost of living dominated the place.
* In 1880 extreme high prices appeared.
* In 1906, a well-known agricultural insect, the alsouna, inflicted heavy comprehensive damages to the agricultural crops.
* Between 1907 and 1908, alsouna appeared again to damage flour crops.
* Between 1917 and 1918, World War One caused extreme high prices.
* In 2014, the fighters associated with the [[Terrorist Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]] (ISIL) or [[Terrorist Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|Terrorist Islamic State]] (IS) came close to Alqosh. Almost all of the people fled Alqosh; however, many men and youths did not leave Alqosh due to a desire to protect their town. The Islamic state did not manage to take the town, and in return many people have came back, and with the Islamic states recent invasions, some Christian refugees from neighboring towns as well.

As a result of these painful incidents, many families left for [[Karamles]], [[Tel Keppe]], [[Bartella]], [[Mosul]], [[Baghdad]], and some left for [[Syria]], [[Jordan]], and [[Lebanon]] and established themselves in those regions.

==Demographics==
[[File:Iraqvillagealqosh10.JPG|thumb|250px|Party in Alqosh]]
Many have immigrated outside of the country in huge numbers since the 1970s. It is estimated that at least 40,000 "Alqushnaye" immigrants and their 2nd and 3rd generations now live in the cities of [[Detroit]], [[Michigan]] and [[San Diego]], [[California]].

In February 2010, The attacks against Assyrians in Mosul forced 4,300 Assyrians to flea from Mosul to the [[Nineveh plains]] where there is an Assyrian majority population. A report by the United Nations stated that 504 Assyrians at once migrated to Alqosh. Many Assyrians from Mosul and Baghdad since the post-2003 Iraq war have fled to Alqosh for safety. There is no actual official census for Alqosh, but many estimate the population between 2,500 and 20,180.<ref>[http://www.fredaprim.com/pdfs/2004/Alqosh.pdf]</ref>

"Alqoshniye" speak [[Syriac]], a dialect of [[Chaldean Neo-Aramaic]], the ancient language spoken by [[Jesus]] of [[Nazareth]].

The popular clothing for men is identical to that of the [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]] peoples. It is believed that the men of Alqush adopted this clothing at the end of the nineteenth century as they gradually abandoned their historic clothing which was long pants and "zaboon". Instead of the [[turban]], they would throw braids. Their features and clothing brings them close to their Assyrian practices.

As for women, their clothing originality extends to the history of [[Mesopotamia]]. Some signs of the Hatra's kingdom clearly appear in the ''posheya'' (Chaldean headscarf) that adorns the head and in the Mazer worn by the women. The Chaldean signs in the Alqushian female would appear in the long braids made of wool that extend to her ankle after connecting it to the woman's original braids. The Alqushean women exaggerated wearing golden and silver ornaments around their neck and ear and in her Poosheya that used to cover her head, that was decorated with colorful beads. The forehead was surrounded with a golden belt that skirts this ''posheya'' front the front side whereas black strings dangle from both sides. The skirted part of various colors and decorations would cover the woman's body from the front after it hangs from the shoulder to extend to the two knees.

==Cultural and religious situation==
[[File:Iraqvillagealqosh7.JPG|thumb|250px|Traditional Christian Ceremony of "Oshaana"]]
[[File:Iraqvillagealqosh8.JPG|thumb|250px|Traditional Ceremony During Christmas]]
Though Roman Catholicism is usually assumed with the inhabitants of Alqush, there is a higher number of Atheists, most of them affiliated with the Iraqi Communist Party in the 1950s which grew as an opposition to the Ba'ath Party.

Alqush, like so many other [[Iraq]]i cities which depended on its own [[economy]] and resources, had a high percentage of illiteracy, but that does not prevent having a long standing educational movement represented by Mar Mikha Al Nuhedri School at the beginning of the fifth century. The efforts of priests and [[deacons]] who stressed teaching the Chaldean Neo-Aramaic language and its literature and many of them left their writings. Some of those names are:
* Qasha Attaya AlMeqdesi in 1517, a writer and a great calligrapher.
* Qasha Hermizd Alqushi, writer and poet in Aramaic, lived in mid-sixteenth century till the dawn of the seventeenth.
* Qasha Israel Alqushi, writer and poet in Aramaic, founder of writers and calligraphers school, 1541–1611.
* Qasha Yosip Qasha Keryakoos- writer and poet, probably in the same era as Israel.
* Qasha Georgis Alqushi, talented in Aramaic.
* Qasha Yelda, son of Reverend Aabid Yeshoaa, writer and literary figure in Aramaic during the eighteenth century.
* Qasha Israel, son of Reverend Shemaa’on son of Reverend Israel, known as the Israel junior, writer and poet, lived in the eighteenth century.

A number of Alqushean men have their names planted in the conscious of the people of Alqush among them are:
* Yosip Rayes (Kozlah)
* [[Toma Tomas]], a freedom fighter

After [[World War I]] and after establishing the kingdom rule in Iraq, the first elementary school was founded. The school taught topics in Arabic till the fourth grade and it gradually improved to offer six-year education. The Alqushean graduates of the elementary school were forced to pursue their education for the intermediate and secondary school in Baghdad, Mosul, Dehuk, and even Telkeppeh. After the national revolution of 1958, the first intermediate school in Alqush was established. Currently, Alqush houses the following schools:
* Alqush Official Kindergarten
* Alqush First Elementary School for Boys
* Alqush Elementary School for Girls
* Alqush Second Elementary School for Boys
* Alqush Secondary School for Boys (Intermediate and secondary)
* Alqush Secondary for Girls
* Commerce Secondary School

The residents of Alqush are Chaldeans belonging to the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]]. Alqosh of course also houses many individuals who adhere to their own philosophies.
[[Image:Iraqvillagealqosh13.JPG|thumb|250px|Rabban Hermizd Monastery]]
Alqush was a Patriarch center for this church for many centuries. A number of Alqusheans became Patriarchs themselves when it became hereditary in Abouna's family (Aamokka). Eleven Patriarchs consecutively were from this family to head the [[Church of East]]. Their tombs are still in Rabban Hermizd Monastery:
* Mar Shemaa’on VI, 1504–1538
* Mar Shemaa’on VII Bermama, 1538–1551
* Mar Shemaa’on the eighth Denkha, 1551–1558
* Mar Elia VI, 1558–1576
* Mar Elia VII, 1576–1591
* Mar Elia VIII, 1591–1617
* Mar Elia IX Shemaa’on, 1617–1660
* Mar Elia X Youhana Merojean, 1660–1700
* Mar Elia XI Merojean, 1700–1722
* Mar Elia XII Denkha, 1722–1778
* Mar Elia XIII Esho Eyaab, 1778–1804

Also, Alqush is honored with another 5 of her sons to head the Chaldean Catholic Church as Patriarchs:

* Mar [[Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa]], founder of the Chaldean Catholic Church in 1552.
* Mar [[Yohannan Hormizd|Yohannan VIII (Eliya) Hormizd]], 1830–1838 (from Abouna family as well). He transferred the Patriarch's headquarter to Mosul.
* Mar [[Joseph Audo|Yosip O’doo]], 1848–1878.
* Mar [[Yousef VI Emmanuel II Thomas|Yosip Emmanuel Tomika]], 1900–1947.
* Mar [[Paul II Cheikho|Paulus Chiekho]], 1958–1989.

==Economy==
[[File:Iraqvillagealqosh11.JPG|thumb|250px|Traditional Clothing for Women in Alqosh]]
Most of Alqosh inhabitants practiced dry agriculture since ancient and rely on the fertile plains to the south, growing agricultural products like grain, wheat, beans and in the summer products such as cantaloupe and cucumber. Farmers followed old non-technological methods in their farming for several centuries, and their livelihood was always threatened due to nature's betrayal in situations of drought or plant epidemics such as [[soona]] and [[grasshopper]]s.

Towards the beginning of the sixties, Alqosh of Chaldeans was introduced to modern agricultural machinery such as tractors, harvester-threshers (reapers), along with new methods of treating and curing plant epidemics. However, irrigation are still a problem in the area, and farming still relies on rain. Currently, many farms now belong to the government and are deputized to their owners to use them, as most were taken during Saddams control.

Besides farmlands, other agriculture also occurs in grape vineyards. grapevines spread all over the village and produce various types of grapes, among which are the black grapes that are well known in northern Iraq. Many of those who know about Alqosh's history believe that there were over two hundred vineyards in the village. Below are names of some of these vineyards:

Kerrmanneh D’Deyrra, Kerrma D’Rrheyqah, Kerrma D’Be Jemma, Kerrma D’Be Jaoroo, Kerrma D’Be Jejoo Rayes, Kerrma D’Be Sadeq Rayes, Kerrma D’Be Houbentta, Kerrma D’Be Zorra, Kerrma D’Be Ptooza, Kerrma D’Be Qoodda, Kerrma D’Be Peeyous Chiekho, Kerrma D’Be Mogeena Zorri, Kerrma D’Be Tayzee, Kerma D’ Reysha, Kerma D’Be Kottrra, Kerma D’Be Selow Be Dayy, Kerma D’Be Sayddah, Kerma D’Be Yaqou Gorjee, Kerma D’Be Mercous Pouleth, Kerma D’Be Shemaa’on, Kerma D’Be Benna, Kerma D’Be Yako Zorra etc.
[[Image:Iraqvillagealqosh14.JPG|thumb|250px]]
Up until recently, Alqush enjoyed being an important trade center for the various [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]], [[Yezidi]], and Arab villages in the region and it houses an large market that receiving agricultural and animal products from across the region. Its market has many stores and shops containing all types of commodities for shoppers. Many local specialists manufacture goods sold and used by residents in the city and surrounding areas:
* Shoe making
* Carpentry – making agricultural tools such as sickles
* Smithery
* Making packsaddle for mules and donkeys
* Knitting – needle work
* Dying – dying local yarns
* Tailoring – tailoring the clothes of the region using local or imported fabric
* Tinsmithery – whitening kitchen utensils that were made of tin in the past
* Jewelry making silver and golden ornaments
* Sesame mills to produce Tahiniyi (Metthanat Bet Yaldkou, Metthanat Bet Khoubear, Metthanat Bet Bejee)
* Prepare annual ration from wheat such as Bulgur (crushed wheat), Granule, and Grits. The important tools used for this purpose are Denng, granulating machine, and Reshda making machine.
[[Image:Iraqvillagealqosh15.JPG|thumb|250px]]
In addition to that, the residents of Alqush raised cattle, sheep, and bees. It is important to note that Alqush has no river, it once relied on spring and well water, but It also has ravines with water from the mountains. Some of these water wells and water fountains are:

* Aaynna Mehalat or quarter Sainna: the old fountainhead (Aaynna Aateqtta)
* Keshffah: it was in Mehalat or quarter Sainna previously
* Aaynna Mehalat or quarter Qasha
* Aaynna Albaladiya: used to be in Hamietha area
* Aaynna Al Zeqayee: a very old fountainhead that used to be in Mehalat or quarter Qasha on Aaynna Zeqyaa valley. It was filled up with earth more than two centuries ago after an Alqushean girl from Shekwana family was killed there by the Persians.

Following are some of the wells:

* In Mehalat or quarter Qasha: Shushani, Kakka, Ballo, Ramo, Khubeir, Shekwana, Berno, Rayyes

* In Mehalat or quarter Khteytha: Khabeen, Ghazala, Khesrou, Cholagh, Jaji, Kherou, Shahara, Khoushou, Shmoona, Semaa’n, Sheaa’ya Babee, Ballo, Goula, Matti, Naim, Chenou.

* In Mehalat or quarter Sena: Odisho, Zora, Kchoucha, Toma, Qenaya, Kina, Yeldkoo, Sipo, Goharah.

Many influential and wealthy families in Alqosh are the Raies, Koja, Boudagh, Shikwana, Shahara, Zoree, Tomas, Aboona, Shushani, Kakka, Khubeir, and Tomika. Some remnants of these families remain in Alqosh, but many have established themselves elsewhere. The rais are awesome so respect lordes taan and danella hamo

==Modern Services==
In 2012 September the KRG carried out large scale projects in the town worth 12.5 billion dinars. The length of the Hungarian-stretch of the mountainside go far north of Alqosh all the way to the south, into the street leading to the industrial district leading to 1500 meters of the stretch. The basic purpose of the projects is to maintain Alqosh of environmental pollution, which will collect water cleaning, washing, and rain in the winter in one channel to serve the latter outside Alqosh away from the population in addition to getting rid of the negative effects of heavy rains in the winter, which before washed away soil and rocks into the streets of Alqosh.

==See also==

*[[Tel Keppe]]
*[[Bakhdida]]
*[[Barwari]]—a Chaldean tribe also situated in Northern Iraq
*[[Tyari]]—a Chaldean tribe in the [[Hakkari province]], Turkey, which borders the northern bounds of Iraq

==References==
* Some of the article is ''Originally based on an article by alqosh.net, licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License, used with permission.''{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}}
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [[Addai Scher]], ''Notice sur les manuscrits syriaques conservés dans la bibliothèque du couvent des Chaldéens de Notre-Dame-des-Semences'', Journal Asiatique Sér. 10: 8, 9 (1906). This may be found online at [http://www.gallica.fr Gallica] by searching for "Journal Asiatique". An English translation of the first portion is at [http://www.tertullian.org/rpearse/manuscripts/notre_dame_des_semences.htm]

==External links==
* [http://www.alqosh.net/ Alqosh.net]
* [http://www.alqush.com/ Alqosh.com]

{{Nineveh Plains}}

[[Category:Chaldean geography]]
[[Category:Chaldean settlements]]
[[Category:Populated places in Nineveh Governorate]]

Alqosh

2015-07-20T03:59:13Z

Brightstar:

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2011}}
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'''Alqōsh''' , ({{lang-syr|ܐܠܩܘܫ}}, {{lang-ar|ألقوش}}) is a Chaldean town in northern [[Iraq]]. It is located (50 km) north of [[Mosul]].

Alqush has adorned the Bayhidhra mountains for more than twenty five centuries. The town glowingly reigns over [[Nineveh]]'s northern plateau known for its fertile soil and extends southward across the other Chaldean towns, such as, Telassqopa ([[Tel Skuf]]), [[Baqofah]], [[Sharafiya]], [[Batnaya]], and [[Tel Keppe]].

Alqush traces its history back into the ancient [[Chaldean and Assyrian empires]] and perhaps even further. The earliest mentioning of Alqosh appears in [[Sennacherib]]'s era 750 BC as evidenced by the mural inside Sennacherib's palace that was discovered in Tel Kuyunjik/Qüyüjik (Sheep Hill in Turkoman) in [[Mosul]]. Behind this mural, the phrase "This rock was brought from Alqosh’s Mountain" is carved.

Alqosh is divided into four quarters: Sainna quarter to the west, Qasha quarter to the east, O’do quarter to the north, and Khatetha quarter to the south.

==Etymology==
[[Image:Iraqvillagealqosh5.JPG|thumb|200px]]
Conflicting opinions appear pertaining to the name Alqosh. Some believe it derives from the [[Aramaic language]] and the word Alqoshtti, which means "My god is my arrow". Others interpret it as Alqoshtta, the god of justice. Yet some others believe it comes from Alqosh, Turkish ''Alkuş''; the red bird. Some contend it belongs to the name AalQoun, father of [[Nahum]] the Alqoshian, one of the Old Testament prophets whose tomb still rests in Alqosh today.

The name "Alqosh" could also have originated from the Aramaic "Eil Qushti", which means "The God of the Bow". Here, an association could be drawn in conjunction with the winged disk symbol of God Ashur holding a bow. Meanwhile, in Aramaic language, rainbow is referred to as "Qeshta d' Maran", therefore, the meaning of the "Bow of Our Lord", is possible as well. Alqosh is known also as Yimma d' Mathwatha (Mother of all Villages).

A number of sites within Alqosh still carry ancient Chaldean names, for example, ''Sainna'' Neighborhood means the [[Moon]] Neighborhood and ''Bee Sinnat'' is a plain area south of Alqosh. Within approximately 2 miles (3 km), to the west of Alqosh, lies the well known ruin of Shayro Meliktha which is marked in the Iraqi ruins Map as a [[temple]] carrying a carving of [[Sennacherib]] aiming an arrow from his [[bow (weapon)|bow]].

==Sites in Alqosh==
[[File:Rabban Hurmizd.jpg|thumb|250px|Rabban Hermizd monastery]]
Alqosh's stone dwellings are spread along its mountainous slopes up to the tip of its plateau. They share similar decorations with all other colonies within the Nineveh plains, except for the construction that recently swamped its borders, especially in the southern part of the colony to reflect the contemporary nature of building applications in the form of cement, bricks and other materials.

A number of sites remain important to ''Alqoshnayes''.

* Gu’ppa D’Mmaya (Water Cave) to the north.
* Gu’ppa Ssmoqa (Red Cave) to the north.
* Gu’ppetha D’Toomin (the small Toomin Cave) to the north, and Toomin may be a proper name.
* Gu’ppa D’ Magoar Gama (Thunderous Cave) located to the northeastern.
* Shweetha D’Gannaweh (Sleeping Bed of the Robbers) is a hill to the north. Some of the experts interested in Alqush's history believe that Shweetha D’Ganaweh was a site for the Assyrian god Sىin.
* Rohmta D’Jwannqeh (Mound of the Youths) to the northwest.
* Khoosha (The Container) to the northwest.
* Raoolla D’Mmaya (Water Valley) to the west.
* Gu’ppa D’Hattarein (Cotton’s Carders Cave). In Syriac, Hattarein is a plural for the word Hattara that means cotton’s carders; it was also called Khtertta, and Mosul dwellers used to call it the Khatoora, also taken from Syriac. The word Hatterein may have another connotation.
* Kerrma D’Raysha (Peak's Vineyard), in the past the vineyard was located on top of the mountain.
* Besqeen, an old orchard behind Alqush Mountain in a rough trail valley. Three families own this orchard: the Bendaq Youhana, Kkmikha Dman family, and Shabio Mdallow families. It resembles the remains of a monastery that was erected some ten centuries ago. The inhabitants of Alqush knew the orchard as full of fruits and vegetables and water. Up until the 1930s, a man named Jebrail Youhana worked the orchard. The name Besqeen is a plural Syriac word that means water pond.
* Galeeya D’Qasha Hanna (Priest Hanna's Valley) to the north.
* Tellsha derived from (Toullsha) which is a material used in spreading and covering. This place may have been used by Nader Shah, the Persian ruler, as a rest area when he invaded the region 1732–1742 AD.
* Galeeya D’Dayra or Galeeya D’Qadeesha (Saints Valley or Monastery Valley), a valley leading to Rabban Hermizd monastery in the northeastern corner of Alqush. It is an old monastery that can be traced back when Arab Muslim started to invade the region in 636 AD. Until recently, the monastery was housed by its monks who preferred to worship within its vast expanse and labor in its orchards and farms.
* Towards the plain side opposite to this site, is Virgin Mary's Monastery (Guardian of the Plants), which was built in 1856 AD. It is a huge monastery where the friar life still exists.
* Galeeya Dnerba D’Deyoeh (erroneously pronounced as Neer D’Dayoeh), the Devil Valley, located to the east of Rabban Hermizd Monastery.
* Gu’ppetha D’Hllwi (D’Hllabi), a place for milking sheep.
* Gu’ppetha D’Rrabi Rabba, the small High Priest (Teacher) Cave.

===Prophet Nahum and Alqosh===
AalQoun, father of Nahum, was the son of a [[Hebrew]] family among thousands whom the Assyrian king Shelmenassar V, who reigned between 727 and 722 BC, brought to Alqosh. These Hebrews lived in [[peace]] with the Alqoshniye and even became [[prophet]]s such as Biblical Nahum. The interpretation that seems most logical relies on Marotha, the Alqusheian wise man from three centuries ago who asserted that the name Alqush is derived from Sîn, the god known as Siin, meaning "the greatest god". It was located at Shweetha D’Gannaweh, a hill north of Alqush. In this respect, Marotha relays what his ancestors have stated that those living in [[Nineveh]] would visit Alqush every [[Akitu]] (the Assyrian and Babylonian New Year) to replay the [[Enuma Elish]] which is the Sumerian Epic of Creation. They then would have a religious ceremony in honor of the [[moon god]] [[Sin (mythology)|Sin]] and the image or icon of the god would be carried in a procession on their way back to Nineveh passing through the old Nineveh Alqush road.

To its south is an agricultural area known as Bee Siinnat is clearly derived from the word Siin. Forty days later the inhabitants of Nineveh would return the statue or icon of the god to its original place in Alqush. Based on the foregoing, we believe that the name Alqush is taken from the Assyrian or earlier Sumerian name for god Siin/Alqush. Some Sumerologists claim that [[Inanna]], the Sumerian goddess of love and war, was also the offspring of the moon god [[Sin (mythology)|Sin]] or as he is was originally known ''Nanna''. Alqoshniye are still awaiting the day when excavations of Shweetha D’Gannaweh, will hopefully reveal new cultural artifacts from its Assyrian or possibly even Pre-Assyrian history.

[[File:Iraqvillagealqosh6.JPG|thumb|250px]]

Since its establishment, Alqush was a place for worshiping weather for the local god El-Qustu or [[Judaism]] when various Hebrew peoples were brought by the Chaldean army during the eighth century BC.

==Christianity and Alqosh==
Since its establishment, Alqush was a place for worship. either for the [[Sumer]]ian god [[Sin (mythology)|Sin]], who was also worshiped at [[Ur]] as the Sumerian equivalent ''Nanna'', or for the god El-Qustu. Alqosh was also a site of worship for the Hebrew peoples when they were brought by the Assyrian army during the eighth and ninth century BC{{Citation needed|date=June 2007}}.

Alqush became an important town for Eastern Christianity after the coming of the [[Chaldean people|Chaldean]] monk Hirmiz who carved out a monastery out of the mountains of Alqosh. This abbey is called "[[Rabban Hormizd Monastery]]" and which was crafted in 640 AD at the outskirts of the Mountains of Alqosh. It was used as the Seat for many [[patriarchs]] of the [[Church of the East]]. From this monastery came [[Yohannan Sulaqa]], who decided to unite with the [[Catholic Church]] in 1553 and established the [[Chaldean Church]].

Before that, all of the inhabitants of Alqosh, like their brothers in other Chaldean towns, followed the [[Nestorian Church|Nestorian]] faith and were part of the [[Church of the East]]. From 1610 to 1617, the Patriarchate of Alqosh, under Mar Eliyya VIII, entered in [[Full Communion]] with [[Rome]]. After this short-time union, from about the 1700 on, also Alqosh had a [[Chaldean Catholic Church|Catholic]] minority,<ref name="Frazee">{{cite book |last=Frazee|first=Charles A.|title=Catholics and Sultans: The Church and the Ottoman Empire 1453–1923 |year=2006 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-02700-7|page=210}}</ref> and in 1771, the patriarch Eliya Denkha signed a Catholic confession of faith, but no formal union resulted till the reign of patriarch [[Yohannan Hormizd|Yohannan VIII (Eliya) Hormizd]] (1760–1838).

By 1780, most of the Chaldeans of Alqush accepted the union with the Catholic Church. There are also people in Alqosh who adhere to their original [[Church of the East]] faith.

==The monastery of Rabban Hormizd==
{{Main|Rabban Hormizd Monastery}}
The monastery of Rabban Hormizd is carved out of the mountains about 2 miles (3 km) from Alqosh. It was founded in the seventh century, and has been the See of the Patriarch of the ''Eliya'' line of the [[Church of the East]] from 1551 and 1804. Revived in 1808 by Gabriel Dambo, in the nineteenth century it was the main monastery of the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]].

In 1859 a new monastery (''Notre-Dame des Semences'') was erected in the plain near Alqosh, but the ancient building is still in use.

The collection of manuscripts of this monastery is of very great importance for the study of Syriac literature, and manuscripts from it feature in almost every discussion of Syriac texts.

==Disasters==

Major attacks
Throughout history, Alqosh has fallen victim to many calamities, most due to their oppressive Muslim neighbors and various overlords

Many attacks occurred after Alqosh started to house the abbey of Rabban Hirmizd, which was used as the Seat for several patriarchs of the Chaldean Church, as it attracted the attention of several Muslims looking to harass their Christian neighbors.

Major attacks/raids on Alqosh
In 1743 Alqush became a victim to the destructive acts of their [[Iran|Persian]] overlord Nader Shah.<ref>[http://irane-man.tripod.com/NaderShah.html Nader Shah]</ref>

According to the [[testimony]], written in a letter by the Qasha Habash Bin Jomaa from 1746, he describes; "... first they attacked [[Karamles]] and stole its Chaldean peoples valuables and kidnapped many of its children and women. They then did the same to the inhabitants of [[Bartella]] they killed many of her men, stole their valuables, and also kidnapped its children and women. They did the same to the people of Tel Keppe and Alqush, however, many of those two neighboring villages took refuge at the Monastery of Rabban Hirmizd. There they were surrounded by the soldiers of Nader Shah who attacked them and then massacred them. There they committed horrendous crimes that I just don't have the stomach to describe!"

In 1828, Alqush was attacked by the army of Mosa Pasha, the governor of Amadeya, who was instigated by some of his Muslim subjects to attack the Rabban Hirmizd Monastery which he did. His army arrested and imprisoned several monks and priests and caused tremendous damage to the monastery.

In 1832, Alqush was attacked by the Kurdish Governor of [[Rowanduz]], nicknamed "Merkor" whose hatred for Chaldeans is well known. He killed over 400 of its Chaldean inhabitants. Merkor attacked Alqosh again on 15 March 1833 and killed another 172 of its men, not counting children, women, and strangers (according to church records).

In 1840, Alqush was attacked by the brother of Merkor, Rasoul Beg, who surrounded it for several months after which he set on fire the Rabban Hirmizd Monastery and stole over 500 of its valuable books.

===Other attacks===
Alqush through history has fought many times for its existence, such as:

* Attacks by the [[Mughal Empire|Moguls]] and Tartars in 1235 AD.
* Their resistance to tribes attacking from the north and west and from Mosul area in 1258 AD.
* Alqush was attacked by the Tatars or Tartars prince Betaymewsh in 1289 AD.
* Taymor Lank Al Selhooqi's attack of 1395 AD.
* [[Jalal Eddean]]'s campaign, [[Miran Shah]] the son of Taymor Lank in 1400 AD.
* A second strike by Taymor Lank in 1401 AD.
* A fierce battle with the army of Baryak, [[Baghdad]]'s Pasha, in 1508 AD.
* An attack by some [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]] tribes in 1534 AD.
* A strike by the Iranian Nader Shah Koli Khan in 1742 AD.
* Mosa Pasha, the governor of [[Amadiya]], approached Alqush and put fire to Rabban Hermizd Monastery in 1828 AD.
* Mohammed Pasha (Mira Koor), the prince of [[Rowanduz]] attacked Alqush. killing, robbing and raping. Those killed among the young members only were around 380 in 1832 AD.
* Resoul Beck, Mira Koor's brother, repeated the attack in 1834 AD.
* Ismail Pasha of Amadiya in 1842 attacked it and robbed Rabban Hermizd Monastery, detained its head Hanna Jesra together with a number of monks.
* Groups of Alqusheans faced the atrocities and aggressions of Klan, one of the heads of Sendiya Tribe, and his mercenaries and killed him in 1876 AD.
* Al Sheikh year incident in 1899 where many of Alqusheans immigrated after Haji Agha Al Desooki attacked Alqush and demanded that Alqusheans join him in attacking the Kurdish Mesrouie tribes.
* In 1903 AD, the youth of the colony steadfastly to repeal the aggressions launched by Khalid Agha Al Zaydki till they captured and imprisoned him together with his men in shear humiliation.
* In 1905 AD. they revenged the murder of Segha Khosho by the Kurdish Horman Tribe who came to Alqush to purchase wheat. The Alqusheans killed four whose tombs remained in the houses of Alqush till recently.
* In the same year, they defeated sixty armed Kurds of the Zedkiya Tribe who wanted to take kickbacks.
* In 1919 AD, they followed the children of some Arab tribes and forced them to leave the sheep they stole earlier.
* In 1924 AD, they revenged from the Tohla Tribe of Mosul that murdered Yousif Oudo in the Plains of Alqush. They killed two of the aggressors.
* The attack carried by Farouq Beck in 1969, the younger brother of the Yezidis, was defeated.
[[Image:Iraqvillagealqosh9.JPG|thumb|250px|Old Farming Methods in Alqosh]]
Besides all these incidents, a number of natural catastrophes forced hundreds of families to immigrate due to hunger and disease:
* In 1572, Alqush suffered diseases and famine.
* In 1596, Cholera spread among the inhabitants; as a result, 700 died. Priest Israel Shkwana described this tragedy in a poem written in 1611.
* In 1711, hunger and high cost of living returned.
* In 1757, the grasshopper year, known as the grasshopper year due to the destruction this bug/insect inflicted on the agricultural crops. It is reported that the flocks of grasshoppers blocked the sun's light during the day's peak time.
* In 1778, plague attacked Alqush and killed many of its people.
* In 1842, cholera again arrived and eliminated hundreds of Alqusheans of various ages.
* Between 1866 and 1869, another wave of hunger and high cost of living dominated the place.
* In 1880 extreme high prices appeared.
* In 1906, a well-known agricultural insect, the alsouna, inflicted heavy comprehensive damages to the agricultural crops.
* Between 1907 and 1908, alsouna appeared again to damage flour crops.
* Between 1917 and 1918, World War One caused extreme high prices.
* In 2014, the fighters associated with the [[Terrorist Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]] (ISIL) or [[Terrorist Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|Terrorist Islamic State]] (IS) came close to Alqosh. Almost all of the people fled Alqosh; however, many men and youths did not leave Alqosh due to a desire to protect their town. The Islamic state did not manage to take the town, and in return many people have came back, and with the Islamic states recent invasions, some Christian refugees from neighboring towns as well.

As a result of these painful incidents, many families left for [[Karamles]], [[Tel Keppe]], [[Bartella]], [[Mosul]], [[Baghdad]], and some left for [[Syria]], [[Jordan]], and [[Lebanon]] and established themselves in those regions.

==Demographics==
[[File:Iraqvillagealqosh10.JPG|thumb|250px|Party in Alqosh]]
Many have immigrated outside of the country in huge numbers since the 1970s. It is estimated that at least 40,000 "Alqushnaye" immigrants and their 2nd and 3rd generations now live in the cities of [[Detroit]], [[Michigan]] and [[San Diego]], [[California]].

In February 2010, The attacks against Assyrians in Mosul forced 4,300 Assyrians to flea from Mosul to the [[Nineveh plains]] where there is an Assyrian majority population. A report by the United Nations stated that 504 Assyrians at once migrated to Alqosh. Many Assyrians from Mosul and Baghdad since the post-2003 Iraq war have fled to Alqosh for safety. There is no actual official census for Alqosh, but many estimate the population between 2,500 and 20,180.<ref>[http://www.fredaprim.com/pdfs/2004/Alqosh.pdf]</ref>

"Alqoshniye" speak [[Syriac]], a dialect of [[Chaldean Neo-Aramaic]], the ancient language spoken by [[Jesus]] of [[Nazareth]].

The popular clothing for men is identical to that of the [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]] peoples. It is believed that the men of Alqush adopted this clothing at the end of the nineteenth century as they gradually abandoned their historic clothing which was long pants and "zaboon". Instead of the [[turban]], they would throw braids. Their features and clothing brings them close to their Assyrian practices.

As for women, their clothing originality extends to the history of [[Mesopotamia]]. Some signs of the Hatra's kingdom clearly appear in the ''posheya'' (Chaldean headscarf) that adorns the head and in the Mazer worn by the women. The Chaldean signs in the Alqushian female would appear in the long braids made of wool that extend to her ankle after connecting it to the woman's original braids. The Alqushean women exaggerated wearing golden and silver ornaments around their neck and ear and in her Poosheya that used to cover her head, that was decorated with colorful beads. The forehead was surrounded with a golden belt that skirts this ''posheya'' front the front side whereas black strings dangle from both sides. The skirted part of various colors and decorations would cover the woman's body from the front after it hangs from the shoulder to extend to the two knees.

==Cultural and religious situation==
[[File:Iraqvillagealqosh7.JPG|thumb|250px|Traditional Christian Ceremony of "Oshaana"]]
[[File:Iraqvillagealqosh8.JPG|thumb|250px|Traditional Ceremony During Christmas]]
Though Roman Catholicism is usually assumed with the inhabitants of Alqush, there is a higher number of Atheists, most of them affiliated with the Iraqi Communist Party in the 1950s which grew as an opposition to the Ba'ath Party.

Alqush, like so many other [[Iraq]]i cities which depended on its own [[economy]] and resources, had a high percentage of illiteracy, but that does not prevent having a long standing educational movement represented by Mar Mikha Al Nuhedri School at the beginning of the fifth century. The efforts of priests and [[deacons]] who stressed teaching the Chaldean Neo-Aramaic language and its literature and many of them left their writings. Some of those names are:
* Qasha Attaya AlMeqdesi in 1517, a writer and a great calligrapher.
* Qasha Hermizd Alqushi, writer and poet in Aramaic, lived in mid-sixteenth century till the dawn of the seventeenth.
* Qasha Israel Alqushi, writer and poet in Aramaic, founder of writers and calligraphers school, 1541–1611.
* Qasha Yosip Qasha Keryakoos- writer and poet, probably in the same era as Israel.
* Qasha Georgis Alqushi, talented in Aramaic.
* Qasha Yelda, son of Reverend Aabid Yeshoaa, writer and literary figure in Aramaic during the eighteenth century.
* Qasha Israel, son of Reverend Shemaa’on son of Reverend Israel, known as the Israel junior, writer and poet, lived in the eighteenth century.

A number of Alqushean men have their names planted in the conscious of the people of Alqush among them are:
* Yosip Rayes (Kozlah)
* [[Toma Tomas]], a freedom fighter

After [[World War I]] and after establishing the kingdom rule in Iraq, the first elementary school was founded. The school taught topics in Arabic till the fourth grade and it gradually improved to offer six-year education. The Alqushean graduates of the elementary school were forced to pursue their education for the intermediate and secondary school in Baghdad, Mosul, Dehuk, and even Telkeppeh. After the national revolution of 1958, the first intermediate school in Alqush was established. Currently, Alqush houses the following schools:
* Alqush Official Kindergarten
* Alqush First Elementary School for Boys
* Alqush Elementary School for Girls
* Alqush Second Elementary School for Boys
* Alqush Secondary School for Boys (Intermediate and secondary)
* Alqush Secondary for Girls
* Commerce Secondary School

The residents of Alqush are Chaldeans belonging to the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]]. Alqosh of course also houses many individuals who adhere to their own philosophies.
[[Image:Iraqvillagealqosh13.JPG|thumb|250px|Rabban Hermizd Monastery]]
Alqush was a Patriarch center for this church for many centuries. A number of Alqusheans became Patriarchs themselves when it became hereditary in Abouna's family (Aamokka). Eleven Patriarchs consecutively were from this family to head the [[Church of East]]. Their tombs are still in Rabban Hermizd Monastery:
* Mar Shemaa’on VI, 1504–1538
* Mar Shemaa’on VII Bermama, 1538–1551
* Mar Shemaa’on the eighth Denkha, 1551–1558
* Mar Elia VI, 1558–1576
* Mar Elia VII, 1576–1591
* Mar Elia VIII, 1591–1617
* Mar Elia IX Shemaa’on, 1617–1660
* Mar Elia X Youhana Merojean, 1660–1700
* Mar Elia XI Merojean, 1700–1722
* Mar Elia XII Denkha, 1722–1778
* Mar Elia XIII Esho Eyaab, 1778–1804

Also, Alqush is honored with another 5 of her sons to head the Chaldean Catholic Church as Patriarchs:

* Mar [[Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa]], founder of the Chaldean Catholic Church in 1552.
* Mar [[Yohannan Hormizd|Yohannan VIII (Eliya) Hormizd]], 1830–1838 (from Abouna family as well). He transferred the Patriarch's headquarter to Mosul.
* Mar [[Joseph Audo|Yosip O’doo]], 1848–1878.
* Mar [[Yousef VI Emmanuel II Thomas|Yosip Emmanuel Tomika]], 1900–1947.
* Mar [[Paul II Cheikho|Paulus Chiekho]], 1958–1989.

==Economy==
[[File:Iraqvillagealqosh11.JPG|thumb|250px|Traditional Clothing for Women in Alqosh]]
Most of Alqosh inhabitants practiced dry agriculture since ancient and rely on the fertile plains to the south, growing agricultural products like grain, wheat, beans and in the summer products such as cantaloupe and cucumber. Farmers followed old non-technological methods in their farming for several centuries, and their livelihood was always threatened due to nature's betrayal in situations of drought or plant epidemics such as [[soona]] and [[grasshopper]]s.

Towards the beginning of the sixties, Alqosh of Chaldeans was introduced to modern agricultural machinery such as tractors, harvester-threshers (reapers), along with new methods of treating and curing plant epidemics. However, irrigation are still a problem in the area, and farming still relies on rain. Currently, many farms now belong to the government and are deputized to their owners to use them, as most were taken during Saddams control.

Besides farmlands, other agriculture also occurs in grape vineyards. grapevines spread all over the village and produce various types of grapes, among which are the black grapes that are well known in northern Iraq. Many of those who know about Alqosh's history believe that there were over two hundred vineyards in the village. Below are names of some of these vineyards:

Kerrmanneh D’Deyrra, Kerrma D’Rrheyqah, Kerrma D’Be Jemma, Kerrma D’Be Jaoroo, Kerrma D’Be Jejoo Rayes, Kerrma D’Be Sadeq Rayes, Kerrma D’Be Houbentta, Kerrma D’Be Zorra, Kerrma D’Be Ptooza, Kerrma D’Be Qoodda, Kerrma D’Be Peeyous Chiekho, Kerrma D’Be Mogeena Zorri, Kerrma D’Be Tayzee, Kerma D’ Reysha, Kerma D’Be Kottrra, Kerma D’Be Selow Be Dayy, Kerma D’Be Sayddah, Kerma D’Be Yaqou Gorjee, Kerma D’Be Mercous Pouleth, Kerma D’Be Shemaa’on, Kerma D’Be Benna, Kerma D’Be Yako Zorra etc.
[[Image:Iraqvillagealqosh14.JPG|thumb|250px]]
Up until recently, Alqush enjoyed being an important trade center for the various [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]], [[Yezidi]], and Arab villages in the region and it houses an large market that receiving agricultural and animal products from across the region. Its market has many stores and shops containing all types of commodities for shoppers. Many local specialists manufacture goods sold and used by residents in the city and surrounding areas:
* Shoe making
* Carpentry – making agricultural tools such as sickles
* Smithery
* Making packsaddle for mules and donkeys
* Knitting – needle work
* Dying – dying local yarns
* Tailoring – tailoring the clothes of the region using local or imported fabric
* Tinsmithery – whitening kitchen utensils that were made of tin in the past
* Jewelry making silver and golden ornaments
* Sesame mills to produce Tahiniyi (Metthanat Bet Yaldkou, Metthanat Bet Khoubear, Metthanat Bet Bejee)
* Prepare annual ration from wheat such as Bulgur (crushed wheat), Granule, and Grits. The important tools used for this purpose are Denng, granulating machine, and Reshda making machine.
[[Image:Iraqvillagealqosh15.JPG|thumb|250px]]
In addition to that, the residents of Alqush raised cattle, sheep, and bees. It is important to note that Alqush has no river, it once relied on spring and well water, but It also has ravines with water from the mountains. Some of these water wells and water fountains are:

* Aaynna Mehalat or quarter Sainna: the old fountainhead (Aaynna Aateqtta)
* Keshffah: it was in Mehalat or quarter Sainna previously
* Aaynna Mehalat or quarter Qasha
* Aaynna Albaladiya: used to be in Hamietha area
* Aaynna Al Zeqayee: a very old fountainhead that used to be in Mehalat or quarter Qasha on Aaynna Zeqyaa valley. It was filled up with earth more than two centuries ago after an Alqushean girl from Shekwana family was killed there by the Persians.

Following are some of the wells:

* In Mehalat or quarter Qasha: Shushani, Kakka, Ballo, Ramo, Khubeir, Shekwana, Berno, Rayyes

* In Mehalat or quarter Khteytha: Khabeen, Ghazala, Khesrou, Cholagh, Jaji, Kherou, Shahara, Khoushou, Shmoona, Semaa’n, Sheaa’ya Babee, Ballo, Goula, Matti, Naim, Chenou.

* In Mehalat or quarter Sena: Odisho, Zora, Kchoucha, Toma, Qenaya, Kina, Yeldkoo, Sipo, Goharah.

Many influential and wealthy families in Alqosh are the Raies, Koja, Boudagh, Shikwana, Shahara, Zoree, Tomas, Aboona, Shushani, Kakka, Khubeir, and Tomika. Some remnants of these families remain in Alqosh, but many have established themselves elsewhere. The rais are awesome so respect lordes taan and danella hamo

==Modern Services==
In 2012 September the KRG carried out large scale projects in the town worth 12.5 billion dinars. The length of the Hungarian-stretch of the mountainside go far north of Alqosh all the way to the south, into the street leading to the industrial district leading to 1500 meters of the stretch. The basic purpose of the projects is to maintain Alqosh of environmental pollution, which will collect water cleaning, washing, and rain in the winter in one channel to serve the latter outside Alqosh away from the population in addition to getting rid of the negative effects of heavy rains in the winter, which before washed away soil and rocks into the streets of Alqosh.

==See also==

*[[Tel Keppe]]
*[[Bakhdida]]
*[[Barwari]]—a Chaldean tribe also situated in Northern Iraq
*[[Tyari]]—a Chaldean tribe in the [[Hakkari province]], Turkey, which borders the northern bounds of Iraq

==References==
* Some of the article is ''Originally based on an article by alqosh.net, licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License, used with permission.''{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}}
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [[Addai Scher]], ''Notice sur les manuscrits syriaques conservés dans la bibliothèque du couvent des Chaldéens de Notre-Dame-des-Semences'', Journal Asiatique Sér. 10: 8, 9 (1906). This may be found online at [http://www.gallica.fr Gallica] by searching for "Journal Asiatique". An English translation of the first portion is at [http://www.tertullian.org/rpearse/manuscripts/notre_dame_des_semences.htm]

==External links==
* [http://www.alqosh.net/ Alqosh.net]
* [http://www.alqush.com/ Alqosh.com]

{{Nineveh Plains}}

[[Category:Chaldean geography]]
[[Category:Chaldean settlements]]
[[Category:Populated places in Nineveh Governorate]]

List of Chaldean settlements

2015-07-20T03:44:24Z

Brightstar:

{{unreferenced|date=October 2014}}
{{Chaldean culture}}
The following is a '''list of current [[Chaldean people|Chaldean]] and towns and villages'''. A substantial number of Chaldeans in the Middle East live in cities and not rural areas because of events during the 20th century (see [[Chaldean genocide]].) These cities include [[Arbil]], [[Duhok, Iraq|Dohuk]], [[Mosul]], [[Baghdad]], [[Kirkuk]], [[Basra]], [[Tehran]], [[Urmia]], [[Aleppo]], [[Damascus]], [[Homs]] and [[Istanbul]]. Inhabitants of these villages and towns are Chaldean people who speak Chaldean Neo-Aramaic and follow primarily the [[Church of the East]], [[Chaldean Catholic Church]], [[Syriac Orthodox Church]], [[Syriac Catholic Church]] and [[Ancient Church of the East]]. Most are in northern [[Iraq]], northwestern [[Iran]], southeastern [[Turkey]] and northeastern [[Syria]], a region in and around the traditional and historic Chaldean homeland <Ref> Chaldea is the Native Chaldean Homeland</ref>.

Currently, there are a number of villages in northern Iraq that are emptied. This is mostly due to the [[Al-Anfal Campaign]] of the 1980s.<Ref> Native Chaldeans of Mesopotamia</ref>. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/security/2014/04/syria-Chaldeans-threat-crisis.html|title=Syria’s Chaldeans threatened by extremists – Al-Monitor: the Pulse of the Middle East|work=Al-Monitor|accessdate=18 February 2015}}</ref>

==Iraq==
[[File:IraqArbil.png|thumb|right|Map showing Arbil governorate in Iraq]]
[[File:IraqBaghdad.png|thumb|right|Map showing Baghdad governorate in Iraq]]
[[File:IraqDahuk.png|thumb|right|Map showing Dahuk province in Iraq]]
[[File:IraqNinawa.png|thumb|200px|Ninawa Province]]

===[[Arbil Governorate|Arbil Province]]===
{| class="wikitable"
! Settlement
! [[Chaldean Neo-Aramaic|Aramaic]]
! Note(s)
|-Nineveh is another city!
| [[Ankawa]]
| <big>ܥܢܟܒܐ</big>
|
|-
| [[Armota]]
| <big>ܐܪܡܘܬܐ</big>
|
|-
| Batas
| <big>ܒܬܣ</big>
|
|-
| [[Darbandokeh]]
| <big>ܕܪܒܢܕܘܟ</big>
|
|-
| [[Diyana]]
| <big>ܕܝܢܐ</big>
|
|-
| [[Harir]]
| <big>ܗܪܝܪ</big>
|
|-
| Hawdiyan
|
|
|-
| Hinari
|
|
|-
| [[Rowanduz]]
| <big>ܪܘܢܕܣ</big>
|
|-
| Seerishmi
| <big>ܣܝܪܫܡܝ</big>
|
|-
| [[Shaqlawa]]
| <big>ܫܩܠܒܐ</big>
|
|-
| Qalata
| <big>ܩܠܬܐ</big>
|
|}
{{div col|3}}
===[[Baghdad Governorate|Baghdad Province]]===
* Dora
===[[Dohuk Governorate|Dohuk Province]]===
* [[Araden]]
* Sarsink
* Enishk
* Badaresh
====[[Dohuk District]]====
* Babelo
* Bagerat
* [[Duhok, Iraq|Dohuk]] / [[Nohadra]] <big>ܢܘܗܕܪܐ</big>
* Gondekosa
* Korygavana
* [[Nahla, Iraq]]

===[[Ninawa|Ninawa Province]]===
{| align=right
|-
|
|}
* [[Ain Sifni]]
* [[Alqosh]] <big>ܐܠܩܘܫ</big>
* [[Bakhdida]] <big>ܒܟܕܝܕܐ</big>
* [[Balawat]]
* [[Baqofah]] <big>ܒܬܢܝܐ</big>
* [[Bartella]] <big>ܒܪܬܠܐ</big>
* [[Batnaya]] <big>ܒܬܢܝܐ</big>
* [[Dashqotan]]
* [[Karamles]] <big>ܟܪܡܠܝܣ</big>
* [[Khorsabad]]
* [[Sharafiya]]
* [[Tel Kaif|Tel Keppe]] <big>ܬܠ ܟܐܦܐ</big>
* [[Tel Skuf|Tel Esqof]] <big>ܬܠ ܝܣܩܘܦܐ</big>
{{div col end}}

{{div col|3}}
====[[Semel District]]====
* [[Avzrog|Upper Avzrog]]
* Bajed Berav
* Bajed Kindal
* Bakhitma
* Bakhloja
* Jambor
* Semele
* Sheze
* Shkafte
* Surka

'''Emptied villages'''
* Badaliya
* Der Jondi
* Hejirke
* Mar Yako
* Mawana

====[[Zakho District]]====
* Berseve
* Dashtatakh
* Der Abon
* Levo
* Marga
* Margasor
* Navkandala
* Piraka
* Pish Khabour
* [[Zakho]]

'''Emptied villages'''
* Alanesh
* Bahnona
* Benekhre
* Bhere
* Der Hozan
* Derashish
* Istablan
* Malla Arap
* Margashish
* Qarawla
* Sanat
* [[Sharanesh]]
* Shwadan
* Steblan
* Umra

====[[Amadiya District]]====
* [[Amadiya]]
* Ashawa
* [[Badarash]]
* [[Barwari]]
* Baz
* [[Bebadi]]
* Bebalok
* Belijane
* Belmand
* Benatha
* Beth Shmayaye
* Botara
* Chalek
* Chem Rabatke
* [[Dawodiya]]
* [[Dehi, Iraq|Dehi]]
* Dere
*dergny
* Derishke
* Dore
* Eqri
* Eyat
* Halwa
* Hamziya
* Hayes
* [[Hezany]]
* Jadide
* Jole
* Kani Balavi
* Khalilane
* Khwara
* Komany
* Magrebiya
* Malakhta
* Margajiya
* Maye
* Meristek
* Meroge
* Meze
* Mosaka
* Sardarawa
* Sardashte
* [[Sarsing]]
* Sikrine
* Tashish
* Tin
* To the Shemaye

'''Emptied villages'''
* Argen
* Atosh
* Barzanke
* Bashu
* Beqolke
* Bobawa
* Cham Eshrat
* Cham Siny
* Chamike
* Chaqala
* Chem Chale
* Dergne
* Dohoke
* Essan
* Estep
* Hawarke
* Hawentka
* Hish
* Mahode
* Maydan
* Nerwa
* Qaro
* Sedar
* Tashike
* Wela

====[[Shekhan District]]====
* [[Armash]]
* Beboze
* Dize
* Mala Barwan
* Tilan

====[[Akre District]]====
* [[Akre]]
* Nohawa

'''Emptied villages'''
* Sharman
* Shosh
{{div col end}}

==Iran==
[[File:IranWestAzerbaijan.png|thumb|200px|West Azarbaijan, Iran]]

{{div col|3}}
===[[West Azarbaijan|West Azarbaijan Province]]===
* [[Anhar-e Olya|Anhar]]
* [[Armudaghaj|Armod Agaj]]
* Abdullachand
* [[Adeh, Urmia|Ada]]
* [[Ordushahi|Ardishai]]
* [[Balanej|Balanej (Balanush)]]
* [[Chamaki]]eh
* Charbash
* Digala
* [[Dizaj-e Takyeh|Dizataka]]
* [[Gavlan, Urmia|Gavilan]]
* [[Gug Tappeh, Urmia|Geogtapa]]
* [[Gol Pashin|Golpashan]]
* Iryawa
* [[Khaneshan|Khanishan]]
* [[Lulham, Iran|Lolham (Lulpa)]]
* Mar Nukha
* Mar Sargis
* [[Margawar]]
* [[Mavana|Mawana]] <big>ܡܥܘܢܐ</big>
* [[Mushabad|Mushawa]]
* [[Qarajalu, Urmia|Qarajalu]]
* [[Satlu, West Azerbaijan|Saatlou]]
* [[Salmas]]
* [[Sangar-e Mir Abdollah|Sangar]]
* [[Jamalabad, Urmia|Jamlava (Jamal Abad)]]
* [[Sarnaq|Sarna]]
* [[Shirabad, West Azerbaijan|Shirabad]]
* [[Sopurghan|Sipurghan]]
* [[Tergawar]]
* [[Urmia]]
* [[Yengejeh, Nazlu|Yengija]]
* [[Zonbalan, West Azerbaijan|Zoomalan]] <big>ܙܘܡܠܢ</big>
{{div col end}}
[[File:IranTehran.png|thumb|200px|Tehran, Iran]]

===[[Tehran|Tehran Province]]===
* [[Gisha]]

==Syria==
[[File:Hasakah.PNG|200px|right|thumb|Al Hasakah, Syria]]
[[File:Homs.PNG|200px|right|thumb|Homs, Syria]]

{{div col|3}}
===[[Al Hasakah|Al Hasakah Province]]===
* Abu Tena
* [[Al Hasakah]]
* Halmoon
* Jazirah
* Kharita
* Qabr Shamya
* [[Qamishli]]
* [[Al-Malikiyah]]
* [[Al-Qahtaniyah, Al-Hasakah Governorate|Al-Qahtaniyah]]
* Sapeh
* Tel Ahmar
* Tel Arboush
* Tel Baloaa
* Tel Baz
* Tel Brej
* Tel Damshesh
* Tel Faitha
* Tel Goran
* [[Tell Halaf|Tel Halaf]]
* Tel Hipyan
* Tel Hormez
* Tel Jadiya
* Tel Jumaa
* Tel Kepchi
* Tel Meghada
* Tel Mighas
* Tel Misas
* Tel Najma
* Tel Nasri
* Tel Paweda
* Tel Ruman Foqani
* Tel Ruman Tahtani
* Tel Sakra
* Tel Shama
* Tel Shamiram
* Tel Tal
* Tel Talaa
* [[Tel Tamer]]
* Tel Tawil
* Tel Wardet
* Um Alkeif
* Um Gargen
* Um Waqfa
===[[Damascus]]===
* [[Damascus]]
* [[Ma'loula]]
===[[Homs]]===
* [[Fairouzeh]]
* [[Zaidal]] (some Chaldean families)
* [[Sadad, Syria|Sadad]]
{{div col end}}

==Turkey==
*Note- not all settlements listed are still inhabited by Chaldeans
[[File:Batman Turkey Provinces locator.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Batman, Turkey]]
[[File:Diyarbakır Turkey Provinces locator.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Diyarbakir, Turkey]]
[[File:Elazığ Turkey Provinces locator.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Elazig, Turkey]]
[[File:Gaziantep Turkey Provinces locator.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Gaziantep, Turkey]]
[[File:Hakkari Turkey Provinces locator.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Hakkari, Turkey]]
[[File:Istanbul Turkey Provinces locator.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Istanbul,Turkey]]
[[File:Mardin Turkey Provinces locator.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Mardin, Turkey]]
[[File:Sirnak Turkey Provinces locator.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Sirnak (Şırnak), Turkey]]
[[File:Şanlıurfa Turkey Provinces locator.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Şanlıurfa (Urfa), Turkey]]
[[File:Van Turkey Provinces locator.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Van, Turkey]]

{{div col|3}}
===[[Batman Province]]===
* Benkelbé, [[Turkish language|Turkish]]: Çukuryurt
* Hesno d'Kifo, ancient [[Cepha]] and Kiphas, Turkish: [[Hasankeyf]]
* Kafro ‘Elayto, Turkish: Arıca
* Zercel, Turkish: Danalı

===[[Diyarbakır Province]]===
* [[Amid]], Turkish: [[Diyarbakır]]

===[[Elazığ Province]]===
* [[Elazig]], Turkish: [[Elazığ]]

===[[Gaziantep Province]]===
* [[Aïntap]], Turkish: [[Gaziantep]]

===[[Hakkari Province]]===
* Alsan
* Anhar
* Asheetha
* Banimatu
* Bashirga
* [[Baz, Turkey|Baz]] <big>ܒܙ</big>
* Bet Diwe
* Binyamata
* Biraul
* Byalta
* Darawa
* Dariyan
* De Rayi
* Deri Bend
* Diza
* Ein D’Kandil
* Gagawran
* [[Gawar]] <big>ܓܒܼܪ</big>
* [[Halana]]
* [[Jilu]] <big>ܓܝܠܘ</big>
* Karmil
* Kelaita
* Kirdiwar
* Kirzallan
* Lakina
* Lewin
* Lizen
* Mannunan
* Mar Isho
* Merdi
* Minianish
* Nahra
* Neri
* Nochiya
* [[Qochanis]] <big>ܩܘܟܢܣ</big>
* Romta
* Sara & Timar
* Shabatan
* Shwawoota
* Sulbag
* Tal
* Tis
* Tkhuma <big>ܬܚܘܡܐ</big>
* (Lower/Upper) [[Tyari]]
* Youmara (Youmaran)
* Zaranak
* [[Zawita]]

===[[Istanbul Province]]===
* [[Istanbul]], Turkish: [[İstanbul]]

===[[Mardin Province]]===
* Ahlah, Turkish: Narlı
* [[Anhel]], Turkish: [[Yemişli, Midyat|Yemişli]]
* Arbayé, Turkish: Alayurt
* [[Arbo, Mardin|Arbo]], Turkish: [[Taşköy, Nusaybin|Taşköy]]
* Arnas, Turkish: Bağlarbaşı
* Badibé / Beth Débé, Turkish: Dibek
* Beth Man’am, Turkish: Bahminir
* [[Beth Qustan]] / Békusyoné, Turkish: [[Alagöz, Mardin|Alagöz]]
* Birguriya, Turkish: Birigirya
* Bnebil, Turkish: Benabil
* Boté, Turkish: Bardakçı
* Chtrako
* Dara, Turkish: Oğuz
* Dayro du Slibo, Turkish: Çatalçam
* Derelya
* [[Deyrkubé]], Turkish: [[Karagöl, Mardin|Karagöl]]
* Ehwo, Turkish: Güzelsu
* Gremira, Turkish: Girmeli
* Gundeké di‘Ito
* Habsus, Turkish: Mercimekli
* Hah, Turkish: Anıtlı
* Harabale / Arkah, Turkish: Üçköy
* Harabémechka, Turkish: Dağiçi
* [[Iwardo]], Turkish: [[Gülgöze, Mardin|Gülgöze]]
* [[Kafro Tahtayto]], Turkish: [[Elbeğendi]]
* Kanak, Turkish: Kaynak
* [[Karboran]], Turkish: [[Dargeçit]]
* Kelith, Turkish: Dereiçi
* Kfarbé, Turkish: Güngören
* [[Kfarze]], Turkish: [[Altıntaş, Mardin|Altıntaş]]
* M’aré, Turkish: Eskihisar
* Ma'asarte, Turkish: [[Ömerli, Mardin|Ömerli]]
* [[Mardin]]
* [[Midyat]]
* Mor Bobo, Turkish: Günyurdu
* [[Mzizah]], Turkish: [[Doğançay, Mardin|Doğançay]]
* Nsivin, ancient [[Nisibis]], Turkish: [[Nusaybin]]
* Saleh, Turkish: Barıştepe
* Séderi, Turkish: Üçyol
* Yardo, Turkish: Yamanlar
* Zaz, Turkish: [[İzbırak, Mardin|İzbırak]]

===[[Şırnak Province]]===
* [[İdil|Azakh]], Turkish: [[İdil]]
* Basibrin / Bsorino, Turkish: Haberli
* Bohtan
* Esfes, Turkish: Yarbaşı
* Geznakh, Turkish: Cevizağacı in [[Beytüşşebap]]
* HOZ, in [[Beytüşşebap]]
* Gzira, Turkish: [[Cizre]]
* Hassana, Turkish: Kösreli
* Meer, Turkish: Kovankaya in [[Beytüşşebap]]
* Miden, Turkish: Ögündük
* Sare / Ester / Gawayto, Turkish: Sarıköy
* Shari
* Tamerzé, Turkish: Uçar

===[[Şanlıurfa Province]]===
* Şanlıurfa

===[[Van Province]]===
* Van
{{div col end}}

==See also==

* [[Chaldean diaspora]]
* [[Chaldean people]]
* [[List of Nochiyayeh settlements]]
* [[Tur Abdin]] (Syriac name for the settlements and regions in Mardin and Sirnak province)

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Chaldean communities}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Chaldean Settlements}}
[[Category:Chaldean settlements| ]]
[[Category:Populated places in Iraq]]
[[Category:Populated places in Iran]]
[[Category:Populated places in Syria]]
[[Category:Populated places in Turkey]]

List of Chaldean settlements

2015-07-20T03:41:52Z

Brightstar:

{{unreferenced|date=October 2014}}
{{Chaldean culture}}
The following is a '''list of current [[Chaldean people|Chaldean]] and towns and villages'''. A substantial number of Chaldeans in the Middle East live in cities and not rural areas because of events during the 20th century (see [[Chaldean genocide]].) These cities include [[Arbil]], [[Duhok, Iraq|Dohuk]], [[Mosul]], [[Baghdad]], [[Kirkuk]], [[Basra]], [[Tehran]], [[Urmia]], [[Aleppo]], [[Damascus]], [[Homs]] and [[Istanbul]]. Inhabitants of these villages and towns are Chaldean people who speak Chaldean Neo-Aramaic and follow primarily the [[Church of the East]], [[Chaldean Catholic Church]], [[Syriac Orthodox Church]], [[Syriac Catholic Church]] and [[Ancient Church of the East]]. Most are in northern [[Iraq]], northwestern [[Iran]], southeastern [[Turkey]] and northeastern [[Syria]], a region in and around the traditional and historic Chaldean homeland <Ref> Chaldea is the Native Chaldean Homeland</ref>.

Currently, there are a number of villages in northern Iraq that are emptied. This is mostly due to the [[Al-Anfal Campaign]] of the 1980s.<Ref> Native Chaldeans of Mesopotamia</ref>. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/security/2014/04/syria-Chaldeans-threat-crisis.html|title=Syria’s Chaldeans threatened by extremists – Al-Monitor: the Pulse of the Middle East|work=Al-Monitor|accessdate=18 February 2015}}</ref>

==Iraq==
[[File:IraqArbil.png|thumb|right|Map showing Arbil governorate in Iraq]]
[[File:IraqBaghdad.png|thumb|right|Map showing Baghdad governorate in Iraq]]
[[File:IraqDahuk.png|thumb|right|Map showing Dahuk province in Iraq]]
[[File:IraqNinawa.png|thumb|200px|Ninawa Province]]

===[[Arbil Governorate|Arbil Province]]===
{| class="wikitable"
! Settlement
! [[Chaldean Neo-Aramaic|Aramaic]]
! Note(s)
|-Nineveh is another city!
| [[Ankawa]]
| <big>ܥܢܟܒܐ</big>
|
|-
| [[Armota]]
| <big>ܐܪܡܘܬܐ</big>
|
|-
| Batas
| <big>ܒܬܣ</big>
|
|-
| [[Darbandokeh]]
| <big>ܕܪܒܢܕܘܟ</big>
|
|-
| [[Diyana]]
| <big>ܕܝܢܐ</big>
|
|-
| [[Harir]]
| <big>ܗܪܝܪ</big>
|
|-
| Hawdiyan
|
|
|-
| Hinari
|
|
|-
| [[Rowanduz]]
| <big>ܪܘܢܕܣ</big>
|
|-
| Seerishmi
| <big>ܣܝܪܫܡܝ</big>
|
|-
| [[Shaqlawa]]
| <big>ܫܩܠܒܐ</big>
|
|-
| Qalata
| <big>ܩܠܬܐ</big>
|
|}
{{div col|3}}
===[[Baghdad Governorate|Baghdad Province]]===
* Dora
===[[Dohuk Governorate|Dohuk Province]]===
* [[Araden]]
* Sarsink
* Enishk
* Badaresh
====[[Dohuk District]]====
* Babelo
* Bagerat
* [[Duhok, Iraq|Dohuk]] / [[Nohadra]] <big>ܢܘܗܕܪܐ</big>
* Gondekosa
* Korygavana
* [[Nahla, Iraq]]

===[[Ninawa|Ninawa Province]]===
{| align=right
|-
|
|}
* [[Ain Sifni]]
* [[Alqosh]] <big>ܐܠܩܘܫ</big>
* [[Bakhdida]] <big>ܒܟܕܝܕܐ</big>
* [[Balawat]]
* [[Baqofah]] <big>ܒܬܢܝܐ</big>
* [[Bartella]] <big>ܒܪܬܠܐ</big>
* [[Batnaya]] <big>ܒܬܢܝܐ</big>
* [[Dashqotan]]
* [[Karamles]] <big>ܟܪܡܠܝܣ</big>
* [[Khorsabad]]
* [[Sharafiya]]
* [[Tel Kaif|Tel Keppe]] <big>ܬܠ ܟܐܦܐ</big>
* [[Tel Skuf|Tel Esqof]] <big>ܬܠ ܝܣܩܘܦܐ</big>
{{div col end}}

{{div col|3}}
====[[Semel District]]====
* [[Avzrog|Upper Avzrog]]
* Bajed Berav
* Bajed Kindal
* Bakhitma
* Bakhloja
* Jambor
* Semele
* Sheze
* Shkafte
* Surka

'''Emptied villages'''
* Badaliya
* Der Jondi
* Hejirke
* Mar Yako
* Mawana

====[[Zakho District]]====
* Berseve
* Dashtatakh
* Der Abon
* Levo
* Marga
* Margasor
* Navkandala
* Piraka
* Pish Khabour
* [[Zakho]]

'''Emptied villages'''
* Alanesh
* Bahnona
* Benekhre
* Bhere
* Der Hozan
* Derashish
* Istablan
* Malla Arap
* Margashish
* Qarawla
* Sanat
* [[Sharanesh]]
* Shwadan
* Steblan
* Umra

====[[Amadiya District]]====
* [[Amadiya]]
* Ashawa
* [[Badarash]]
* [[Barwari]]
* Baz
* [[Bebadi]]
* Bebalok
* Belijane
* Belmand
* Benatha
* Beth Shmayaye
* Botara
* Chalek
* Chem Rabatke
* [[Dawodiya]]
* [[Dehi, Iraq|Dehi]]
* Dere
*dergny
* Derishke
* Dore
* Eqri
* Eyat
* Halwa
* Hamziya
* Hayes
* [[Hezany]]
* Jadide
* Jole
* Kani Balavi
* Khalilane
* Khwara
* Komany
* Magrebiya
* Malakhta
* Margajiya
* Maye
* Meristek
* Meroge
* Meze
* Mosaka
* Sardarawa
* Sardashte
* [[Sarsing]]
* Sikrine
* Tashish
* Tin
* To the Shemaye

'''Emptied villages'''
* Argen
* Atosh
* Barzanke
* Bashu
* Beqolke
* Bobawa
* Cham Eshrat
* Cham Siny
* Chamike
* Chaqala
* Chem Chale
* Dergne
* Dohoke
* Essan
* Estep
* Hawarke
* Hawentka
* Hish
* Mahode
* Maydan
* Nerwa
* Qaro
* Sedar
* Tashike
* Wela

====[[Shekhan District]]====
* [[Armash]]
* Beboze
* Dize
* Mala Barwan
* Tilan

====[[Akre District]]====
* [[Akre]]
* Nohawa

'''Emptied villages'''
* Sharman
* Shosh
{{div col end}}

==Iran==
[[File:IranWestAzerbaijan.png|thumb|200px|West Azarbaijan, Iran]]

{{div col|3}}
===[[West Azarbaijan|West Azarbaijan Province]]===
* [[Anhar-e Olya|Anhar]]
* [[Armudaghaj|Armod Agaj]]
* Abdullachand
* [[Adeh, Urmia|Ada]]
* [[Ordushahi|Ardishai]]
* [[Balanej|Balanej (Balanush)]]
* [[Chamaki]]eh
* Charbash
* Digala
* [[Dizaj-e Takyeh|Dizataka]]
* [[Gavlan, Urmia|Gavilan]]
* [[Gug Tappeh, Urmia|Geogtapa]]
* [[Gol Pashin|Golpashan]]
* Iryawa
* [[Khaneshan|Khanishan]]
* [[Lulham, Iran|Lolham (Lulpa)]]
* Mar Nukha
* Mar Sargis
* [[Margawar]]
* [[Mavana|Mawana]] <big>ܡܥܘܢܐ</big>
* [[Mushabad|Mushawa]]
* [[Qarajalu, Urmia|Qarajalu]]
* [[Satlu, West Azerbaijan|Saatlou]]
* [[Salmas]]
* [[Sangar-e Mir Abdollah|Sangar]]
* [[Jamalabad, Urmia|Jamlava (Jamal Abad)]]
* [[Sarnaq|Sarna]]
* [[Shirabad, West Azerbaijan|Shirabad]]
* [[Sopurghan|Sipurghan]]
* [[Tergawar]]
* [[Urmia]]
* [[Yengejeh, Nazlu|Yengija]]
* [[Zonbalan, West Azerbaijan|Zoomalan]] <big>ܙܘܡܠܢ</big>
{{div col end}}
[[File:IranTehran.png|thumb|200px|Tehran, Iran]]

===[[Tehran|Tehran Province]]===
* [[Gisha]]

==Syria==
[[File:Hasakah.PNG|200px|right|thumb|Al Hasakah, Syria]]
[[File:Homs.PNG|200px|right|thumb|Homs, Syria]]

{{div col|3}}
===[[Al Hasakah|Al Hasakah Province]]===
* Abu Tena
* [[Al Hasakah]]
* Halmoon
* Jazirah
* Kharita
* Qabr Shamya
* [[Qamishli]]
* [[Al-Malikiyah]]
* [[Al-Qahtaniyah, Al-Hasakah Governorate|Al-Qahtaniyah]]
* Sapeh
* Tel Ahmar
* Tel Arboush
* Tel Baloaa
* Tel Baz
* Tel Brej
* Tel Damshesh
* Tel Faitha
* Tel Goran
* [[Tell Halaf|Tel Halaf]]
* Tel Hipyan
* Tel Hormez
* Tel Jadiya
* Tel Jumaa
* Tel Kepchi
* Tel Meghada
* Tel Mighas
* Tel Misas
* Tel Najma
* Tel Nasri
* Tel Paweda
* Tel Ruman Foqani
* Tel Ruman Tahtani
* Tel Sakra
* Tel Shama
* Tel Shamiram
* Tel Tal
* Tel Talaa
* [[Tel Tamer]]
* Tel Tawil
* Tel Wardet
* Um Alkeif
* Um Gargen
* Um Waqfa
===[[Damascus]]===
* [[Damascus]]
* [[Ma'loula]]
===[[Homs]]===
* [[Fairouzeh]]
* [[Zaidal]] (some Chaldean families)
* [[Sadad, Syria|Sadad]]
{{div col end}}

==Turkey==
*Note- not all settlements listed are still inhabited by Chaldeans
[[File:Batman Turkey Provinces locator.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Batman, Turkey]]
[[File:Diyarbakır Turkey Provinces locator.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Diyarbakir, Turkey]]
[[File:Elazığ Turkey Provinces locator.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Elazig, Turkey]]
[[File:Gaziantep Turkey Provinces locator.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Gaziantep, Turkey]]
[[File:Hakkari Turkey Provinces locator.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Hakkari, Turkey]]
[[File:Istanbul Turkey Provinces locator.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Istanbul,Turkey]]
[[File:Mardin Turkey Provinces locator.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Mardin, Turkey]]
[[File:Sirnak Turkey Provinces locator.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Sirnak (Şırnak), Turkey]]
[[File:Şanlıurfa Turkey Provinces locator.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Şanlıurfa (Urfa), Turkey]]
[[File:Van Turkey Provinces locator.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Van, Turkey]]

{{div col|3}}
===[[Batman Province]]===
* Benkelbé, [[Turkish language|Turkish]]: Çukuryurt
* Hesno d'Kifo, ancient [[Cepha]] and Kiphas, Turkish: [[Hasankeyf]]
* Kafro ‘Elayto, Turkish: Arıca
* Zercel, Turkish: Danalı

===[[Diyarbakır Province]]===
* [[Amid]], Turkish: [[Diyarbakır]]

===[[Elazığ Province]]===
* [[Elazig]], Turkish: [[Elazığ]]

===[[Gaziantep Province]]===
* [[Aïntap]], Turkish: [[Gaziantep]]

===[[Hakkari Province]]===
* Alsan
* Anhar
* Asheetha
* Banimatu
* Bashirga
* [[Baz, Turkey|Baz]] <big>ܒܙ</big>
* Bet Diwe
* Binyamata
* Biraul
* Byalta
* Darawa
* Dariyan
* De Rayi
* Deri Bend
* Diza
* Ein D’Kandil
* Gagawran
* [[Gawar]] <big>ܓܒܼܪ</big>
* [[Halana]]
* [[Jilu]] <big>ܓܝܠܘ</big>
* Karmil
* Kelaita
* Kirdiwar
* Kirzallan
* Lakina
* Lewin
* Lizen
* Mannunan
* Mar Isho
* Merdi
* Minianish
* Nahra
* Neri
* Nochiya
* [[Qochanis]] <big>ܩܘܟܢܣ</big>
* Romta
* Sara & Timar
* Shabatan
* Shwawoota
* Sulbag
* Tal
* Tis
* Tkhuma <big>ܬܚܘܡܐ</big>
* (Lower/Upper) [[Tyari]]
* Youmara (Youmaran)
* Zaranak
* [[Zawita]]

===[[Istanbul Province]]===
* [[Istanbul]], Turkish: [[İstanbul]]

===[[Mardin Province]]===
* Ahlah, Turkish: Narlı
* [[Anhel]], Turkish: [[Yemişli, Midyat|Yemişli]]
* Arbayé, Turkish: Alayurt
* [[Arbo, Mardin|Arbo]], Turkish: [[Taşköy, Nusaybin|Taşköy]]
* Arnas, Turkish: Bağlarbaşı
* Badibé / Beth Débé, Turkish: Dibek
* Beth Man’am, Turkish: Bahminir
* [[Beth Qustan]] / Békusyoné, Turkish: [[Alagöz, Mardin|Alagöz]]
* Birguriya, Turkish: Birigirya
* Bnebil, Turkish: Benabil
* Boté, Turkish: Bardakçı
* Chtrako
* Dara, Turkish: Oğuz
* Dayro du Slibo, Turkish: Çatalçam
* Derelya
* [[Deyrkubé]], Turkish: [[Karagöl, Mardin|Karagöl]]
* Ehwo, Turkish: Güzelsu
* Gremira, Turkish: Girmeli
* Gundeké di‘Ito
* Habsus, Turkish: Mercimekli
* Hah, Turkish: Anıtlı
* Harabale / Arkah, Turkish: Üçköy
* Harabémechka, Turkish: Dağiçi
* [[Iwardo]], Turkish: [[Gülgöze, Mardin|Gülgöze]]
* [[Kafro Tahtayto]], Turkish: [[Elbeğendi]]
* Kanak, Turkish: Kaynak
* [[Karboran]], Turkish: [[Dargeçit]]
* Kelith, Turkish: Dereiçi
* Kfarbé, Turkish: Güngören
* [[Kfarze]], Turkish: [[Altıntaş, Mardin|Altıntaş]]
* M’aré, Turkish: Eskihisar
* Ma'asarte, Turkish: [[Ömerli, Mardin|Ömerli]]
* [[Mardin]]
* [[Midyat]]
* Mor Bobo, Turkish: Günyurdu
* [[Mzizah]], Turkish: [[Doğançay, Mardin|Doğançay]]
* Nsivin, ancient [[Nisibis]], Turkish: [[Nusaybin]]
* Saleh, Turkish: Barıştepe
* Séderi, Turkish: Üçyol
* Yardo, Turkish: Yamanlar
* Zaz, Turkish: [[İzbırak, Mardin|İzbırak]]

===[[Şırnak Province]]===
* [[İdil|Azakh]], Turkish: [[İdil]]
* Basibrin / Bsorino, Turkish: Haberli
* Bohtan
* Esfes, Turkish: Yarbaşı
* Geznakh, Turkish: Cevizağacı in [[Beytüşşebap]]
* HOZ, in [[Beytüşşebap]]
* Gzira, Turkish: [[Cizre]]
* Hassana, Turkish: Kösreli
* Meer, Turkish: Kovankaya in [[Beytüşşebap]]
* Miden, Turkish: Ögündük
* Sare / Ester / Gawayto, Turkish: Sarıköy
* Shari
* Tamerzé, Turkish: Uçar

===[[Şanlıurfa Province]]===
* Şanlıurfa

===[[Van Province]]===
* Van
{{div col end}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Chaldeans}}
* [[Chaldean diaspora]]
* [[Chaldean people]]
* [[List of Nochiyayeh settlements]]
* [[Tur Abdin]] (Syriac name for the settlements and regions in Mardin and Sirnak province)

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Chaldean communities}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Chaldean Settlements}}
[[Category:Chaldean settlements| ]]
[[Category:Populated places in Iraq]]
[[Category:Populated places in Iran]]
[[Category:Populated places in Syria]]
[[Category:Populated places in Turkey]]

Chaldean people

2015-07-20T03:35:45Z

Brightstar:

{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Chaldean people ''{{transl|arc-Latn|Kaldaya}}'' / ''{{transl|arc-Latn|Sūrāyē}}'' / ''{{transl|arc-Latn|Keldaya}}'' <ref>also transliterated ''{{transl|arc-Latn|Sūrōyē}}'' / ''{{transl|arc-Latn|Sūrōyē}}'' / ''{{transl|arc-Latn|Kaldaya}}''; all of ''{{transl|arc-Latn|ā}}'', ''{{transl|arc-Latn|ō}}'' and word-final ''{{transl|arc-Latn|ē}}''
transliterate Aramaic [[Ālaph]] {{script|Armi|[[ܐ]]}}. ''Modern Aramaic Dictionary & Phrasebook: (Chaldean)'' (2015), ISBN 1978-0-37818-1087-6, p. 4; see also [[Names of Chaldean]].</ref>
| image =

{{image array
|perrow = 2
| width = 140
| height = 140
| image1 = Nabonidus.jpg | caption1 = [[Nabonidus]]
| image2 = MBashir.jpg | caption2 = [[Munir Bashir]]
| image3 = Maria Theresa Asmar.png | caption3 = [[Maria Theresa Asmar]]
| image4 = Hormuzd.Rassam.reclined.jpg | caption4 = [[Hormuz Rassam]]
| image5 = Ammobabaold.jpg | caption5 = [[Ammo Baba]]
| image6 = Archbishop Mar Paulos Faraj Rahho.jpg | caption6 = [[Archbishop Mar Paulos Faraj Rahho]]
| image7 = Sister Cecilia Moshi Hanna.jpg | caption7 = [[Sister Cecilia Moshi Hanna]]
| image8 = Her Ragheed Aziz Ganni.jpg | caption8 = [[Her Ragheed Aziz Ganni]]
}}
| caption =
| population = 2–3.3 million<ref>[http://www.unpo.org/article/7859], [[UNPO]] estimates</ref>
| region1 = '''{{resize|120%|Traditional areas of Chaldean settlement}}'''
| region2 = {{pad|0.6em}}{{flag|Iraq}}
| pop2 = 300,000
| ref2 = {{lower|<ref name="ishtartv.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.ishtartv.com/viewarticle,48856.html|title=مسؤول مسيحي : عدد المسيحيين في العراق تراجع الى ثلاثمائة الف|publisher=|accessdate=18 February 2015}}</ref>}}
| region3 = {{pad|0.6em}}{{flag|Syria}}
| pop3 = 400,000
| ref3 = {{lower|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/security/2014/04/syria-Chaldeans-threat-crisis.html|title=Syria’s Chaldeans threatened by extremists – Al-Monitor: the Pulse of the Middle East|work=Al-Monitor|accessdate=18 February 2015}}</ref>}}
| region4 = {{pad|0.6em}}{{flag|Iran}}
| pop4 = 20,000
| ref4 = {{lower|<ref name="atourpop">[http://www.aina.org/articles/dtcitaic.htm].</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees |url=http://www.refworld.org/docid/4cb826c3c.html |title=Iran: Last of the Chaldeans |publisher=Refworld |date=2010-10-13 |accessdate=2013-09-18}}</ref>}}
| region5 = {{pad|0.6em}}{{flag|Turkey}}
| pop5 = 15,000–25,100
| ref5 = {{lower|<ref name="atourpop" /><ref>[http://www.refworld.org/docid/49749c9837.html].</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/10464/TU|title=Chaldean in Turkey|author=Joshua Project|publisher=|accessdate=18 February 2015}}</ref>}}
| region6 = '''{{resize|120%|[[Chaldean diaspora|Diaspora]]}}'''
| region6 = {{pad|0.6em}}{{flag|Sweden}}
| pop6 = 100,000
| ref6 = {{lower|<ref>[http://www.eurfedling.org/Sweden.htm Demographics of Sweden], [[Swedish Language Council]] "Sweden has also one of the largest exile communities of Chaldean and Syriac Christians with a population of around 100,000."</ref>}}
| region7 = {{pad|0.6em}}{{flag|United States}}
| pop7 = 110,807–400,000
| ref7 = {{lower|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_11_1YR_S0201&prodType=table|title=American FactFinder – Results|author=Data Access and Dissemination Systems (DADS)|publisher=|accessdate=18 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|http://www.kaldaya.net/Articles/500/Atricle575_Sep12_07_Chaldean.html|title=Brief History of Chaldeans|publisher=|accessdate=18 February 2015}}</ref>}}
| region8 = {{pad|0.6em}}{{flag|Jordan}}
| pop8 = 100,000–150,000
| ref8 = {{lower|<ref>[http://spectator.org/archives/2007/07/02/thrown-to-the-lions Thrown to the Lions], [[Doug Bandow]], The America Spectator</ref><ref>[ Jordan Should Legally Recognize Displaced Iraqis As Refugees], AINA.org. [http://www.crosswalk.com/news/religiontoday/11542438/ Chaldean Christians Flee Iraq to Neighboring Jordan], ASSIST News Service</ref>}}
| region9 = {{pad|0.6em}}{{flag|Germany}}
| pop9 = 100,000
| ref9 = {{lower|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sokad.de/index.php/erzdioezese|title=Erzdiözese|publisher=|accessdate=18 February 2015}}</ref>}}
| region10 = {{pad|0.6em}}{{flag|Australia}}
| pop10 = 24,505–60,000
| ref10 = {{lower|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/ABSNavigation/prenav/ViewData?action=404&documentproductno=0&documenttype=Details&order=1&tabname=Details&areacode=0&issue=2006&producttype=Census%20Tables&javascript=true&textversion=false&navmapdisplayed=true&breadcrumb=POTLD&&collection=Census&period=2006&productlabel=Ancestry%20(full%20classification%20list)%20by%20Sex&producttype=Census%20Tables&method=Place%20of%20Usual%20Residence&topic=Ancestry&|title=Redirect to Census data page|publisher=|accessdate=18 February 2015}}</ref><ref>[http://www.smh.com.au/news/National/Fear-checks-turnout-for-Iraq-poll/2005/01/21/1106110948104.html][http://museumvictoria.com.au/origins/history.aspx?pid=29&cat=NONE&cid=0] More than two thirds of Iraqis in Australia (80,000) are Christians</ref>}}
| region11 = {{pad|0.6em}}{{flag|Lebanon}}
| pop11 = 39,000
| ref11 = {{lower|<ref>{{cite web|author=Tore Kjeilen |url=http://looklex.com/e.o/lebanon.religions.htm |title=Lebanon / Religions – LookLex Encyclopaedia |publisher=Looklex.com |accessdate=2013-09-18}}</ref>}}
| region12 = {{pad|0.6em}}{{flag|Netherlands}}
| pop12 = 20,000
| ref12 = {{lower|<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=http://www.aina.org/news/20040620144321.htm |title=CNN Under-Estimates Iraqi Chaldean Population |publisher=Aina.org |accessdate=2013-09-18}}</ref>}}
| region13 = {{pad|0.6em}}{{flag|France}}
| pop13 = 16,000
| ref13 = {{lower|<ref name=Wieviorka166>{{Harvnb|Wieviorka|Bataille|2007|pp=166}}</ref>}}
| region14 = {{pad|0.6em}}{{flag|Belgium}}
| pop14 = 15,000
| ref14 = {{lower|<ref name="ReferenceA" />}}
| region15 = {{pad|0.6em}}{{flag|Russia}}
| pop15 = 10,911
| ref15 = {{lower|<ref name="AINApop">{{cite web|url=http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?act=url&depth=1&hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=auto&tl=en&u=http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/Documents/Vol4/pub-04-04.xlsx&usg=ALkJrhgaxBAcNkW4GbQMayFRueaNMarhEA |title=Google Translate |publisher=Translate.googleusercontent.com |accessdate=2013-09-18}}</ref>}}
| region16 = {{pad|0.6em}}{{flag|Canada}}
| pop16 = 10,810
| ref16 = {{lower|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?TABID=2&LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=1118296&GK=0&GRP=0&PID=105396&PRID=0&PTYPE=105277&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2013&THEME=95&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=&D1=0&D2=0&D3=0&D4=0&D5=0&D6=0 |title=2011 National Household Survey: Data tables |author=[[Statistics Canada]] |accessdate=11 February 2014}}</ref>}}
| region17 = {{pad|0.6em}}{{flag|Switzerland}}
| pop17 = 10,000
| ref17 = {{lower|<ref name="ReferenceA" />}}
| region18 = {{pad|0.6em}}{{flag|Denmark}}
| pop18 = 10,000
| ref18 = {{lower|<ref name="ReferenceA" />}}
| region19 = {{pad|0.6em}}{{flag|United Kingdom}}
| pop19 = 6,390
| ref19 = {{lower|<ref>{{cite web|author=Joshua Project |url=http://www.joshuaproject.net/people-profile.php?peo3=10464&rog3=UK |title=Chaldean of United Kingdom Ethnic People Profile |publisher=Joshuaproject.net |accessdate=2013-09-18}}</ref>}}
| region20 = {{pad|0.6em}}{{flag|Greece}}
| pop20 = 6,000
| ref20 = {{lower|<ref name=AthensNews>{{cite news|last=Tzilivakis|first=Kathy|title=Iraq's Forgotten Christians Face Exclusion in Greece|url=http://www.atour.com/news/international/20030623a.html|accessdate=7 April 2012|newspaper=Athens News|date=10 May 2003}}</ref>}}
| region21 = {{pad|0.6em}}{{flag|Georgia}}
| pop21 = 3,299
| ref21 = {{lower|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ecoi.net/189322::georgia/324351.316658.8309...lk.566738/others.htm|title=Georgia – ecoi.net – European Country of Origin Information Network|publisher=|accessdate=18 February 2015}}</ref>}}
| region22 = {{pad|0.6em}}{{flag|Ukraine}}
| pop22 = 3,143
| ref22 = {{lower|<ref>[http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/results/nationality_population/nationality_popul1/ State statistics committee of Ukraine – National composition of population, 2001 census] (Ukrainian)</ref>}}
| region23 = {{pad|0.6em}}{{flag|Italy}}
| pop23 = 3,000
| ref23 = {{lower|<ref name="ReferenceA" />}}
| region24 = {{pad|0.6em}}{{flag|Armenia}}
| pop24 = 2,769
| ref24 = {{lower|<ref name="census">[http://armstat.am/file/article/sv_03_13a_520.pdf 2011 Armenian Census]</ref>}}
| region25 = {{pad|0.6em}}{{flag|New Zealand}}
| pop25 = 1,683
| ref25 = {{lower|<ref>http://www.stats.govt.nz/ New Zealand 2006 census</ref>}}
| region26 = {{pad|0.6em}}{{flag|Azerbaijan}}
| pop26 = 1,500
| ref26 = {{lower|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.joshuaproject.net/people-profile.php?peo3=10464&rog3=AJ|title=Chaldean in Azerbaijan|author=Joshua Project|publisher=|accessdate=18 February 2015}}</ref>}}
| region27 = {{pad|0.6em}}{{flag|Kazakhstan}}
| pop27 = 350–800
| ref27 = {{lower|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astanatimes.com/2014/12/Chaldean-community-kazakhstan-survived-dark-times-now-focuses-education/|title=Chaldean Community in Kazakhstan Survived Dark Times, Now Focuses on Education|work=The Astana Times|accessdate=18 February 2015}}</ref><ref>[http://www.kazakhstanlive.com/2.aspx?sr=3 Kazakhstan Live]</ref>}}
| region28 = {{pad|0.6em}}{{flag|Finland}}
| pop28 = 300
| ref28 = {{lower|<ref>{{ }}</ref>}}
| languages = [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]]: [[Neo-Aramaic languages|Neo-Aramaic]] {{smaller|(also [[Chaldean people#Language|various Neo-Aramaic dialects]])}}
| religions = '''†''' [[Syriac Christianity]]
| related = [[Mhallami]], [[Maronites]]
}}
The '''Chaldeans''' ({{lang-syr| Kaldaya}}), also known as '''Syriacs,''' '''Syrians,''' '''Arameans''' (see [[names of Syriac Christians]]), are an [[ethnic group]] whose origins lie in ancient [[Mesopotamia]]. They speak, read, and write distinct dialects of Chaldean language [[Eastern Aramaic]] exclusive to Mesopotamia and its immediate surroundings.

Today that ancient territory is part of several nations: the north of [[Iraq]], part of southeast [[Turkey]] and northeast [[Syria]]. They are indigenous to, and have traditionally lived all over what is now Iraq, northeast Syria, northwest [[Iran]], and southeastern Turkey.<ref name="MacDonald">*{{cite journal|author=MacDonald, Kevin |date=2004-07-29 |title=Socialization for Ingroup Identity in the United States |publisher=Paper presented at a symposium on socialization for ingroup identity at the meetings of the International Society for Human Ethology, [[Ghent, Belgium]]|url=http://evolution.anthro.univie.ac.at/ishe/conferences/past%20conferences/ghent.html |quote=Based on interviews with community informants, this paper explores socialization for ingroup identity and endogamy among Chaldeans in the United States. The Chaldeans descent from the population of ancient [[Mesopotamia]] (founded in the 24th century BC), and have lived as a [[linguistic]], political, religious, and [[ethnic minority]] in Iraq, Iran, Syria and Turkey since the fall of the [[Chaldean Empire]] in 645 BC. Practices that maintain ethnic and cultural continuity in the [[Near East]], the United States and elsewhere include language and residential patterns, ethnically based [[Christian]] [[local church|churches]] characterized by unique holidays and [[rite]]s, and culturally specific practices related to life-cycle events and [[food preparation]]. The interviews probe parental attitudes and practices related to ethnic [[Cultural identity|identity]] and encouragement of [[endogamy]]. Results are being analyzed. |authorlink=Kevin B. MacDonald}}</ref>{{Better source|reason=Kevin is a white supremacist, not an ethnologist, there must be more objective sources for this|date=January 2015}} Most Chaldeans speak an [[Aramaic language#Modern Eastern Aramaic|Eastern Aramaic language]] whose subdivisions include [[Chaldean Neo-Aramaic]], [[Chaldean Neo-Aramaic|Chaldean]] and [[Kaldya language|Kaldeya]].<ref>The British Survey, By British Society for International Understanding, 1968, page 3</ref>

The Chaldeans are a Christian people, most of them following various [[East Syrian Rite|Eastern Rite]] Churches. Divisions exist between the speakers of [[Northeastern Neo-Aramaic]], who mostly belong to the [[Chaldean Church of the East]], [[Ancient Church of the East]] and [[Chaldean Catholic Church]] and have been historically concentrated in what is now northern Iraq, northwestern Iran, and southeastern Turkey, and speakers of [[Central Neo-Aramaic]], who traditionally belong to the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]] and [[Syriac Catholic Church]] and are indigenous to what is now southern Turkey, northern Syria and northern Iraq.

Many have migrated to the [[Caucasus]], North America, Australia and Europe during the past century or so. [[Chaldean–Syriac diaspora|Diaspora]] and refugee communities are based in Europe (particularly Sweden, Germany, Netherlands, and France), North America, New Zealand, Lebanon, [[Armenia]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.joshuaproject.net/people-profile.php?peo3=10464&rog3=GG|title=Chaldean in Georgia|author=Joshua Project|publisher=|accessdate=18 February 2015}}</ref> southern Russia, Israel, [[Azerbaijan]] and [[Jordan]].

[[Emigration]] was triggered by such events as the [[Chaldean Genocide]] by the [[Ottoman Empire]] during [[World War I]], the [[Simele massacre]] in Iraq (1933), the [[Iranian Revolution|Islamic revolution in Iran]] (1979), Arab Nationalist [[Baathist]] policies in Iraq and Syria, the [[Al-Anfal Campaign]] of [[Saddam Hussein]],<ref>{{ }}</ref> and [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]] nationalist policies in northern Iraq.

Most recently, the [[Iraq War]] has displaced the regional Chaldean community, as its people have faced ethnic and religious persecution at the hands of [[Islamic extremists]] and [[Arab nationalism|Arab]] and [[Kurdish nationalism|Kurdish]] nationalists. Of the one million or more Iraqis reported by the [[United Nations]] to have fled Iraq since the [[History of Iraq (2003–11)|occupation]], nearly 40% are Chaldean, although Chaldeans comprised around 3% of the pre-war Iraqi population.<ref>{{ }}</ref><ref name="Chaldean Report on CWN">{{cite news |title=Iraq's Christian community, fights for its survival |url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zaNG6OF3pQE |publisher=Christian World News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=U.S. Gov't Watchdog Urges Protection for Iraq's Chaldean Christians |url=http://www.christianpost.com/article/20070314/26312_U.S._Gov't_Watchdog_Urges_Protection_for_Iraq's_Chaldean_Christians.htm |work=The Christian Post |accessdate=2007-12-31}}</ref> According to a 2013 report by a [[Chaldean Syriac Popular Council]] official, it is estimated that only 300,000 Chaldeans remain in Iraq.<ref name="ishtartv.com" />

== History ==
{{Main|History of the Chaldean people}}
{{History of Chaldean people}}
=== Pre-Christian history ===
{{Main|Chaldea|Arameans}}

=== Arab conquest ===
The Chaldeans initially experienced some periods of religious and cultural freedom interspersed with periods of severe religious and ethnic persecution after Arab Islamic invasion and conquest of the 7th century AD. As heirs to ancient Mesopotamian civilisation, they also contributed hugely to the Arab Islamic Civilization during the [[Ummayad Caliphate|Umayyads]] and the [[Abbasids]] by translating works of [[Greek philosophers]] to Syriac and afterwards to [[Arabic language|Arabic]]. They also excelled in [[philosophy]], [[science]] and [[theology]] (such as [[Tatian]], [[Bar Daisan]], [[Babai the Great]], [[Nestorius]], [[Toma bar Yacoub]] etc.) and the personal [[physicians]] of the Abbasid Caliphs were often Chaldean [[Christians]] such as the long serving [[Bukhtishu]] dynasty.<ref>Rémi Brague, [https://web.archive.org/web/20130927015958/http://www.christiansofiraq.com Chaldean Contributions To The Islamic Civilization]. (Archived: 27 September 2013)</ref>

However, despite this, indigenous Chaldeans became second class citizens in a greater Arab Islamic state, and those who resisted Arabization and conversion to Islam were subject to severe religious, ethnic and cultural discrimination, and had certain restrictions imposed upon them.<ref>Clinton Bennett (2005). ''Muslims and Modernity: An Introduction to the Issues and Debates''. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 163. ISBN 0-8264-5481-X. Retrieved 2012-07-07</ref> Chaldeans were excluded from specific duties and occupations reserved for Muslims, they did not enjoy the same political rights as Muslims, their word was not equal to that of a Muslim in legal and civil matters, as Christians they were subject to payment of a special tax (jizyah), they were banned from spreading their religion further or building new churches in Muslim ruled lands, but were also expected to adhere to the same laws of property, contract and obligation as the Muslim Arabs.<ref>H. Patrick Glenn, ''Legal Traditions of the World''. Oxford University Press, 2007, p. 219.</ref>

As non-Islamic [[proselytising]] was punishable by death under [[Sharia]] law, the Chaldeans were forced into preaching in [[Transoxania]], [[Central Asia]], [[India]], [[Mongolia]] and [[China]] where they established numerous churches. The [[Church of the East]] was considered to be one of the major Christian powerhouses in the world, alongside Latin Christianity in Europe and the [[Byzantine Empire]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Winkler|first=Dietmar|title=Hidden Treasures And Intercultural Encounters: Studies On East Syriac Christianity In China And Central Asia|year=2009|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7f9gS40A_3IC&pg=PA321}}</ref>

From the 7th century AD onwards Mesopotamia saw a steady influx of Arabs, [[Kurdish people|Kurds]] and other [[Iranian peoples]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Aboona|first=Hirmis|title=Chaldeans, Kurds, and Ottomans: intercommunal relations on the periphery of the Ottoman Empire|year=2008|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=AdZfWpd4YrYC&pg=PR11}}</ref> and later [[Turkic peoples]], and the indigenous population retaining native Mesopotamian culture, identity, language, religion and customs were steadily marginalised and gradually became a minority in their own homeland.<ref>{{cite book|last=Khanbaghi|first=Aptin|title=The fire, the star and the cross: minority religions in medieval and early modern Iran|year=2006|publisher=I.B.Tauris|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7iAbUEaXnfEC&pg=PA86}}</ref>

The process of marginalisation was largely completed by the massacres of indigenous Chaldean Christians and other non-Muslims in Mesopotamia and its surrounds by [[Tamerlane]] the [[Mongol]] in the 14th century AD, and it was from this point that the ancient Chaldean capital of [[Assur]] was finally abandoned by Chaldeans.<ref>{{cite book|last=Khanbaghi|first=Aptin|title=The fire, the star and the cross: minority religions in medieval and early modern Iran|year=2006|publisher=I.B.Tauris|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7iAbUEaXnfEC&pg=PA87}}</ref>

However, many Chaldean Christians survived the various massacres and pogroms, and resisted the process of ''[[Arabization]]'' and ''[[Islamification]]'', retaining a distinct Mesopotamian identity, Mesopotamian Aramaic language and written script. The modern Chaldeans, Syriac-Arameans or Chaldeans of today are descendants of the indigenous inhabitants of Mesopotamia, who refused to be converted to Islam or be culturally and linguistically Arabized.

[[File:SyriacChurch-Mosul.jpg|thumb|Celebration at a Syriac Orthodox monastery in [[Mosul]], [[Ottoman Syria]], early 20th century.]]
Culturally, ethnically and linguistically distinct from, although both quite influencing on, and quite influenced by, their neighbours in the Middle East—the Arabs, [[Persian people|Persians]], Kurds, [[Turkish people|Turks]], [[Jewish people|Jews]] and [[Armenian people|Armenians]] — the Chaldeans have endured much hardship throughout their recent history as a result of [[religious]] and [[ethnic]] [[persecution]].

=== Mongolian and Turkic rule ===
The region came under the control of the [[Mongol Empire]] after the [[Siege of Baghdad (1258)|fall of Baghdad]] in 1258. The Mongol khans were sympathetic with Christians and did not harm them. The most prominent among them was probably [[Isa Kelemechi|Isa]], a diplomat, astrologer, and head of the Christian affairs in the [[Yuan Dynasty]] in East Asia. He spent some time in Persia under the Ilkhans. The 14th century AD massacres of [[Timur]] in particular, devastated the Chaldean people. Timur's massacres and pillages of all that was Christian drastically reduced their existence. At the end of the reign of Timur, the Chaldean population had almost been eradicated in many places. Toward the end of the thirteenth century, [[Bar Hebraeus]] (or Bar-Abraya), the noted Chaldean scholar and hierarch, found "much quietness" in his diocese in Mesopotamia. Syria’s diocese, he wrote, was "wasted."

The region was later controlled by Turkic tribes such as the [[Aq Qoyunlu]] and [[Qara Qoyunlu]]. [[Seljuq]] and Arab emirates sought to extend their rule over the region as well.

=== From Iranian Safavid to confirmed Ottoman rule ===
{{See also|Massacres of Badr Khan |Massacres of Diyarbakir (1895)}}
[[File:Chaldean Genocide memorial Diyarbakir Turkey.jpg|thumb|Chaldean Genocide memorial Diyarbakir, Turkey]]
The Ottomans secured their control over Mesopotamia and Syria in the first half of the 17th century following the [[Ottoman–Safavid War (1623–39)]] and the resulting [[Treaty of Zuhab]]. Non-Muslims were organised into [[Millet (Ottoman Empire)|millets]]. Syriac Christians, however, were often considered one millet alongside Armenians until the 19th century, when Nestorian, Syriac Orthodox and Chaldeans gained that right as well.<ref name=kennith255>[http://books.google.com/books?id=fHtSuvaVAAoC&pg=PA255 The Blackwell companion to Eastern Christianity], Kenneth Parry</ref>

A religious schism amongs the Chaldeans took place in the mid to late 16th century. Dissent over the hereditary succession within the Chaldean Church of the East grew until 1552, when a group of Chaldean bishops, from the northern regions of [[Amid]] and [[Salmas]], elected a priest, Mar [[Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa|Yohannan Sulaqa]], as a rival patriarch. To look for a bishop of [[metropolitan bishop|metropolitan]] rank to consecrate him patriarch, Sulaqa traveled to the [[pope]] in Rome and entered into communion with the [[Catholic Church]]. In 1553 he was consecrated bishop and elevated to the rank of patriarch taking the name of Mar Shimun VIII. He was granted the title of "Patriarch of the Chaldeans," and his church was named the Church of ''Athura and Mosul''.<ref>George V. Yana (Bebla), "Myth vs. Reality," ''JAA Studies'', Vol. XIV, No. 1, 2000 p. 80</ref>

Mar Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa returned to northern [[Mesopotamia]] in the same year and fixed his seat in Amid. Before being put to death by the partisans of the [[Church of the East]] patriarch of [[Alqosh]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Frazee|first=Charles A. |title=Catholics and Sultans: The Church and the Ottoman Empire 1453–1923 |year=2006 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-02700-7|page=56}}</ref>{{rp|57}} he ordained five metropolitan bishops thus beginning a new ecclesiastical hierarchy: the patriarchal line known as the ''Shimun line''. The area of influence of this patriarchate soon moved from Amid east, fixing the See, after many places, in the isolated Chaldean village of [[Qochanis]]. Although this new church eventually drifted away from Rome by 1600 AD and reentered communion with the Chaldean Church, the archbishop of [[Amid]] reinstated relations with Rome in 1672 AD, giving birth to the modern [[Chaldean Catholic Church]].

In the 1840s many of the Chaldeans living in the mountains of [[Hakkari]] in the south eastern corner of the Ottoman Empire were massacred by the Kurdish emirs of Hakkari and Bohtan.<ref>{{cite book|last=Aboona|first=H|author-link=Hirmis Aboona|title=Chaldeans, Kurds, and Ottomans: intercommunal relations on the periphery of the Ottoman Empire|pages=218–219|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=AdZfWpd4YrYC|year=2008|publisher=Cambria Press|isbn=978-1-60497-583-3}}</ref>

Another major massacre of Chaldeans (and Armenians) in the [[Ottoman Empire]] occurred between 1894 and 1897 AD by Turkish troops and their Kurdish allies during the rule of Sultan [[Abdul Hamid II]]. The motives for these massacres were an attempt to reassert [[Pan-Islamism]] in the Ottoman Empire, resentment at the comparative wealth of the ancient indigenous Christian communities, and a fear that they would attempt to secede from the tottering Ottoman Empire. Chaldeans were massacred in [[Diyarbakir]], [[Hasankeyef]], [[Sivas]] and other parts of Anatolia, by Sultan Abdul Hamid II. These attacks caused the death of over thousands of Chaldeans and the forced "Ottomanisation" of the inhabitants of 245 villages. The Turkish troops looted the remains of the Chaldean settlements and these were later stolen and occupied by Kurds. Unarmed Chaldean women and children were raped, tortured and murdered.<ref>{{cite book|last=de Courtois|first=S|title=The forgotten genocide: eastern Christians, the last Arameans|pages=105–107|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=whDcogCNZs4C|year=2004|publisher=Gorgias Press LLC|isbn=978-1-59333-077-4}}</ref>

==== World War I and Aftermath ====
{{Main|Chaldean Genocide|Chaldean struggle for independence}}
The most significant recent persecution against the Chaldean population was the [[Chaldean genocide]] which occurred during the First World War. About 300,000 Chaldeans were estimated to have been slaughtered by the armies of the Ottoman Empire and their Kurdish allies, totalling up to two-thirds of the entire Chaldean population. This led to a large-scale migration of Turkish-based Chaldean people into countries such as Syria, [[Iran]], and Iraq (where they were to suffer further violent assaults at the hands of the Arabs and Kurds), as well as other neighbouring countries in and around the Middle East such as Armenia, [[Republic of Georgia|Georgia]] and [[Russia]].<ref>The Plight of Religious Minorities: Can Religious Pluralism Survive? - Page 51 by United States Congress</ref><ref>The Armenian Genocide: Wartime Radicalization Or Premeditated Continuum – Page 272 edited by Richard Hovannisian</ref><ref>Not Even My Name: A True Story – Page 131 by Thea Halo</ref><ref>The Political Dictionary of Modern Middle East by Agnes G. Korbani</ref>

In reaction to the [[Chaldean Genocide]] and lured by [[United Kingdom|British]] and Russian promises of an independent nation, the Chaldeans led by [[Agha Petros]] and [[Malik Khoshaba]] of the Bit-[[Tyari]] tribe, fought alongside the allies against Ottoman evil forces. Despite being heavily outnumbered and outgunned the Chaldeans fought successfully, scoring a number of victories over the Turks and Kurds. This situation continued until their Russian allies left the war, and Armenian resistance broke, leaving the Chaldeans surrounded, isolated and cut off from lines of supply.

=== Modern history ===
{{Main|Simele Massacre}}
The majority of Chaldean living in what is today modern Turkey were forced to flee to either Syria or Iraq after the Turkish victory during the [[Turkish War of Independence]].

The [[Chaldean Levies]] were founded by the [[United Kingdom|British]] in 1928, with ancient Chaldean military rankings such as [[Rab-shakeh]], Rab-talia and [[Tartan (Chaldean)|Tartan]], being revived for the first time in millennia for this force. The Chaldeans were prized by the British rulers for their fighting qualities, loyalty, bravery and discipline,<ref>Len Dieghton, ''Blood Sweat and Tears''</ref> and were used to help the British put down insurrections among the Arabs and Kurds. During [[World War II]], eleven Chaldean companies saw action in [[Palestine]] and another four served in [[Cyprus]]. The Parachute Company was attached to the [[Royal Marine Commando]] and were involved in fighting in [[Albania]], [[Italy]] and [[Greece]].
The Chaldean Levies played a major role in subduing the pro-[[Nazi]] Iraqi forces at the battle of [[Habbaniyah|Habbaniya]] in 1941.

However, this cooperation with the British was viewed with suspicion by some leaders of the newly formed [[Kingdom of Iraq]]. The tension reached its peak shortly after the formal declaration of independence when hundreds of Chaldean civilians were massacred during the [[Simele Massacre]] by the [[Iraqi Army]] in August 1933. The events lead to the expulsion of [[Shimun XXIII Eshai]] the Catholicos Patriarch of the [[Church of the East]] to the United States where resided until his death in 1975.<ref>{{Citation|last=Zubaida|first=S|title=Contested nations: Iraq and the Chaldeans|journal=Nations and Nationalism|date=July 2000|volume=6|issue=3|pages=363–382|doi=10.1111/j.1354-5078.2000.00363.x|url=http://www.aina.org/articles/contestednations.pdf|accessdate=23 September 2011}}</ref><ref name="peshitta1">{{cite web|title=Biography of His Holiness, The Chaldean Martyr, The Late Mar Eshai Shimun XXIII|url=http://www.peshitta.org/initial/mareshai.html|work=Committee of the 50th Anniversary of the Patriarchate of Mar Eshai Shimun XXIII|publisher=peshitta.org|accessdate=23 September 2011}}</ref>

The [[Ba'ath Party]] seized power in [[February 1963 Iraqi coup d'état|Iraq]] and [[1963 Syrian coup d'état|Syria]] in 1963, which introduced laws that aimed at suppressing the Chaldean national identity, the Arab Nationalist policies of the Ba'athists included renewed attempts to forcibly "Arabize" the indigenous Chaldeans. The giving of traditional Chaldean/Akkadian names and East Aramaic/Syriac versions of Biblical names was banned, Chaldean schools, political parties, churches and literature were repressed and Chaldeans were heavily pressured into identifying as ''Arab Christians''. The Ba'athist government refused to recognise Chaldeans as an ethnic group, and fostered divisions among the ethnic Chaldeans along religious lines (e.g. Chaldean Church of the East vs Chaldean Catholic Church vs Syriac Orthodox Church vs Chaldean Protestant).<ref name="UNHCR1">{{cite web|url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,USCIS,,IRQ,,3f520de14,0.html|title=Refworld – Iraq: Information on treatment of Chaldean Christians|author=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|work=Refworld|accessdate=18 February 2015}}</ref>

The [[al-Anfal Campaign]] of 1986–1989 in Iraq was predominantly aimed at Kurds. However, 2,000 Chaldeans were murdered through its gas campaigns; over 31 towns and villages and 25 Chaldean monasteries and churches were razed to the ground; a number of Chaldeans were murdered; others were deported to large cities, and their land and homes then being appropriated by Arabs and Kurds.<ref>[http://www.indict.org.uk/crimedetails.php?crime=Anfal The Anfal Offensives], indict.org.uk</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Certrez, Donabed, and Makko |title=The Chaldean Heritage: Threads of Continuity and Influence |pages=288–289|year=2012|publisher=Uppsala University|isbn=978-91-554-8303-6}}</ref>

==== 21st Century ====
{{Main|Chaldean exodus from Iraq|2008 attacks on Christians in Mosul}}
Since the 2003 Iraq War social unrest and anarchy have resulted in the unprovoked persecution of Chaldeans in Iraq, mostly by [[Islamic fundamentalism|Islamic extremists]], (both [[Shia]] and [[Sunni]]), and to some degree by [[Kurdish nationalism|Kurdish nationalists]]. In places such as [[Dora, Baghdad|Dora]], a neighborhood in southwestern [[Baghdad]], the majority of its Chaldean population has either fled abroad or to northern Iraq, or has been murdered.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boston.com/news/world/middleeast/articles/2007/07/05/exodus_of_christians_hits_baghdad_district/|title=Exodus of Christians hits Baghdad district|work=The Boston Globe|accessdate=18 February 2015}}</ref>

Islamic resentment over the United States' occupation of Iraq, and incidents such as the [[Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy|''Jyllands-Posten'' Muhammad cartoons]] and the [[Pope Benedict XVI Islam controversy]], have resulted in Muslims attacking Chaldean Christian communities. Since the start of the Iraq war, at least 46 churches and monasteries have been bombed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kaldaya.net/2011/News/08/Aug24_E2_BombersTargetKirkuk.html |title=Church Bombings in Iraq Since 2004 |publisher=Kaldaya.net|accessdate=2008-11-16}}</ref>

The '''Syriac Military Council''' is an Chaldean/Syriac military organisation in Syria. The establishment of the organisation was announced on 8 January 2013. According to the Syriac Military Council the goal of the organisation is to stand up for the national rights of Syriacs and to protect the Syriac people in Syria. It intends to work together with the other communities in Syria to change the current government of [[Bashar al-Assad]]. The organisation will fight mostly in the densely populated Syriac areas of the Governorates of [[Aleppo Governorate|Aleppo]], [[Damascus]], [[Al-Hasakah Governorate|Al-Hasakah]], [[Latakia Governorate|Latakia]] and [[Homs Governorate|Homs]].<ref>[http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/syriacs-establish-military-council-in-syria.aspx?pageID=238&nid=40329 Syriacs establish military council in Syria], ''[[Hürriyet Daily News]]'', 2 February 2013</ref>

== Demographics ==
[[File:Chaldean world population.png|thumb|Chaldean World Population 
{{legend|#440055|more than 500,000}}
{{legend|#aa00d4|100,000–500,000}}
{{legend|#dd55ff|50,000–100,000}}
{{legend|#eeaaff|10,000–50,000}}
{{legend|#F9D6FE|less than 10,000}}]]

=== Homeland ===
{{Main|Chaldean Homeland}}
The Chaldeans are considered to be one of the indigenous people in the Middle East. Their homeland was thought to be located in the area around the [[Tigris]] and [[Euphrates]]. Chaldeans are traditionally from Iraq, south eastern Turkey, north western [[Iran]] and north eastern Syria. There is a significant Chaldean population in Syria, where an estimated 877,000 Chaldeans live.<ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/%5C/15/show_country.asp?name=SY], [[SIL Ethnologue]]</ref>

In [[Tur Abdin]], known as a homeland for Chaldeans, there are only 3000 left,<ref name="3000turabdin">*[http://sor.cua.edu/SOCNews/index.html SOC News report,] ''He was documenting life in the Tur Abdin, where about 3,000 members of the Aramean minority still live''.</ref> and an estimated 25,000 in all of Turkey.<ref name=autogenerated18>[http://sor.cua.edu/SOCNews/2002/20021201EUPStmt.html Statement on Chaldeans/Syriacs in Turkey/Iraq]</ref> After the 1915 [[Chaldean genocide]] many Chaldeans/Syriacs also fled into Lebanon, Jordan, Iran, Iraq and into the [[Western world]].

The Chaldean/Syriac people can be divided along geographic, linguistic, and denominational lines, the three main groups being:
* the "[[West Syrian Rite|Western]]" or "Jacobite" group of Syria, and central eastern [[Anatolia]] ([[Syriac Orthodox Church]] & [[Syriac Catholic Church]]);
* the "[[East Syrian Rite|Eastern]]" group of Iraq, northeast Syria south eastern Turkey, northwest Iran and Armenia ([[ Church of the East]] & [[Ancient Church of the East]]);
* the [[Chaldean Christians|"Chaldean Christian" or "Chaldean Catholic"]]/Chaldo-Chaldean group of northern and central Iraq, northern Iran, and eastern [[Anatolia]] ([[Chaldean Catholic Church]]); Chaldean followers of the Chaldean Catholic church make up the majority of Iraqi Christian population since rejoining to Catholicism from the Chaldean [[Church of the East]] in the 16th century.

=== Persecution ===
Due to their Christian faith and ethnicity, the Chaldeans have been persecuted since their adoption of Christianity. During the reign of [[Yazdegerd I]], Christians in Persia were viewed with suspicion as potential Roman subversives, resulting in persecutions while at the same time promoting [[Nestorianism|Nestorian]] Christianity as a buffer between the Churches of Rome and Persia. Persecutions and attempts to impose [[Zoroastrianism]] continued during the reign of [[Yazdegerd II]].<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=1u2oP2RihIgC&lpg=PA85&ots=kajqpsTjCe&dq=constantine%20christianity%20yazdegerd&pg=PA85#v=onepage&q=constantine%20christianity%20yazdegerd&f=false ''This History of the Medieval World''] by Susan Wise Bauer, pg. 85-87</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=2nWP0_6gkiYC&lpg=PA83&ots=lI-wd4D4Mk&dq=constantine%20christianity%20yazdegerd&pg=PA84#v=onepage&q=constantine%20christianity%20yazdegerd&f=false ''A Short World History of Christianity''] by Robert Bruce Mullin, pp. 82-85</ref>

During the eras of Mongol rule under [[Genghis Khan]] and [[Timur]], there was indiscriminate slaughter of tens of thousands of Chaldeans and destruction of the Chaldean population of northwestern Iran and central and northern Iran.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/409819/Nestorian |title=Nestorian (Christian sect) |publisher=Britannica.com |accessdate=2013-09-18}}</ref>

More recent persecutions since the 19th century include the [[Massacres of Badr Khan]], the [[Massacres of Diyarbakır (1895)]], the [[Adana Massacre]], the [[Chaldean Genocide]], the [[Simele Massacre]], and the [[al-Anfal Campaign]].

=== Diaspora ===
Since the [[Chaldean Genocide | Chaldean genocide]], many Chaldeans have fled their homelands for a more safe and comfortable life in the West. Since the beginning of the 20th century, the Chaldean population in the Middle East has decreased dramatically. As of today there are more Chaldeans in Europe, North America, and Australia than in their former homeland.

A total of 550,000 Chaldeans live in Europe.<ref>http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=70134</ref> Large Chaldean and Syriac diaspora communities can be found in Germany, Sweden, the USA, and Australia. The largest Chaldean and Syriac diaspora communities are those of [[Södertälje]], [[Chicago]], and [[Detroit]].

== Chaldean Identity ==

[[File:Chaldean Flag.jpg|thumb|[[Chaldean Nation flag]] <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kaldaya.net/2010/News/04/April01_2010_E3_Akitu7310_TripToElMontePark.html |title=Chaldea |publisher=kaldaya.net |accessdate=2008-11-16| archiveurl=http://www.kaldaya.net/2010/News/04/April01_2010_E3_Akitu7310_TripToElMontePark.html| archivedate=12 October 2008 | deadurl=no}}</ref>]]

Chaldeans have several churches (see below). They speak, and many can read and write, dialects of [[Chaldean language|Chaldean Neo-Aramaic]].<ref>Florian Coulmas, ''The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems'' 23 (1996)</ref>

In certain areas of the [[Chaldean homeland]], identity within a community depends on a person's village of origin (see [[List of Chaldean villages]]) or Christian denomination rather than their [[Chaldean | Chaldean]] ethnic commonality, for instance [[Chaldean Catholic]].

Neo-Aramaic exhibits remarkably conservative features compared with [[Imperial Aramaic]].<ref>J.G. Browne, "The Chaldeans", ''Journal of the Royal Society of Arts'' 85 (1937)</ref>

=== Other Related Self-designation ===
{{Main|Chaldean Names of Syriac Christians}}
The communities of indigenous pre-Arab Chaldean Neo-Aramaic-speaking people of Iraq, Israel, Palestine, Syria, Iran, Turkey and [[Lebanon]] and the surrounding areas advocate different terms for ethnic self-designation.
* "Chaldeans", after the ancient [[Mesopotamia]], advocated by followers of the [[Chaldean Church of the East]], the [[Ancient Church of the East]], followers of the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]] and Chaldean [[non Catholics]]. ("Chaldeans"),<ref name="Catholic Encyclopaedia">[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05230a.htm "Eastern Churches"], ''[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]'', see "Eastern Syrians" and "Western Syrians" respectively. Modern terminology within the group is Western Chaldeans and Eastern Chaldeans respectively, while those who reject the Chaldean identity opt for Syriacs or Aramean rather than Chaldean.</ref> and some communities of the Syriac Orthodox Church and Syriac Catholic Church ("Chaldeans"). Those identifying with Chaldea, and with Mesopotamia in general, tend to be from Iraq, northeastern Syria; southeastern Turkey, Iran, Armenia, Georgia; southern Russia and [[Azerbaijan]]. It is likely that those from this region are indeed of Chaldean/Mesopotamian heritage as they are clearly of pre-Arab and pre-Islamic stock. Furthermore, there is no historical evidence or proof to suggest the indigenous Mesopotamians were wiped out; Chaldea existed as a specifically named region until the second half of the 7th century AD. Most speak Chaldean and the Mesopotamian dialects of Neo-Aramaic. [[Chaldean nationalism]] emphatically connects Modern Chaldeans to the population of ancient Mesopotamia and the Neo-Chaldean Empire. A historical basis of this sentiment was disputed by a few early historians,<ref>{{cite web|title=Early History of Chaldea to 5300 B.C.|url=http://www.kaldaya.net/Articles/500/Atricle575_Sep12_07_Chaldean.html|year=2005|quote=The survival of the Chaldean people will always remain a unique and striking phenomenon in ancient history. Other, similar kingdoms and empires have indeed passed away but the people have lived on. ... No other land seems to have been sacked and pillaged so completely as was Chaldea .}}</ref> but receives strong support from modern [[Sumeriologists]] like Robert D. Biggs and Giorgi Tsereteli <ref>{{cite journal |author=Biggs, Robert |year=2005 |title=My Career in Sumeriology and Near Eastern Archaeology |journal=[[Journal of Chaldean Academic Studies]] |volume=19 |issue=1 |publisher=|url=http://www.kaldaya.net/2010/News/04/April01_2010_E3_Akitu7310_TripToElMontePark.html |format=HTML |authorlink=Kaldaya.net}} pp. 10, "Especially in view of the very early establishment of Christianity in Chaldea and its continuity to the present and the continuity of the population, I think there is every likelihood that ancient Chaldeans are among the ancestors of modern Chaldeans of the area." </ref>

* "[[Chaldean Christians|Chaldeans]]", after ancient [[Chaldea]], advocated by some followers of the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]] who are mainly based in the [[United States]]. This is mainly a denominational rather than ethnic term, though some Chaldean Catholics espouse a distinct Chaldean ethnic identity. It is likely that these are exactly the same people as the Chaldeans, both having the same culture and originating from the same lands.<ref>{{ }}</ref>
* "Syriacs", advocated by followers of the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]], [[Syriac Catholic Church]] and to a much lesser degree [[Maronite Church]]. Those self identifying as Syriacs tend to be from Syria as well as south central Turkey. The term Syriac is the subject of some controversy, as it is generally accepted by most scholars that it is a [[Luwian]] and [[Greeks|Greek]] corruption of Chaldean. The discovery of the [[Çineköy inscription]] seems to settle conclusively in favour of Chaldea being the origin of the terms Syria and Syriac. For this reason, some Chaldeans accept the term Syriac as well as Chaldean. However, [[Poseidonios]] (ca. 135 BC – 51 BC), from the Syrian [[Apamea, Syria|Apamea]], was a Greek Stoic philosopher, politician, astronomer, geographer, historian, and teacher who says that the Syrians call themselves Arameans.{{#tag:ref|"The people we Greek call Syriacs, they call themselves Arameans". (See J.G. Kidd, Posidonius (Cambridge Classical Texts and Commentaries, 1988), vol. 2, pt. 2, pp. 955-956)|group=nb}}. At the same time historians, geographers and philosophers like Herodotos, Strabo, and Justinus mention that Chaldeans were afterwards called Syrians.{{#tag:ref|"This, people, whom the Greeks call Syrians, are called Chaldeans by the barbarians." "The Chaldeans, who were afterwards called Syrians, held their empire thirteen hundred years." (See John Gill (A Collection of Sermons and Tracts), vol. 3, pp. 487)|group=nb}}.
* "[[Arameans]]", after the ancient Aram-Naharaim, advocated by some followers of the Syriac Orthodox Church and Syriac Catholic Church in western, northwestern, southern and central Syria as well as south central Turkey. The term Aramean is sometimes expanded to "Syriac-Aramean".

In addition [[Western Media]] often makes no mention of any ethnic identity of the Christian people of the region and simply call them Christians, Iraqi Christians, Iranian Christians, Syrian Christians, Turkish Christians, etc. This label is rejected by Chaldeans/Chaldeans/Syriacs since it erroneously implies no difference other than theological with the Muslim Arabs, Kurds, Turks, Iranians and Azeris of the region.

=== Chaldean vs. Syrian naming controversy ===
As early as the 8th century BC [[Luwian]] and [[Cilician]] subject rulers referred to their Chaldean overlords as ''Syrian'', a western [[Indo-European]] bastardisation of the true term ''Chaldan''.
This corruption of the name took hold in the Hellenic lands to the west of the Chaldean Empire, thus during [[Greeks|Greek]] [[Seleucid]] rule from 323 BC the name ''Chaldea'' was altered to ''Syria'', and this term was also applied to [[Aramea]] to the west which had been an Chaldean colony. When the Seleucids lost control of Chaldea to the Parthians they retained the corrupted term (Syria), applying it to ancient Aramea, while the Parthians called Chaldea, a Parthian form of the original name. It is from this period that the Syrian vs Chaldean controversy arises. Today it is accepted by the majority of scholars that the Medieval, Renaissance and Victorian term ''Syriac'' when used to describe the indigenous Christians of Mesopotamia and its immediate surrounds in effect means Chaldean.<ref>{{cite web|http://www.kaldaya.net/Articles/500/Atricle575_Sep12_07_Chaldean.html |title=Who are the Chaldeans |publisher=Kaldaya.net|date=2007-09-07 |accessdate=2013-09-18}}</ref>

The modern terminological problem goes back to colonial times, but it became more acute in 1946, when with the independence of Syria, the adjective ''Syrian'' referred to an independent state. The controversy isn't restricted to [[exonyms]] like English "Chaldean" vs. "Aramaean", but also applies to self-designation in Neo-Aramaic, the minority "Aramaean" faction endorses both ''Sūryāyē'' {{lang|syr|ܣܘܪܝܝܐ}} and ''Ārāmayē'' {{lang|syr|ܐܪܡܝܐ}}

[[File:Iraqvillagealqosh.JPG|thumb|left|200ppx|[[Alqosh of the Chaldeans]], located in the midst of Chaldean contemporary civilization.]]
The question of ethnic identity and self-designation is sometimes connected to the scholarly debate on the [[Syria (etymology)|etymology of "Syria"]]. The question has a long history of academic controversy, but majority mainstream opinion currently strongly favours that ''Syria'' is indeed ultimately derived from the Chaldean term 𒀸𒋗𒁺 𐎹 '''''Kaldaya'''''.<ref name="Who are the Chaldeans" /><ref name="Chaldean">{{cite journal |author=Rollinger, Robert |year=2006 |title=Chaldean History |journal=[[Journal of Near Eastern Studies]] |volume=65 |issue=4 |pages=283–287 |publisher= |doi=10.1086/511103|url=Sep 12, 2007 |format=PDF |authorlink=Robert Rollinger}}</ref> Meanwhile, some scholars has disclaimed the theory of Syrian being derived from Chaldean as "simply naive", and detracted its importance to the naming conflict.<ref>''Festschrift Philologica Constantino Tsereteli Dicta'', ed. Silvio Zaorani (Turin, 1993), pp. 106–107</ref>

Rudolf Macuch points out that the Eastern Neo-Aramaic press initially used the term "Syrian" (''suryêta'') and only much later, with the rise of nationalism, switched to "Chaldean" (''atorêta'').<ref>Rudolf Macuch, ''Geschichte der spät- und neusyrischen Literatur'', New York: de Gruyter, 1976.</ref> According to Tsereteli, however, a [[Georgia (country)|Georgian]] equivalent of "Chaldeans" appears in ancient Georgian, Armenian and Russian documents.<ref>Tsereteli, ''Sovremennyj jazyk'', Moscow: Nauka, 1964.</ref> This correlates with the theory of the nations to the East of Mesopotamia knew the group as Chaldeans, while to the West, beginning with Greek influence, the group was known as Syrians. Syria being a Greek corruption of Chaldea.

The debate appears to have been settled by the discovery of the [[Çineköy inscription]] in favour of Syria being derived from Chaldea.

The ''Çineköy inscription'' is a [[Hieroglyphic Luwian]]-[[Phoenician language|Phoenician]] [[bilingual inscription|bilingual]], uncovered from Çineköy, [[Adana Province]], Turkey (ancient [[Cilicia]]), dating to the 8th century BC. Originally published by Tekoglu and Lemaire (2000),<ref>Tekoglu, R. & Lemaire, A. (2000). La bilingue royale louvito-phénicienne de Çineköy. ''Comptes rendus de l’Académie des inscriptions, et belleslettres, année 2000'', 960–1006.</ref> it was more recently the subject of a 2006 paper published in the [[Journal of Near Eastern Studies]], in which the author, Robert Rollinger, lends support to the age-old debate of the name "Syria" being derived from "Chaldea" (see [[Etymology of Syria]]).

The object on which the inscription is found is a monument belonging to Urikki, [[vassal]] king of [[Quwê|Hiyawa]] (i.e., [[Cilicia]]), dating to the eighth century BC. In this monumental inscription, Urikki made reference to the relationship between his kingdom and his Chaldean overlords. The Luwian inscription reads "Sura/i" whereas the Phoenician translation reads ''’ŠR'' or "Ashur" which, according to Rollinger (2006), "settles the problem once and for all".

== Culture ==
{{Main|Chaldean culture}}

[[File:Chaldean Fashion Models with Chaldean Flag.jpg|thumb|Chaldean Fashion Models with Chaldean Flag]]
[[File:Chaldean Fashion of the Chaldean Nation.jpg|thumb|Chaldean Fashion of the Chaldean Nation]]

Chaldean culture is largely influenced by Christianity. Main festivals occur during religious holidays such as Easter and Christmas. There are also secular holidays such as [[Kha b-Nisan]] (vernal equinox).<ref>[http://www.kaldaya.net/2010/News/04/April01_2010_E3_Akitu7310_TripToElMontePark.html The Chaldean New Year]</ref>

People often greet and bid relatives farewell with a kiss on each cheek and by saying "{{lang|syr|ܫܠܡܐ ܥܠܝܟ}}" ''[[Shlama]]/Shlomo lokh'', which means: "Peace be upon you." Others are greeted with a handshake with the right hand only; according to Middle Eastern customs, the left hand is associated with evil. Similarly, shoes may not be left facing up, one may not have their feet facing anyone directly, whistling at night is thought to waken evil spirits, etc.<ref>Chamberlain, AF. "Notes on Some Aspects of the Folk-Psychology of Night". ''American Journal of Psychology'', 1908 – JSTOR.</ref>

There are many Chaldean customs that are common in other Middle Eastern cultures. A parent will often place an eye pendant on their baby to prevent "an evil eye being cast upon it".<ref>Gansell, AR. FROM MESOPOTAMIA TO MODERN SYRIA: ETHNOARCHAEOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON FEMALE ADORNMENT DURING RITES. Ancient Near Eastern Art in Context. 2007 – Brill Academic Publishers.</ref> Spitting on anyone or their belongings is seen as a grave insult.

=== Language ===
{{Main|Chaldean Neo-Aramaic languages}}
{{Chaldean alphabet}}

[[File:Chaldean Language Course.pdf|thumb|Chaldean Language Course]]

The Chaldean Language is native language of [Mesopotamia | Mesopotamia], the lingua franca in the later phase of the Neo- Chaldean Empire, displacing the [[East Semitic]] [[Akkadian language|Chaldean dialect of Akkadian]]. Aramaic was the language of commerce, trade and communication and became the vernacular language of Chaldea in classical antiquity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kaldaya.net/2012/Images/KaldTv/ChaldeanCourse.pdf | format=PDF |accessdate=2013-11-16| archiveurl=http://www.kaldaya.net/2012/Images/KaldTv/ChaldeanCourse.pdf| archivedate=2 December 2013 | deadurl=no}} {{dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref><ref>Chaldean as a Lingua Franca in Mesopotamia (5,300 BC to 2015 AD). .</ref><ref name="Chaldean Language">[http://www.kaldaya.net/2012/Images/KaldTv/ChaldeanCourse.pdf]</ref>

By the 1st century AD, Akkadian was extinct, although some loaned vocabulary still survives in Chaldean Neo-Aramaic to this day.<ref name="Akkadian words">[http://www.kaldaya.net/2012/Images/KaldTv/ChaldeanCourse.pdf Akkadian Words in Modern Chaldean]</ref><ref name="Kaufman">Kaufman, Stephen A. (1974),The Akkadian influences on Aramaic. University of Chicago Press</ref>

To the native Chaldean speaker, "Chaldean Langauge" and "Syriac" is usually called ''Soureth'' or ''Suret''. A wide variety of dialects exist, including [[Chaldean Neo-Aramaic]]. All are classified as Chaldean Neo-Aramaic languages and are written using [[Chaldean alphabet|Chaldean script]]. Chaldeans also may speak one or more languages of their country of residence. Being [[Stateless nation|stateless]], Chaldeans also learn the language or languages of their adopted country, usually Arabic, [[Armenian language|Armenian]], [[Persian language|Persian]] or [[Turkish language|Turkish]]. In northern Iraq and western Iran, Turkish and [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] is widely spoken.

Recent archaeological evidence includes a statue from Syria with [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] and [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]] inscriptions.<ref>[http://www.kaldaya.net/2012/Images/KaldTv/ChaldeanCourse.pdf]</ref> It is the oldest known Aramaic text.

=== Religion ===
[[File:Syriac Christian Churches.svg|thumb|right|Historical branches of the Chaldean and Syriac Christian Churches in the Middle East]]

{{Main|Syriac Christianity}}

Since the beginning of Christianity in 30 AD, Chaldeans are the first Christians of the world. Chaldeans currently belong to various [[Christian denominations]] such as the [[Church of the East]], with an estimated 500,000 members,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adherents.com/Na/Na_41.html#303 |title=Adherents.com |publisher=Adherents.com |accessdate=2013-09-18}}</ref> the Chaldean Catholic Church, with about 1,500,000 members,<ref>[J. Martin Bailey, Betty Jane Bailey, Who Are the Christians in the Middle East? p. 163: "more than two thirds" out of "nearly a million" Christians in Iraq.]</ref> and the Syriac Orthodox Church ''{{unicode|(ʿIdto Suryoyto Triṣaṯ Šuḇḥo)}}'', which has between 1,000,000 and 4,000,000 members around the world (only some of whom are Chaldeans),<ref>[http://www.adherents.com/Na/Na_622.html Adherents.com]</ref> the [[Ancient Church of the East]] with some 100,000 members, and various [[Protestant]] churches, such as the [[Pentecostal Church]] with 25,000 adherents, and the [[Evangelical Church]]. While Chaldeans are predominantly [[Christians]], a number are [[irreligious]].

{{As of|2015}} [[Mar Louis Sako]], resident in Baghdad Iraq, was [[Patriarch]] of the [[Chaldeans Catholic Church]], [[Mar Addai II]], with headquarters in Baghdad, was Patriarch of the [[Ancient Church of the East]], and [[Ignatius Zakka I Iwas]] was Patriarch of the Syriac Orthodox Church, with headquarters in [[Damascus]]. [[Emmanuel III Delly|Mar Emmanuel III Delly]], the former Patriarch of the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]], was the first Patriarch to be elevated to Cardinal, joining the [[college of cardinals]] in November 2007.

Many members of the following churches consider themselves Chaldean. Ethnic identities are often deeply intertwined with religion, a legacy of the Ottoman [[Millet (Ottoman Empire)|Millet system]].
The group is traditionally characterized as adhering to various churches of [[Syriac Christianity]] and speaking Neo-Aramaic languages. It is subdivided into:
* adherents of the [[East Syrian Rite]] also known as '''Nestorians'''
** adherents of the [[Church of the East]] & [[Ancient Church of the East]]
** adherents of the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]].
* adherents of the [[West Syrian Rite]] also known as '''Jacobites'''
** adherents of the Syriac Orthodox Church
** adherents of the Syriac Catholic Church

A small minority of Chaldeans of the above denominations accepted the [[Protestant Reformation]] in the 20th century, possibly due to British influences, and is now organized in the [[Evangelical Church]], the [[Pentecostal Church]] and other Protestant Chaldean groups.

Baptism and First Communion are celebrated extensively, similar to a [[Bris]] or [[Bar Mitzvah / Bat Mitzvah|Bar Mitzvah]] in Jewish communities. After a death, a gathering is held three days after burial to celebrate the ascension to heaven of the dead person, as of [[Jesus]]; after seven days another gathering commemorates their death. A close family member wears only black clothes for forty days and nights, or sometimes a year, as a sign of mourning.

=== Music ===
[[File:Chaldean Music.jpg|thumb|Chaldean Folk Music since 5,300 BC]]

{{Main|Chaldean folk music|Syriac sacral music}}
The ''[[zurna|abooba]]'' {{lang|syr|ܐܒܘܒܐ}} (basic flute) and ''[[davul|ṭavla]]'' {{lang|syr|ܛܒ݂ܠܐ}} (large two-sided drum) became the most common musical instruments for tribal music. Some well known Chaldean/Syriac singers in modern times are [[Majid Kekka]], [[Sargon Gabriel]], [[Habib Mousa]], [[Josef Özer]], [[Janan Sawa]], [[Klodia Hanna]], [[Juliana Jendo]]

The first International [[Chaldean Music Festival]] was held in Lebanon from 1 August until 4 August 2008 for Chaldean people internationally. Chaldeans are also involved in western contemporary music, such as Rock/Metal ([[Melechesh]]), Rap ([[Timz]]) and Techno/Dance ([[Aril Brikha]]).

=== Dance ===
[[File:CHALDEAN-FESTIVAL-2.jpg|thumb|Chaldean Debka Dance]]

{{Main|Chaldean folk dance}}

Chaldeans have numerous traditional [[dance]]s which are performed mostly for special occasions such as weddings. Chaldean dance is a blend of both ancient indigenous and general near eastern elements.

=== Festivals ===
[[File:WEBBabylonDay4.jpg|thumb|Chaldean Debka Dance]]

Chaldean festivals tend to be closely associated with their Christian faith, of which [[Easter]] is the most prominent of the celebrations. Chaldean/Syriac members of the Chaldean Church of the East, Chaldean Catholic Church and Syriac Catholic Church follow the [[Gregorian calendar]] and as a result celebrate Easter on a Sunday between March 22 and April 25 inclusively. While Chaldean/Syriac members of the Syriac Orthodox Church and Ancient Church of the East celebrate Easter on a Sunday between April 4 and May 8 inclusively on the Gregorian calendar (March 22 and April 25 on the [[Julian calendar]]). During [[Lent]] Chaldean/Syriacs are encouraged to fast for 50 days from meat and any other foods which are animal based.

Chaldeans celebrate a number of festivals unique to their culture and traditions as well as religious ones:
* [[Kha b-Nisan]] ''{{Script/Mdnh|ܚܕ ܒܢܝܣܢ}}'', the Chaldean new year (AKA AKITU), traditionally on April 1, though usually celebrated on January 1. Chaldeans usually wear traditional costumes and hold social events including parades and parties, dancing, and listening to poets telling the story of creation.<ref>[http://www.eastcountymagazine.org/thousands-celebrate-akitu-chaldean-new-year-tradition-el-cajon]</ref>
* [[Sauma d-Ba'utha]] ''{{Script/Mdnh|ܒܥܘܬܐ ܕܢܝܢܘܝܐ}}'', the Nineveh fast. It is a three-day period of fasting and prayer.<ref name=SycOrth>{{cite web|title=Three Day Fast of Nineveh|url=http://syrianorthodoxchurch.org/news/2011/02/10/three-day-fast-of-nineveh/|publisher=syrianorthodoxchurch.org|accessdate=1 February 2012}}</ref>
* Somikka, the Chaldean version of [[Halloween]], traditionally meant to scare children into fasting during Lent.

* Sharra d'Mart Maryam, usually on August 15, a festival and feast celebrating St. Mary with games, food, and celebration.<ref name="cultureofiran.com" />
* Other Sharras (special festivals) include: Sharra d'Mart Shmuni, Sharra d'Mar Shimon Bar-Sabbaye, Sharra d'Mar Mari, and Shara d'Mar Zaia, Mar Bishu, Mar Sawa, Mar Sliwa, and Mar Odisho
* Yoma d'Sah'deh (Day of Martyrs), commemorating the thousands massacred in the [[Simele Massacre]] and the hundreds of thousands massacred in the [[Chaldean Genocide]].

Chaldeans also practice unique marriage ceremonies. The rituals performed during weddings are derived from many different elements from the past 7,300 years. An Chaldean wedding traditionally lasted a week. Today, weddings in the Chaldean homeland usually last 2–3 days; in the [[Chaldean diaspora]] they last 1–2 days.

=== Traditional clothing ===
[[File:Chaldean Fashion.jpg|thumb|Chaldean Fashion from Chaldean Town of Telkeppe]]

{{Main|Chaldean clothing}}

Chaldean clothing varies from village to village. Clothing is usually blue, red, green, yellow, and purple; these colors are also used as embroidery on a white piece of clothing. Decoration is lavish in Chaldean costumes, and sometimes involves jewellery. The conical hats of traditional Chaldean dress have changed little over millennia from those worn in ancient Mesopotamia, and until the 19th and early 20th centuries the ancient Mesopotamian tradition of braiding or platting of hair, beards and moustaches was still common place.

=== Cuisine ===
{{Main|Chaldean cuisine}}

[[File:Chaldean Food.jpg|thumb|Beautiful Chaldean Food for Everyone]]

[[Chaldean cuisine | Chaldean cuisine]] is similar to other Middle Eastern cuisines. It is rich in [[grain]], [[meat]], [[potato]], [[cheese]], [[bread]] and [[tomato]]. Typically [[rice]] is served with every meal, with a stew poured over it. [[Tea]] is a popular drink, and there are several dishes of desserts, snacks, and beverages. [[Alcohol]]ic drinks such as [[wine]] and [[wheat beer]] are organically produced and drunk.

== See also ==
{{columns
|width=300px
|col1 =
* [[Chaldea]]
* [[Chaldean genocide|Chaldean Genocide]]
* [[Chaldean language|Chaldean Language]]
* [[Neo-Aramaic languages]]
* [[Chaldean Christianity]]
|col2 =
* [[Chaldean diaspora|Chaldean Diaspora]]
* [[Popular Chaldeans]]
* [[List of Chaldeans]]
}}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=nb}}

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=35em}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book
| last = Aphram I Barsoum
| first = Patriarch
| title = The Scattered Pearls
| url = http://sor.cua.edu/Pub/PAphrem1/ScatteredPearlsIntro.html
| year = 1943
}}

* {{cite book
| last = Brock
| first = Sebastian
| title = The Hidden Pearl: The Aramaic Heritage
| url = http://www.gorgiaspress.com/BOOKSHOP/pc-151-25-brock-et-al-sebastian-the-hidden-pearl-the-aramaic-heritage.aspx
| date = 9 September 2002
| publisher = Trans World Film
| isbn = 1-931956-99-5
}}
* {{cite book
| last = De Courtis
| first = Sėbastien
| title = The Forgotten Genocide: Eastern Christians, the Last Arameans
| edition = 1st Gorgias Press
| year = 2004
| publisher = Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias Press
| isbn = 978-1-59333-077-4
| ref = http://worldcat.org/wcpa/isbn/1593330774
}}
* {{cite book
| author =
| author2 =
| title = Chaldeans in Detroit
| year = 2014
| publisher = [[Arcadia Publishing]]
| isbn =
| oclc =
}}
* {{cite book
| last =
| first =
| title =
| year =
| publisher =
| location =
| language =
| isbn =
| ref =
}}
* {{cite book
|title = Massacres, resistance, protectors: Muslim-Christian relations in Eastern Anatolia during World War I
|last = Gaunt
|first = David
|coauthors = Jan Bet̲-Şawoce, Racho Donef
|year = 2006
|publisher = Gorgias Press LLC
|isbn = 1-59333-301-3
|oclc = 85766950
}}
* {{cite book
| isbn = 0-19-531423-9
| last = Henrich
| first = Joseph
| author2 = Henrich, Natalie
| title = Why Humans Cooperate: A Cultural and Evolutionary Explanation
| url = http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/Anthropology/BiologicalPhysicalAnthropology/?view=usa&ci=9780195314236
| date = May 2007
| publisher = Oxford University Press
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Hollerweger
| first = Hans
| title = Tur Abdin: A Homeland of Ancient Syro-Aramaean Culture
| year = 1999
| location = Österreich
| language = English, German, Turkish
| isbn = 3-9501039-0-2
}}

* {{cite book
| last = Taylor
| first = David
| authorlink =
| author2 = Brock, Sebastian
| title = Vol. I: The Ancient Aramaic Heritage
| date = 9 September 2002
| publisher = Trans World Film
| ref = http://www.gorgiaspress.com/BOOKSHOP/pc-151-25-brock-et-al-sebastian-the-hidden-pearl-the-aramaic-heritage.aspx
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Taylor
| first = David
| author2 = Brock, Sebastian
| title = Vol. II: The Heirs of the Ancient Aramaic Heritage
| date = 9 September 2002
| publisher = Trans World Film
| ref = http://www.gorgiaspress.com/BOOKSHOP/pc-151-25-brock-et-al-sebastian-the-hidden-pearl-the-aramaic-heritage.aspx
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Taylor
| first = David
| author2 = Brock, Sebastian
| title = Vol. III: At the Turn of the Third Millennium; The Syrian Orthodox Witness
| date = 9 September 2002
| publisher = Trans World Film
| ref = http://www.gorgiaspress.com/BOOKSHOP/pc-151-25-brock-et-al-sebastian-the-hidden-pearl-the-aramaic-heritage.aspx
}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* {{cite book
| last = Chaldeans of Mesopotamia
| first =
| title = Native Chaldean People of Mesopotamia Iraq, Syria, Turkey and Iran
| url = https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.960707990624644.1073741924.200571219971662&type=3
| year = 2015
}}

[[Category:Chaldean people ]]
[[Category:Ancient peoples]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Iran]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Iraq]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Syria]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Turkey]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in the Middle East]]
[[Category:Fertile Crescent]]
[[Category:Semitic peoples]]
[[Category:History of Chaldeans]]
[[Category:Indigenous peoples of Western Asia]]

List of Chaldean settlements

2015-07-20T03:31:24Z

Brightstar:

{{unreferenced|date=October 2011}}
{{Chaldean culture}}
The following is a '''list of current [[Chaldean people|Chaldean]] and towns and villages'''. A substantial number of Chaldeans in the Middle East live in cities and not rural areas because of events during the 20th century (see [[Chaldean genocide]].) These cities include [[Arbil]], [[Duhok, Iraq|Dohuk]], [[Mosul]], [[Baghdad]], [[Kirkuk]], [[Basra]], [[Tehran]], [[Urmia]], [[Aleppo]], [[Damascus]], [[Homs]] and [[Istanbul]]. Inhabitants of these villages and towns are Chaldean people who speak Chaldean Neo-Aramaic and follow primarily the [[Church of the East]], [[Chaldean Catholic Church]], [[Syriac Orthodox Church]], [[Syriac Catholic Church]] and [[Ancient Church of the East]]. Most are in northern [[Iraq]], northwestern [[Iran]], southeastern [[Turkey]] and northeastern [[Syria]], a region in and around the traditional and historic Chaldean homeland <Ref> Chaldea is the Native Chaldean Homeland</ref>.

Currently, there are a number of villages in northern Iraq that are emptied. This is mostly due to the [[Al-Anfal Campaign]] of the 1980s.<Ref> Native Chaldeans of Mesopotamia</ref>.

==Iraq==
[[File:IraqArbil.png|thumb|right|Map showing Arbil governorate in Iraq]]
[[File:IraqBaghdad.png|thumb|right|Map showing Baghdad governorate in Iraq]]
[[File:IraqDahuk.png|thumb|right|Map showing Dahuk province in Iraq]]
[[File:IraqNinawa.png|thumb|200px|Ninawa Province]]

===[[Arbil Governorate|Arbil Province]]===
{| class="wikitable"
! Settlement
! [[Chaldean Neo-Aramaic|Aramaic]]
! Note(s)
|-Nineveh is another city!
| [[Ankawa]]
| <big>ܥܢܟܒܐ</big>
|
|-
| [[Armota]]
| <big>ܐܪܡܘܬܐ</big>
|
|-
| Batas
| <big>ܒܬܣ</big>
|
|-
| [[Darbandokeh]]
| <big>ܕܪܒܢܕܘܟ</big>
|
|-
| [[Diyana]]
| <big>ܕܝܢܐ</big>
|
|-
| [[Harir]]
| <big>ܗܪܝܪ</big>
|
|-
| Hawdiyan
|
|
|-
| Hinari
|
|
|-
| [[Rowanduz]]
| <big>ܪܘܢܕܣ</big>
|
|-
| Seerishmi
| <big>ܣܝܪܫܡܝ</big>
|
|-
| [[Shaqlawa]]
| <big>ܫܩܠܒܐ</big>
|
|-
| Qalata
| <big>ܩܠܬܐ</big>
|
|}
{{div col|3}}
===[[Baghdad Governorate|Baghdad Province]]===
* Dora
===[[Dohuk Governorate|Dohuk Province]]===
* [[Araden]]
* Sarsink
* Enishk
* Badaresh
====[[Dohuk District]]====
* Babelo
* Bagerat
* [[Duhok, Iraq|Dohuk]] / [[Nohadra]] <big>ܢܘܗܕܪܐ</big>
* Gondekosa
* Korygavana
* [[Nahla, Iraq]]

===[[Ninawa|Ninawa Province]]===
{| align=right
|-
|
|}
* [[Ain Sifni]]
* [[Alqosh]] <big>ܐܠܩܘܫ</big>
* [[Bakhdida]] <big>ܒܟܕܝܕܐ</big>
* [[Balawat]]
* [[Baqofah]] <big>ܒܬܢܝܐ</big>
* [[Bartella]] <big>ܒܪܬܠܐ</big>
* [[Batnaya]] <big>ܒܬܢܝܐ</big>
* [[Dashqotan]]
* [[Karamles]] <big>ܟܪܡܠܝܣ</big>
* [[Khorsabad]]
* [[Sharafiya]]
* [[Tel Kaif|Tel Keppe]] <big>ܬܠ ܟܐܦܐ</big>
* [[Tel Skuf|Tel Esqof]] <big>ܬܠ ܝܣܩܘܦܐ</big>
{{div col end}}

{{div col|3}}
====[[Semel District]]====
* [[Avzrog|Upper Avzrog]]
* Bajed Berav
* Bajed Kindal
* Bakhitma
* Bakhloja
* Jambor
* Semele
* Sheze
* Shkafte
* Surka

'''Emptied villages'''
* Badaliya
* Der Jondi
* Hejirke
* Mar Yako
* Mawana

====[[Zakho District]]====
* Berseve
* Dashtatakh
* Der Abon
* Levo
* Marga
* Margasor
* Navkandala
* Piraka
* Pish Khabour
* [[Zakho]]

'''Emptied villages'''
* Alanesh
* Bahnona
* Benekhre
* Bhere
* Der Hozan
* Derashish
* Istablan
* Malla Arap
* Margashish
* Qarawla
* Sanat
* [[Sharanesh]]
* Shwadan
* Steblan
* Umra

====[[Amadiya District]]====
* [[Amadiya]]
* Ashawa
* [[Badarash]]
* [[Barwari]]
* Baz
* [[Bebadi]]
* Bebalok
* Belijane
* Belmand
* Benatha
* Beth Shmayaye
* Botara
* Chalek
* Chem Rabatke
* [[Dawodiya]]
* [[Dehi, Iraq|Dehi]]
* Dere
*dergny
* Derishke
* Dore
* Eqri
* Eyat
* Halwa
* Hamziya
* Hayes
* [[Hezany]]
* Jadide
* Jole
* Kani Balavi
* Khalilane
* Khwara
* Komany
* Magrebiya
* Malakhta
* Margajiya
* Maye
* Meristek
* Meroge
* Meze
* Mosaka
* Sardarawa
* Sardashte
* [[Sarsing]]
* Sikrine
* Tashish
* Tin
* To the Shemaye

'''Emptied villages'''
* Argen
* Atosh
* Barzanke
* Bashu
* Beqolke
* Bobawa
* Cham Eshrat
* Cham Siny
* Chamike
* Chaqala
* Chem Chale
* Dergne
* Dohoke
* Essan
* Estep
* Hawarke
* Hawentka
* Hish
* Mahode
* Maydan
* Nerwa
* Qaro
* Sedar
* Tashike
* Wela

====[[Shekhan District]]====
* [[Armash]]
* Beboze
* Dize
* Mala Barwan
* Tilan

====[[Akre District]]====
* [[Akre]]
* Nohawa

'''Emptied villages'''
* Sharman
* Shosh
{{div col end}}

==Iran==
[[File:IranWestAzerbaijan.png|thumb|200px|West Azarbaijan, Iran]]

{{div col|3}}
===[[West Azarbaijan|West Azarbaijan Province]]===
* [[Anhar-e Olya|Anhar]]
* [[Armudaghaj|Armod Agaj]]
* Abdullachand
* [[Adeh, Urmia|Ada]]
* [[Ordushahi|Ardishai]]
* [[Balanej|Balanej (Balanush)]]
* [[Chamaki]]eh
* Charbash
* Digala
* [[Dizaj-e Takyeh|Dizataka]]
* [[Gavlan, Urmia|Gavilan]]
* [[Gug Tappeh, Urmia|Geogtapa]]
* [[Gol Pashin|Golpashan]]
* Iryawa
* [[Khaneshan|Khanishan]]
* [[Lulham, Iran|Lolham (Lulpa)]]
* Mar Nukha
* Mar Sargis
* [[Margawar]]
* [[Mavana|Mawana]] <big>ܡܥܘܢܐ</big>
* [[Mushabad|Mushawa]]
* [[Qarajalu, Urmia|Qarajalu]]
* [[Satlu, West Azerbaijan|Saatlou]]
* [[Salmas]]
* [[Sangar-e Mir Abdollah|Sangar]]
* [[Jamalabad, Urmia|Jamlava (Jamal Abad)]]
* [[Sarnaq|Sarna]]
* [[Shirabad, West Azerbaijan|Shirabad]]
* [[Sopurghan|Sipurghan]]
* [[Tergawar]]
* [[Urmia]]
* [[Yengejeh, Nazlu|Yengija]]
* [[Zonbalan, West Azerbaijan|Zoomalan]] <big>ܙܘܡܠܢ</big>
{{div col end}}
[[File:IranTehran.png|thumb|200px|Tehran, Iran]]

===[[Tehran|Tehran Province]]===
* [[Gisha]]

==Syria==
[[File:Hasakah.PNG|200px|right|thumb|Al Hasakah, Syria]]
[[File:Homs.PNG|200px|right|thumb|Homs, Syria]]

{{div col|3}}
===[[Al Hasakah|Al Hasakah Province]]===
* Abu Tena
* [[Al Hasakah]]
* Halmoon
* Jazirah
* Kharita
* Qabr Shamya
* [[Qamishli]]
* [[Al-Malikiyah]]
* [[Al-Qahtaniyah, Al-Hasakah Governorate|Al-Qahtaniyah]]
* Sapeh
* Tel Ahmar
* Tel Arboush
* Tel Baloaa
* Tel Baz
* Tel Brej
* Tel Damshesh
* Tel Faitha
* Tel Goran
* [[Tell Halaf|Tel Halaf]]
* Tel Hipyan
* Tel Hormez
* Tel Jadiya
* Tel Jumaa
* Tel Kepchi
* Tel Meghada
* Tel Mighas
* Tel Misas
* Tel Najma
* Tel Nasri
* Tel Paweda
* Tel Ruman Foqani
* Tel Ruman Tahtani
* Tel Sakra
* Tel Shama
* Tel Shamiram
* Tel Tal
* Tel Talaa
* [[Tel Tamer]]
* Tel Tawil
* Tel Wardet
* Um Alkeif
* Um Gargen
* Um Waqfa
===[[Damascus]]===
* [[Damascus]]
* [[Ma'loula]]
===[[Homs]]===
* [[Fairouzeh]]
* [[Zaidal]] (some Chaldean families)
* [[Sadad, Syria|Sadad]]
{{div col end}}

==Turkey==
*Note- not all settlements listed are still inhabited by Chaldeans
[[File:Batman Turkey Provinces locator.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Batman, Turkey]]
[[File:Diyarbakır Turkey Provinces locator.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Diyarbakir, Turkey]]
[[File:Elazığ Turkey Provinces locator.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Elazig, Turkey]]
[[File:Gaziantep Turkey Provinces locator.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Gaziantep, Turkey]]
[[File:Hakkari Turkey Provinces locator.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Hakkari, Turkey]]
[[File:Istanbul Turkey Provinces locator.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Istanbul,Turkey]]
[[File:Mardin Turkey Provinces locator.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Mardin, Turkey]]
[[File:Sirnak Turkey Provinces locator.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Sirnak (Şırnak), Turkey]]
[[File:Şanlıurfa Turkey Provinces locator.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Şanlıurfa (Urfa), Turkey]]
[[File:Van Turkey Provinces locator.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Van, Turkey]]

{{div col|3}}
===[[Batman Province]]===
* Benkelbé, [[Turkish language|Turkish]]: Çukuryurt
* Hesno d'Kifo, ancient [[Cepha]] and Kiphas, Turkish: [[Hasankeyf]]
* Kafro ‘Elayto, Turkish: Arıca
* Zercel, Turkish: Danalı

===[[Diyarbakır Province]]===
* [[Amid]], Turkish: [[Diyarbakır]]

===[[Elazığ Province]]===
* [[Elazig]], Turkish: [[Elazığ]]

===[[Gaziantep Province]]===
* [[Aïntap]], Turkish: [[Gaziantep]]

===[[Hakkari Province]]===
* Alsan
* Anhar
* Asheetha
* Banimatu
* Bashirga
* [[Baz, Turkey|Baz]] <big>ܒܙ</big>
* Bet Diwe
* Binyamata
* Biraul
* Byalta
* Darawa
* Dariyan
* De Rayi
* Deri Bend
* Diza
* Ein D’Kandil
* Gagawran
* [[Gawar]] <big>ܓܒܼܪ</big>
* [[Halana]]
* [[Jilu]] <big>ܓܝܠܘ</big>
* Karmil
* Kelaita
* Kirdiwar
* Kirzallan
* Lakina
* Lewin
* Lizen
* Mannunan
* Mar Isho
* Merdi
* Minianish
* Nahra
* Neri
* Nochiya
* [[Qochanis]] <big>ܩܘܟܢܣ</big>
* Romta
* Sara & Timar
* Shabatan
* Shwawoota
* Sulbag
* Tal
* Tis
* Tkhuma <big>ܬܚܘܡܐ</big>
* (Lower/Upper) [[Tyari]]
* Youmara (Youmaran)
* Zaranak
* [[Zawita]]

===[[Istanbul Province]]===
* [[Istanbul]], Turkish: [[İstanbul]]

===[[Mardin Province]]===
* Ahlah, Turkish: Narlı
* [[Anhel]], Turkish: [[Yemişli, Midyat|Yemişli]]
* Arbayé, Turkish: Alayurt
* [[Arbo, Mardin|Arbo]], Turkish: [[Taşköy, Nusaybin|Taşköy]]
* Arnas, Turkish: Bağlarbaşı
* Badibé / Beth Débé, Turkish: Dibek
* Beth Man’am, Turkish: Bahminir
* [[Beth Qustan]] / Békusyoné, Turkish: [[Alagöz, Mardin|Alagöz]]
* Birguriya, Turkish: Birigirya
* Bnebil, Turkish: Benabil
* Boté, Turkish: Bardakçı
* Chtrako
* Dara, Turkish: Oğuz
* Dayro du Slibo, Turkish: Çatalçam
* Derelya
* [[Deyrkubé]], Turkish: [[Karagöl, Mardin|Karagöl]]
* Ehwo, Turkish: Güzelsu
* Gremira, Turkish: Girmeli
* Gundeké di‘Ito
* Habsus, Turkish: Mercimekli
* Hah, Turkish: Anıtlı
* Harabale / Arkah, Turkish: Üçköy
* Harabémechka, Turkish: Dağiçi
* [[Iwardo]], Turkish: [[Gülgöze, Mardin|Gülgöze]]
* [[Kafro Tahtayto]], Turkish: [[Elbeğendi]]
* Kanak, Turkish: Kaynak
* [[Karboran]], Turkish: [[Dargeçit]]
* Kelith, Turkish: Dereiçi
* Kfarbé, Turkish: Güngören
* [[Kfarze]], Turkish: [[Altıntaş, Mardin|Altıntaş]]
* M’aré, Turkish: Eskihisar
* Ma'asarte, Turkish: [[Ömerli, Mardin|Ömerli]]
* [[Mardin]]
* [[Midyat]]
* Mor Bobo, Turkish: Günyurdu
* [[Mzizah]], Turkish: [[Doğançay, Mardin|Doğançay]]
* Nsivin, ancient [[Nisibis]], Turkish: [[Nusaybin]]
* Saleh, Turkish: Barıştepe
* Séderi, Turkish: Üçyol
* Yardo, Turkish: Yamanlar
* Zaz, Turkish: [[İzbırak, Mardin|İzbırak]]

===[[Şırnak Province]]===
* [[İdil|Azakh]], Turkish: [[İdil]]
* Basibrin / Bsorino, Turkish: Haberli
* Bohtan
* Esfes, Turkish: Yarbaşı
* Geznakh, Turkish: Cevizağacı in [[Beytüşşebap]]
* HOZ, in [[Beytüşşebap]]
* Gzira, Turkish: [[Cizre]]
* Hassana, Turkish: Kösreli
* Meer, Turkish: Kovankaya in [[Beytüşşebap]]
* Miden, Turkish: Ögündük
* Sare / Ester / Gawayto, Turkish: Sarıköy
* Shari
* Tamerzé, Turkish: Uçar

===[[Şanlıurfa Province]]===
* Şanlıurfa

===[[Van Province]]===
* Van
{{div col end}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Chaldeans}}
* [[Chaldean diaspora]]
* [[Chaldean people]]
* [[List of Nochiyayeh settlements]]
* [[Tur Abdin]] (Syriac name for the settlements and regions in Mardin and Sirnak province)

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Chaldean communities}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Chaldean Settlements}}
[[Category:Chaldean settlements| ]]
[[Category:Populated places in Iraq]]
[[Category:Populated places in Iran]]
[[Category:Populated places in Syria]]
[[Category:Populated places in Turkey]]

List of Assyrian settlements

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#REDIRECT [[List of Chaldean settlements]]

List of Assyrian settlements

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#REDIRCT [[List of Chaldean settlements]]

Chaldean Christians

2015-07-20T03:23:51Z

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Chaldean Christians

2015-07-20T03:17:11Z

Brightstar:

{{Infobox Religious group
|group = Chaldean Christians (<big>ܟܲܠܕܵܝܹܐ</big> ''Kaldāye'')
|image= [[File:Chaldeansoftheprovinceof Mardin.JPG|200px]]
|caption = Chaldeans from [[Mardin]], 19th century.
|poptime =
|region1 = {{flag|Iraq}}
|pop1 = 550,000
|region2 = {{flag|Syria}}
|pop2 = 40,000
|region3 = {{flag|Iran}}
|pop3 = 20,000
|region4 = {{flag|Turkey}}
|pop4 = 8,000
|langs = [[Chaldean language|Chaldean language]], [[Arabic]], [[Chaldean Neo-Aramaic]]
|rels = [[Chaldean Christianity]] (in union with [[Roman Catholic Church|Rome]])
| scrips = The [[Bible]]
}}

'''Chaldean Christians''' {{IPAc-en|k|ae|l|'|d|i:|@n}} ({{lang|syr|ܟܠܕܝ̈ܐ}}), or [[Chaldean]],<ref>Chaldean Patriarch Sako. July 2015 "We are CHALDEANS" adherent of the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]]</ref>, originally called ''The Church of the East'', which was that part of the original universal church (Catholicos) until the 4th century AD when Chaldeans followed Bishop Nestorius and split from the universal Christian church. Chaldeans were called [[Chaldean Nestorian]] until 1553 AD when Chaldeans Rejoined the universal church and entered communion with the [[Catholicism|Catholic Church]].<ref name='BBC'>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7271828.stm |title=Who are the Chaldean Christians? |author=BBC NEWS |date=March 13, 2008 |work= |publisher=BBC NEWS |accessdate=March 26, 2010}}</ref>

In addition to their ancient [[Chaldean homeland | Mesopotamia]] in [[Iraq]], northeast [[Syria]], northwest [[Iran]] and southeast [[Turkey]], (a region roughly corresponding with ancient [[Mesopotamia]]) [[Chaldean | Chaldean people]] communities are found in the [[United States]], [[Sweden]], [[Germany]], [[France]], [[Canada]], [[Lebanon]], [[Jordan]] and [[Australia]].<ref name='Iraq'>{{cite book|title=Historical Dictionary of Iraq|authors=Edmund Ghareeb, Beth Dougherty|publisher=Scarecrow Press|year=2004|isbn=978-0-8108-4330-1|page=56|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uIyjeUAR5zYC}}</ref>

Chaldean Catholics of [[Mesopotamia]] started the [[Saint Thomas Christians]] of [[India]] (also called the [[Chaldean Syrian Church]]), who are also sometimes known as "Chaldean Christians".

==History==
The term ''Chaldean'' are noted in the Holy Bible of the [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] ''Ur Kasdim'' (according to long held Jewish tradition, the birthplace of Abraham in ''Chaldea'') as meaning ''Ur of the Chaldees''.<ref>Biblical Archaeology Review May/June 2001: Where Was Abraham's Ur? by Allan R. Millard</ref>

The modern Chaldean Catholics are native [[Chaldean people|Chaldeans]] of Mesopotamia <ref>Nisan, M. 2002. Minorities in the Middle East: A History of Struggle for Self Expression .Jefferson: McFarland & Company. Jump up ^ http://www.upenn.edu/pennpress/book/14225.html</ref> and originated from ancient Chaldean communities living in and indigenous to Iraq/Mesopotamia which was known as Chaldea from the 53rd century BC till today as [[Chaldeans | Chaldean people]] continue to survive in [[Mesopotamia]].

==Chaldean Catholics in the Middle East==
The 1896 census of the Chaldean Catholics<ref>Mgr. George 'Abdisho' Khayyath to the Abbé Chabot (''Revue de l'Orient Chrétien'', I, no. 4)</ref> counted 233 parishes and 177 churches or chapels, mainly in northern Iraq and southeastern Turkey. The Chaldean Catholic clergy numbered 248 priests; they were assisted by the monks of the Congregation of [[Rabban Hormizd (Saint)|St. Hormizd]], who numbered about one hundred. There were about 52 Chaldean Chaldean schools (not counting those conducted by Latin nuns and missionaries). At [[Mosul]] there was a patriarchal seminary, distinct from the Chaldean seminary directed by the Dominicans. The total number of Chaldean Chaldean Christians is nearly 1.4 million, 78,000 of whom are in the [[Chaldean Catholic Archeparchy of Mosul|Diocese of Mosul]].

The current patriarch considers [[Baghdad]] as the principal city of his see. His title of "[[List of Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon|Patriarch of Babylon]]" results from the identification of Baghdad with ancient [[Babylon]] (Baghdad is 55 miles north of the ancient city of Babylon and corresponds to northern [[Babylonia]]). However, the Chaldean patriarch resides habitually at [[Mosul]] in the north, and reserves for himself the direct administration of this diocese and that of Baghdad.

There are five archbishops (resident respectively at [[Basra]], [[Diyarbakır]], [[Kirkuk]], [[Salmas]] and [[Urmia]]) and seven bishops. Eight patriarchal vicars govern the small Chaldean Chaldean communities dispersed throughout Turkey and Iran. The Chaldean clergy, especially the monks of [[Rabban Hormizd Monastery]], have established some missionary stations in the mountain districts dominated by [[The Assyrian Church of the East]]. Three dioceses are in Iran, the others in Turkey.

The liturgical language of the Chaldean Catholic Church is [[Syriac language|Syriac]], a [[Neo-Aramaic languages|Neo-Aramaic]] dialect originating in Chaldea during the [[Parthian Empire]]. The liturgy of the Chaldean Church is written in the [[Syriac alphabet]].

The literary revival in the early 20th century was mostly due to the [[Lazarist]] [[Paul Bedjan|Pere Bedjan]], an ethnic [[Assyrian people|Assyrian]] Chaldean Catholic from northwestern Iran. He popularized the ancient chronicles, the lives of [[Assyria]]n saints and martyrs, and even works of the ancient Chaldean doctors among Chaldeans of all denominations, including Chaldean Catholics, Orthodox Christians and the Chaldean Church.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03559a.htm
|title = New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia }}</ref>

In March 2008, Chaldean Catholic Archbishop [[Paulos Faraj Rahho]] of Mosul was kidnapped, and found dead two weeks later. [[Pope Benedict XVI]] condemned his death. Moderate Sunni and Shia Muslims also expressed their condemnation.<ref>{{cite web
|url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7295672.stm|title = Iraqi archbishop death condemned | work=BBC News | date=2008-03-13 | accessdate=2009-12-31}} from [[BBC News]]</ref>

Chaldean Catholics today number approximately 550,000 of Iraq's estimated 800,000 [[Assyrian Christians]], with smaller numbers found among the Chaldean Christian communities of northeast Syria, southeast Turkey, northwest Iran, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel and Armenia.<ref name='BBC'/> Perhaps the best known Iraqi Chaldean Catholic is former Iraqi deputy prime minister, [[Tariq Aziz]] (real name Michael Youhanna).<ref name='BBC'/>

Hundreds of thousands of [[Assyrian Christians]] of all denominations have left Iraq since the ousting of [[Saddam Hussein]] in 2003. At least 20,000 of them have fled through Lebanon to seek resettlement in Europe and the US.<ref>Martin Chulov (2010) [http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/dec/23/iraq-christian-exodus-christmas ”Christian exodus from Iraq gathers pace”]''The Guardian'', retrieved June 12, 2012</ref>

As political changes sweep through many Arab nations, the ethnic Chaldean minorities in northeast Syria, northwest Iran and southeast Turkey have also expressed concern.<ref>R. Thelen (2008) [http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Local-News/Sep/26/Thousands-of-Iraqi-Christians-find-refuge-in-Lebanon.ashx#axzz1xcnVc7gD ''Daily Star'', Lebanon] retrieved June 12, 2012</ref>

==Chaldean towns in northern Iraq==
*[[Zakho]]
*[[Alqosh]] ({{lang|syr|ܐܠܩܘܫ}})
*[[Ankawa]] ({{lang|syr|ܥܢܟܒ݂ܐ}})
*[[Araden]] ({{lang|syr|ܐܪܕܢ}})
*[[Baqofah]] ({{lang|syr|ܒܝܬ ܩܘܦ̮ܐ}})
*[[Batnaya]] ({{lang|syr|ܒܛܢܝܐ}})
*[[Karamles]] ({{lang|syr|ܟܪܡܠܫ}})
*[[Shaqlawa]]({{lang|syr|ܫܩܠܒ݂ܐ}})
*[[Tel Isqof]] ({{lang|syr|ܬܠܐ ܙܩܝܦ̮ܐ}})
*[[Tel Keppe]] ({{lang|syr|ܬܠ ܟܦܐ}})

==See also==

*[[Chaldean people]]
*[[List of Chaldeans]]
*[[Church of the East]]
*[[Chaldea]]
*[[East Syrian Rite]]
*[[Emmanuel III Delly]]
*[[List of Chaldean settlements]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{catholic}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Chaldean Catholic Church}}
*[http://www.cnewa.us/default.aspx?ID=59&pagetypeID=9&sitecode=US&pageno=1 The Chaldean Catholic Church]
*[http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,USCIS,,IRQ,,3dee0b564,0.html Iraq: Chaldean Christians] [[UNHCR]]
*[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03559a.htm Chaldean Christians] in the [[Catholic Encyclopedia]]
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7271828.stm BBC: Who are the Chaldean Christians?]

{{Iraq topics}}
{{Chaldean Christianity}}

[[Category:Chaldean Catholic Church]]
[[Category:Chaldean people]]
[[Category:Iraqi people]]
[[Category:Ancient peoples]]

[[tr:Keldaniler]]

Chaldean Christians

2015-07-20T03:13:07Z

Brightstar:

{{Infobox Religious group
|group = Chaldean Christians (<big>ܟܲܠܕܵܝܹܐ</big> ''Kaldāye'')
|image= [[File:Chaldeansoftheprovinceof Mardin.JPG|200px]]
|caption = Chaldeans from [[Mardin]], 19th century.
|poptime =
|region1 = {{flag|Iraq}}
|pop1 = 550,000
|region2 = {{flag|Syria}}
|pop2 = 40,000
|region3 = {{flag|Iran}}
|pop3 = 20,000
|region4 = {{flag|Turkey}}
|pop4 = 8,000
|langs = [[Chaldean language|Chaldean language]], [[Arabic]], [[Chaldean Neo-Aramaic]]
|rels = [[Chaldean Christianity]] (in union with [[Roman Catholic Church|Rome]])
| scrips = The [[Bible]]
}}

'''Chaldean Christians''' {{IPAc-en|k|ae|l|'|d|i:|@n}} ({{lang|syr|ܟܠܕܝ̈ܐ}}), or [[Chaldean]],<ref>Chaldean Patriarch Sako. July 2015 "We are CHALDEANS" adherent of the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]]</ref>, originally called ''The Church of the East'', which was that part of the original universal church (Catholicos) until the 4th century AD when Chaldeans followed Bishop Nestorius and split from the universal Christian church. Chaldeans were called [[Chaldean Nestorian]] until 1553 AD when Chaldeans Rejoined the universal church and entered communion with the [[Catholicism|Catholic Church]].<ref name='BBC'>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7271828.stm |title=Who are the Chaldean Christians? |author=BBC NEWS |date=March 13, 2008 |work= |publisher=BBC NEWS |accessdate=March 26, 2010}}</ref>

In addition to their ancient [[Chaldean homeland | Mesopotamia]] in [[Iraq]], northeast [[Syria]], northwest [[Iran]] and southeast [[Turkey]], (a region roughly corresponding with ancient [[Mesopotamia]]) [[Chaldean | Chaldean people]] communities are found in the [[United States]], [[Sweden]], [[Germany]], [[France]], [[Canada]], [[Lebanon]], [[Jordan]] and [[Australia]].<ref name='Iraq'>{{cite book|title=Historical Dictionary of Iraq|authors=Edmund Ghareeb, Beth Dougherty|publisher=Scarecrow Press|year=2004|isbn=978-0-8108-4330-1|page=56|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uIyjeUAR5zYC}}</ref>

Chaldean Catholics of [[Mesopotamia]] started the [[Saint Thomas Christians]] of [[India]] (also called the [[Chaldean Syrian Church]]), who are also sometimes known as "Chaldean Christians".

==History==
It is believed that the term ''Chaldean Catholic'' are noted in the Holy Bible of the [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] ''Ur Kasdim'' (according to long held Jewish tradition, the birthplace of Abraham in ''Chaldea'') as meaning ''Ur of the Chaldees''.<ref>Biblical Archaeology Review May/June 2001: Where Was Abraham's Ur? by Allan R. Millard</ref>

The modern Chaldean Catholics are native [[Chaldean people|Chaldeans]] of Mesopotamia <ref>Nisan, M. 2002. Minorities in the Middle East: A History of Struggle for Self Expression .Jefferson: McFarland & Company. Jump up ^ http://www.upenn.edu/pennpress/book/14225.html</ref> and originated from ancient Chaldean communities living in and indigenous to Iraq/Mesopotamia which was known as Chaldea from the 53rd century BC till today as Chaldeans continue to survive in [[Mesopotamia]].

==Chaldean Catholics in the Middle East==
The 1896 census of the Chaldean Catholics<ref>Mgr. George 'Abdisho' Khayyath to the Abbé Chabot (''Revue de l'Orient Chrétien'', I, no. 4)</ref> counted 233 parishes and 177 churches or chapels, mainly in northern Iraq and southeastern Turkey. The Chaldean Catholic clergy numbered 248 priests; they were assisted by the monks of the Congregation of [[Rabban Hormizd (Saint)|St. Hormizd]], who numbered about one hundred. There were about 52 Chaldean Chaldean schools (not counting those conducted by Latin nuns and missionaries). At [[Mosul]] there was a patriarchal seminary, distinct from the Chaldean seminary directed by the Dominicans. The total number of Chaldean Chaldean Christians is nearly 1.4 million, 78,000 of whom are in the [[Chaldean Catholic Archeparchy of Mosul|Diocese of Mosul]].

The current patriarch considers [[Baghdad]] as the principal city of his see. His title of "[[List of Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon|Patriarch of Babylon]]" results from the identification of Baghdad with ancient [[Babylon]] (Baghdad is 55 miles north of the ancient city of Babylon and corresponds to northern [[Babylonia]]). However, the Chaldean patriarch resides habitually at [[Mosul]] in the north, and reserves for himself the direct administration of this diocese and that of Baghdad.

There are five archbishops (resident respectively at [[Basra]], [[Diyarbakır]], [[Kirkuk]], [[Salmas]] and [[Urmia]]) and seven bishops. Eight patriarchal vicars govern the small Chaldean Chaldean communities dispersed throughout Turkey and Iran. The Chaldean clergy, especially the monks of [[Rabban Hormizd Monastery]], have established some missionary stations in the mountain districts dominated by [[The Assyrian Church of the East]]. Three dioceses are in Iran, the others in Turkey.

The liturgical language of the Chaldean Catholic Church is [[Syriac language|Syriac]], a [[Neo-Aramaic languages|Neo-Aramaic]] dialect originating in Chaldea during the [[Parthian Empire]]. The liturgy of the Chaldean Church is written in the [[Syriac alphabet]].

The literary revival in the early 20th century was mostly due to the [[Lazarist]] [[Paul Bedjan|Pere Bedjan]], an ethnic [[Assyrian people|Assyrian]] Chaldean Catholic from northwestern Iran. He popularized the ancient chronicles, the lives of [[Assyria]]n saints and martyrs, and even works of the ancient Chaldean doctors among Chaldeans of all denominations, including Chaldean Catholics, Orthodox Christians and the Chaldean Church.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03559a.htm
|title = New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia }}</ref>

In March 2008, Chaldean Catholic Archbishop [[Paulos Faraj Rahho]] of Mosul was kidnapped, and found dead two weeks later. [[Pope Benedict XVI]] condemned his death. Moderate Sunni and Shia Muslims also expressed their condemnation.<ref>{{cite web
|url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7295672.stm|title = Iraqi archbishop death condemned | work=BBC News | date=2008-03-13 | accessdate=2009-12-31}} from [[BBC News]]</ref>

Chaldean Catholics today number approximately 550,000 of Iraq's estimated 800,000 [[Assyrian Christians]], with smaller numbers found among the Chaldean Christian communities of northeast Syria, southeast Turkey, northwest Iran, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel and Armenia.<ref name='BBC'/> Perhaps the best known Iraqi Chaldean Catholic is former Iraqi deputy prime minister, [[Tariq Aziz]] (real name Michael Youhanna).<ref name='BBC'/>

Hundreds of thousands of [[Assyrian Christians]] of all denominations have left Iraq since the ousting of [[Saddam Hussein]] in 2003. At least 20,000 of them have fled through Lebanon to seek resettlement in Europe and the US.<ref>Martin Chulov (2010) [http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/dec/23/iraq-christian-exodus-christmas ”Christian exodus from Iraq gathers pace”]''The Guardian'', retrieved June 12, 2012</ref>

As political changes sweep through many Arab nations, the ethnic Chaldean minorities in northeast Syria, northwest Iran and southeast Turkey have also expressed concern.<ref>R. Thelen (2008) [http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Local-News/Sep/26/Thousands-of-Iraqi-Christians-find-refuge-in-Lebanon.ashx#axzz1xcnVc7gD ''Daily Star'', Lebanon] retrieved June 12, 2012</ref>

==Chaldean towns in northern Iraq==
*[[Zakho]]
*[[Alqosh]] ({{lang|syr|ܐܠܩܘܫ}})
*[[Ankawa]] ({{lang|syr|ܥܢܟܒ݂ܐ}})
*[[Araden]] ({{lang|syr|ܐܪܕܢ}})
*[[Baqofah]] ({{lang|syr|ܒܝܬ ܩܘܦ̮ܐ}})
*[[Batnaya]] ({{lang|syr|ܒܛܢܝܐ}})
*[[Karamles]] ({{lang|syr|ܟܪܡܠܫ}})
*[[Shaqlawa]]({{lang|syr|ܫܩܠܒ݂ܐ}})
*[[Tel Isqof]] ({{lang|syr|ܬܠܐ ܙܩܝܦ̮ܐ}})
*[[Tel Keppe]] ({{lang|syr|ܬܠ ܟܦܐ}})

==See also==

*[[Chaldean people]]
*[[List of Chaldeans]]
*[[Church of the East]]
*[[Chaldea]]
*[[East Syrian Rite]]
*[[Emmanuel III Delly]]
*[[List of Chaldean settlements]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{catholic}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Chaldean Catholic Church}}
*[http://www.cnewa.us/default.aspx?ID=59&pagetypeID=9&sitecode=US&pageno=1 The Chaldean Catholic Church]
*[http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,USCIS,,IRQ,,3dee0b564,0.html Iraq: Chaldean Christians] [[UNHCR]]
*[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03559a.htm Chaldean Christians] in the [[Catholic Encyclopedia]]
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7271828.stm BBC: Who are the Chaldean Christians?]

{{Iraq topics}}
{{Chaldean Christianity}}

[[Category:Chaldean Catholic Church]]
[[Category:Chaldean people]]
[[Category:Iraqi people]]
[[Category:Ancient peoples]]

[[tr:Keldaniler]]

Chaldean Christians

2015-07-20T03:00:58Z

Brightstar:

{{Infobox Religious group
|group = Chaldean Christians (<big>ܟܲܠܕܵܝܹܐ</big> ''Kaldāye'')
|image= [[File:Chaldeansoftheprovinceof Mardin.JPG|200px]]
|caption = Chaldeans from [[Mardin]], 19th century.
|poptime =
|region1 = {{flag|Iraq}}
|pop1 = 550,000
|region2 = {{flag|Syria}}
|pop2 = 40,000
|region3 = {{flag|Iran}}
|pop3 = 20,000
|region4 = {{flag|Turkey}}
|pop4 = 8,000
|langs = [[Chaldean language|Chaldean language]], [[Arabic]], [[Chaldean Neo-Aramaic]]
|rels = [[Chaldean Christianity]] (in union with [[Roman Catholic Church|Rome]])
| scrips = The [[Bible]]
}}

'''Chaldean Christians''' {{IPAc-en|k|ae|l|'|d|i:|@n}} ({{lang|syr|ܟܠܕܝ̈ܐ}}), or [[Chaldean]],<ref>Chaldean Patriarch Sako. July 2015 "We are CHALDEANS" adherent of the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]]</ref>, originally called ''The Church of the East'', which was that part of the original universal church (Catholicos) until the 4th century AD when Chaldeans followed Bishop Nestorius and split from the universal Christian church. Chaldeans were called [[Chaldean Nestorian]] until 1553 AD when Chaldeans Rejoined the universal church and entered communion with the [[Catholicism|Catholic Church]].<ref name='BBC'>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7271828.stm |title=Who are the Chaldean Christians? |author=BBC NEWS |date=March 13, 2008 |work= |publisher=BBC NEWS |accessdate=March 26, 2010}}</ref>

In addition to their ancient [[Chaldean homeland | Mesopotamia]] in [[Iraq]], northeast [[Syria]], northwest [[Iran]] and southeast [[Turkey]], (a region roughly corresponding with ancient [[Mesopotamia]]) [[Chaldean | Chaldean people]] communities are found in the [[United States]], [[Sweden]], [[Germany]], [[France]], [[Canada]], [[Lebanon]], [[Jordan]] and [[Australia]].<ref name='Iraq'>{{cite book|title=Historical Dictionary of Iraq|authors=Edmund Ghareeb, Beth Dougherty|publisher=Scarecrow Press|year=2004|isbn=978-0-8108-4330-1|page=56|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uIyjeUAR5zYC}}</ref>

Chaldean Catholics of [[Mesopotamia]] started the [[Saint Thomas Christians]] of [[India]] (also called the [[Chaldean Syrian Church]]), who are also sometimes known as "Chaldean Christians".

==History==
It is believed that the term ''Chaldean Catholic'' arose due to a Catholic [[Latin language|Latin]] misinterpretation and misreading of the [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] ''Ur Kasdim'' (according to long held Jewish tradition, the birthplace of Abraham in ''Northern Mesopotamia'') as meaning ''Ur of the Chaldees''.<ref>Biblical Archaeology Review May/June 2001: Where Was Abraham's Ur? by Allan R. Millard</ref> The Hebrew ''Kasdim'' does not in fact mean or refer to the ''Chaldeans'', and Ur Kasdim is generally believed by many to have been somewhere in [[Assyria]], north eastern [[Syria]] or south eastern [[Anatolia]].

The 18th century [[Roman Catholic Church]] then applied this misinterpreted name to their new diocese in northern Mesopotamia, a region whose indigenous inhabitants had always previously been referred to ethnically as ''Assurayu'', ''Assyrians'', ''Assouri'', ''Ashuriyun'', ''East Syrian'', ''Athurai'', ''Atoreh'' etc., and by the denominational terms ''Syriac Christians'', ''Jacobites'' and ''Nestorians''.

Thus the term ''Chaldean Catholic'' is historically, usually and properly taken purely as a [[denominational]], [[doctrinal]] and [[theological]] term which only arose in the late 17th century AD, and not as an [[ethnic]] identity or designation.<ref>a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Travis, Hannibal. Genocide in the Middle East: The Ottoman Empire, Iraq, and Sudan. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2010, 2007, pp. 237-77, 293–294</ref><ref name="conference.osu.eu">http://conference.osu.eu/globalization/publ/08-bohac.pdf</ref><ref name="conference.osu.eu"/>

The modern Chaldean Catholics are in fact [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]]<ref>Nisan, M. 2002. Minorities in the Middle East: A History of Struggle for Self Expression .Jefferson: McFarland & Company. Jump up ^ http://www.upenn.edu/pennpress/book/14225.html</ref> and originated from ancient Chaldean communities living in and indigenous to the north of Iraq/Mesopotamia which was known as Chaldea from the 25th century BC until the 7th century AD, rather than the long extinct [[Chaldea]]ns/[[Chaldees]], who in actuality were 9th century BC migrants from [[The Levant]], and always resided in the far south east of Mesopotamia, adisappeared from history circa 550 BC. However, despite this, a minority of Chaldean Catholics (particularly in the [[United States]]) have in recent times confused a purely religious term with an ethnic identity, and espoused a separate ethnic identity to their Chaldean brethren, despite there being absolutely no historical, academic, cultural, geographic, archaeological, linguistic or genetic evidence supporting a link to either the Chaldean land or the Chaldean race.

[[Raphael Bidawid]], the then patriarch of the Chaldean Catholic Church commented on the [[Assyrian name dispute]] in 2003 and clearly differentiated between the name of a church and an ethnicity:

: “''I personally think that these different names serve to add confusion. The original name of our Church was the ‘Church of the East’ … When a portion of the Church of the East became Catholic in the 17th Century, the name given was ‘Chaldean’ based on the Magi kings who were believed by some to have come from what once had been the land of the Chaldean, to Bethlehem. The name ‘Chaldean’ does not represent an ethnicity, just a church… We have to separate what is ethnicity and what is religion… I myself, my sect is Chaldean, but ethnically, I am [[Assyrian people|Assyrian]].''”<ref name="Parpola">{{cite journal | author = Parpola, Simo | year = 2004 | title = National and Ethnic Identity in the Neo-Assyrian Empire and Assyrian Identity in Post-Empire Times | journal = [[Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies]] | volume = 18 | issue = 2 | pages = pp. 22 | publisher = JAAS | url = http://www.jaas.org/edocs/v18n2/Parpola-identity_Article%20-Final.pdf | format = PDF | authorlink = Simo Parpola }}</ref>

In an interview with the Chaldean Star in the September–October 1974 issue, he was quoted as saying:
: “''Before I became a priest I was an Assyrian, before I became a bishop I was an Assyrian, I am an Assyrian today, tomorrow, forever, and I am proud of it''.''”<ref>Mar Raphael J Bidawid. The Assyrian Star. September–October, 1974:5.</ref>

==Chaldean Catholics in the Middle East==
The 1896 census of the Chaldean Catholics<ref>Mgr. George 'Abdisho' Khayyath to the Abbé Chabot (''Revue de l'Orient Chrétien'', I, no. 4)</ref> counted 233 parishes and 177 churches or chapels, mainly in northern Iraq and southeastern Turkey. The Chaldean Catholic clergy numbered 248 priests; they were assisted by the monks of the Congregation of [[Rabban Hormizd (Saint)|St. Hormizd]], who numbered about one hundred. There were about 52 Chaldean Chaldean schools (not counting those conducted by Latin nuns and missionaries). At [[Mosul]] there was a patriarchal seminary, distinct from the Chaldean seminary directed by the Dominicans. The total number of Chaldean Chaldean Christians is nearly 1.4 million, 78,000 of whom are in the [[Chaldean Catholic Archeparchy of Mosul|Diocese of Mosul]].

The current patriarch considers [[Baghdad]] as the principal city of his see. His title of "[[List of Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon|Patriarch of Babylon]]" results from the identification of Baghdad with ancient [[Babylon]] (Baghdad is 55 miles north of the ancient city of Babylon and corresponds to northern [[Babylonia]]). However, the Chaldean patriarch resides habitually at [[Mosul]] in the north, and reserves for himself the direct administration of this diocese and that of Baghdad.

There are five archbishops (resident respectively at [[Basra]], [[Diyarbakır]], [[Kirkuk]], [[Salmas]] and [[Urmia]]) and seven bishops. Eight patriarchal vicars govern the small Chaldean Chaldean communities dispersed throughout Turkey and Iran. The Chaldean clergy, especially the monks of [[Rabban Hormizd Monastery]], have established some missionary stations in the mountain districts dominated by [[The Assyrian Church of the East]]. Three dioceses are in Iran, the others in Turkey.

The liturgical language of the Chaldean Catholic Church is [[Syriac language|Syriac]], a [[Neo-Aramaic languages|Neo-Aramaic]] dialect originating in Chaldea during the [[Parthian Empire]]. The liturgy of the Chaldean Church is written in the [[Syriac alphabet]].

The literary revival in the early 20th century was mostly due to the [[Lazarist]] [[Paul Bedjan|Pere Bedjan]], an ethnic [[Assyrian people|Assyrian]] Chaldean Catholic from northwestern Iran. He popularized the ancient chronicles, the lives of [[Assyria]]n saints and martyrs, and even works of the ancient Chaldean doctors among Chaldeans of all denominations, including Chaldean Catholics, Orthodox Christians and the Chaldean Church.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03559a.htm
|title = New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia }}</ref>

In March 2008, Chaldean Catholic Archbishop [[Paulos Faraj Rahho]] of Mosul was kidnapped, and found dead two weeks later. [[Pope Benedict XVI]] condemned his death. Moderate Sunni and Shia Muslims also expressed their condemnation.<ref>{{cite web
|url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7295672.stm|title = Iraqi archbishop death condemned | work=BBC News | date=2008-03-13 | accessdate=2009-12-31}} from [[BBC News]]</ref>

Chaldean Catholics today number approximately 550,000 of Iraq's estimated 800,000 [[Assyrian Christians]], with smaller numbers found among the Chaldean Christian communities of northeast Syria, southeast Turkey, northwest Iran, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel and Armenia.<ref name='BBC'/> Perhaps the best known Iraqi Chaldean Catholic is former Iraqi deputy prime minister, [[Tariq Aziz]] (real name Michael Youhanna).<ref name='BBC'/>

Hundreds of thousands of [[Assyrian Christians]] of all denominations have left Iraq since the ousting of [[Saddam Hussein]] in 2003. At least 20,000 of them have fled through Lebanon to seek resettlement in Europe and the US.<ref>Martin Chulov (2010) [http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/dec/23/iraq-christian-exodus-christmas ”Christian exodus from Iraq gathers pace”]''The Guardian'', retrieved June 12, 2012</ref>

As political changes sweep through many Arab nations, the ethnic Chaldean minorities in northeast Syria, northwest Iran and southeast Turkey have also expressed concern.<ref>R. Thelen (2008) [http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Local-News/Sep/26/Thousands-of-Iraqi-Christians-find-refuge-in-Lebanon.ashx#axzz1xcnVc7gD ''Daily Star'', Lebanon] retrieved June 12, 2012</ref>

==Chaldean towns in northern Iraq==
*[[Zakho]]
*[[Alqosh]] ({{lang|syr|ܐܠܩܘܫ}})
*[[Ankawa]] ({{lang|syr|ܥܢܟܒ݂ܐ}})
*[[Araden]] ({{lang|syr|ܐܪܕܢ}})
*[[Baqofah]] ({{lang|syr|ܒܝܬ ܩܘܦ̮ܐ}})
*[[Batnaya]] ({{lang|syr|ܒܛܢܝܐ}})
*[[Karamles]] ({{lang|syr|ܟܪܡܠܫ}})
*[[Shaqlawa]]({{lang|syr|ܫܩܠܒ݂ܐ}})
*[[Tel Isqof]] ({{lang|syr|ܬܠܐ ܙܩܝܦ̮ܐ}})
*[[Tel Keppe]] ({{lang|syr|ܬܠ ܟܦܐ}})

==See also==

*[[Chaldean people]]
*[[List of Chaldeans]]
*[[Church of the East]]
*[[Chaldea]]
*[[East Syrian Rite]]
*[[Emmanuel III Delly]]
*[[List of Chaldean settlements]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{catholic}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Chaldean Catholic Church}}
*[http://www.cnewa.us/default.aspx?ID=59&pagetypeID=9&sitecode=US&pageno=1 The Chaldean Catholic Church]
*[http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,USCIS,,IRQ,,3dee0b564,0.html Iraq: Chaldean Christians] [[UNHCR]]
*[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03559a.htm Chaldean Christians] in the [[Catholic Encyclopedia]]
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7271828.stm BBC: Who are the Chaldean Christians?]

{{Iraq topics}}
{{Chaldean Christianity}}

[[Category:Chaldean Catholic Church]]
[[Category:Chaldean people]]
[[Category:Iraqi people]]
[[Category:Ancient peoples]]

[[tr:Keldaniler]]

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2015-07-20T02:37:28Z

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