ChaldeanWiki - User contributions [en]

Template:Other persons

2015-05-19T01:35:28Z

Ian: 1 revision imported

#REDIRECT [[Template:Other people]]

Template:EasternCatholic-bishop-stub

2015-05-19T01:35:27Z

Ian: 1 revision imported

{{asbox
| image = Christ Pantocrator Deesis mosaic Hagia Sophia.jpg
| pix = 35
| subject =
| qualifier = about an Eastern Catholic bishop
| category = Eastern Catholic bishop stubs
| tempsort = Eastern
| name = Template:EasternCatholic-bishop-stub
}}

Module:Buffer

2015-05-19T01:35:27Z

Ian: 1 revision imported

--[[=============================
This Module was written by Alexander Zhikun He, also known as, User:Codehydro on the English Wikipedia

All methods were developed independently and any resemblance to other string buffer libraries would be coincidental.
Furthermore, many methods will not work when compiled by standard Lua libraries as they depend on behaviors unique to
the MediaMiki Scribunto mod, which, for example, has a getmetatable() method that always returns nil on non-tables.
https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Scribunto/Lua_reference_manual

Source code comments may be thin at some points because they are intended to be supplemented by the documentation page:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Module:Buffer/doc

Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_License

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Module:Buffer
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Codehydro
=============================--]]
local function Valid(v)--type validation
if v and v~=true then--reject nil/boolean; faster than 2 type() comparisons
local str = tostring(v)--functions not filtered since unlikely passed by accident (Scribunto does not have userdata/thread types)
if str~=v and str=='table' then return rawget(v, 1) and table.concat(v) end--tostring(string-type) returns same ref; same refs compare faster than type()
if str~='' then return str end--numbers are coerced to string per table.concat op; appending in string form saves ops on repeat concat
end
end
local noOp, MBpairs = function()end do local iMap, vMap, oMap, pIter, pOther, pFast, Next--Map
local function init()--init = noOp after first run
function Next(t) return next, t end--slightly faster to do this than to use select()
function pIter(t, k) k = (iMap[t] or MBpairs(t, true) and iMap[t])[not k and 1 or vMap[t][k]] return k, t[k] end--don't use rawget; accepting unmapped tables does not measurably affect performance.
function pOther(t, k) k = (oMap[t] or MBpairs(t, true) and oMap[t])[nil==k and 1 or vMap[t][k]] return k, t[k] end--comparison to nil because false is a valid key
function pFast(t, k) k = not k and 1 or k < (vMap[t] or #t) and k + 1 or nil return k, t[k] end--mapless iterator; almost as fast as native ipairs; slight performance penalty when length not cached
--k and k < (vMap[t] or #t) and k + 1 or not k and 1 or nil return k, t[k] end--mapless iterator; almost as fast as native ipairs; slight performance penalty when length not cached
local mk = {__mode = 'k'}--use mode 'k'; found that mode 'kv' sometimes garbage collects maps mid-loop (may not error because iterators auto re-map, but that's expensive)
init, iMap, vMap, oMap = noOp, setmetatable({}, mk), setmetatable({}, mk), setmetatable({}, mk)--iMap is numeric keys, oMap is non-numeric keys, and vMap points to next key
end
function MBpairs(t, ...)--pairs always iterates in order
local iter, ex = ...
iter = iter==init()--nil
if iter and not oMap[t] and ex==nil and rawget(t, 1)~=nil and next(t, #t)==nil then--while possible to miss keys, more thorough check would negate the benefit of pFast
vMap[t] = #t return pFast, t, nil
elseif ... or not vMap[t] or select('#', ...)~=1 then
local ti, tn, to, n = {}, {}, {}, #t--reduces table lookups
iMap[t], vMap[t], oMap[t] = ti, tn, to
for k = 1, n do ti[k], tn[k] = k, k + 1 end--stage one avoids number type checking op in stage two for most numeric keys
for k in (ex or Next)(t) do
if not tn[k] then table.insert(tonumber(k)~=k and to or ti, k) end
end
if #ti~=n then
table.sort(ti)
for k = 1, #ti do tn[ti[k]] = k + 1 end--somewhat wasteful, but trying to avoid overwriting can be even more expensive
end
for k = 1, #to do tn[to[k]] = k + 1 end
end
return iter and pIter or oMap[t] and pOther or noOp, t--noOp for mapless
end
end
local parent, rawkey, spec do--new scope for variables not reused outside (reduces number of var names that need to checked outside of scope)
local mkv = {__mode='kv', __call=function(t,k,v)t[k]=v return k end}--shared meta for Buffer parent property, raw mode, and specialized functions
parent, rawkey, spec = setmetatable({}, mkv), setmetatable({}, mkv), setmetatable({}, mkv)--shared meta less memory
end

local MB, MBi, MBmix, buffHTML, gfuncs, noCache, Element do--minimize number of locals per scope to reduce time spent sifting through irrelevant variable names
local _stream do local stream--keep stream near top of scope
local function init(f)--init = noOp after first run
local function each(self, ...)
for k = 1, select('#', ...) do
k = Valid(select(k, ...))--slightly faster than table.insert(self, (Valid(select(k, ...))))
if k then table.insert(self, k) end
end
return self
end
init, stream, _stream = noOp, {
__call = function(t, v) v = v and Valid(v) return v and table.insert(t, v) or t end,--last_concat cleared before entering stream mode
__index = function(t, i) return i=='each' and each or MB.__index(t, i) and setmetatable(t, MB)[i] end,--no table look up minimizes resources to retrieve the only stream function
__tostring = function(t) return setmetatable(t, MB)() end
} for k, v in next, MB do stream[k] = stream[k] or v end
setmetatable(stream, getmetatable(MB))
end
function _stream(self, ...) self.last_concat = init() return setmetatable(self, stream):each(...) end
end
local function isMBfunc(Buffer, s, ...)--helper for :getParent()-like methods (including getBuffer which does not return a parent)
return s and (select('#', ...)==0 and--eventually should figure out to make this work for :getHTML which is very similar
(not rawkey[s] and tostring(s):match'^_.*' and MB.__index(Buffer, s) and MB.__index(Buffer, s)(Buffer) or MBmix(Buffer, s))--unprefixed function names append as a string
or assert(MB.__index(Buffer, s), ('" %s " does not match any available Module:Buffer function'):format(s))(Buffer, ...)--getParent is a one-way trip so one-time assert not expensive
) or Buffer
end
local function MBselect(n, ...)--helper for :_out and :_str
local n, seps = n - 1, {select(2, ...)}
if type(seps[n])=='table' then
if buffHTML and rawget(seps[n], buffHTML) then return ... end
setmetatable(seps, {__index = setmetatable(seps[n], {__index = function(t) return rawget(t, 1) end})})[n] = nil
end
return ..., seps
end
local _inHTML do local lastBuffer, lastHTML
local function init(...)--init replaced and new version called on return
local create, mwFunc = mw.html.create do
local mwHTMLmeta = getmetatable(create())
buffHTML, mwFunc, _inHTML = setmetatable(mw.clone(mwHTMLmeta), getmetatable(MB)), mwHTMLmeta.__index--buffHTML declared near top of module; remove _inHTML from outer scope
function init(nodes, ...)
local name, args, tag = select(... and type(...)=='table' and 1 or 2, nil, ...)
tag = create(Valid(name), args)
if nodes then table.insert(nodes, tag.parent and tag or rawset(tag, 'parent', parent[nodes])) end
if args then
local a, b = args.selfClosing, args.parent
args.selfClosing, args.parent = nil
if next(args) then Element._add(parent(tag.nodes, tag), args) end
args.selfClosing, args.parent = a, b--in case args is reused
end
return tag
end
for k, v in next, {[mw] = mwHTMLmeta,
__call = function(h, v) return MBmix(spec[h.nodes] and h.nodes or spec(setmetatable(parent(h.nodes, h), MB), Element), v) end,
__concat = false,--false means take from MB
__eq = false
} do buffHTML[k] = v or MB[k] end
end
local nonSelf, BHi = {tag=true,done=true,allDone=true}, buffHTML.__index do local g
g = {__index = function(t, i)
if gfuncs and gfuncs[i] then g.__index, gfuncs = gfuncs return g.__index[i] end
end}
setmetatable(nonSelf, g)
setmetatable(BHi, g)
end
for k in next, nonSelf do--any HTML objects returned by these funcs will be granted Module:Buffer enhancements
local func = mwFunc[k]
BHi[k] = function(t, ...) local HTML = func(t, ...) return parent[HTML] and HTML or setmetatable(parent(HTML, t), buffHTML) end
end
do local function joinNode(HTML, sep)
local nodes, join = HTML.nodes
if noCache and rawkey[sep] or Valid(sep) then join, HTML.nodes = tostring(rawset(HTML, 'nodes', {MB.__call(nodes, sep)})), nodes end
return join or tostring(HTML)
end
for k, v in next, {
getParent = function(HTML, ...) lastHTML = HTML return MBi.getParent(HTML:allDone(), ...) end,--return to Buffer that created the HTML tree
getBuffer = function(HTML, ...) lastHTML = HTML return isMBfunc(lastBuffer, ...) end,--return to last used
killParent = function(HTML, ...) MBi.killParent(HTML:allDone(), ...) return HTML end,
_out = function(HTML, ...)
if ...==0 then MBi._out(HTML.nodes, ...) return HTML end
lastHTML, HTML = HTML, HTML:allDone()
local n, ops, seps = select('#', ...)
if n > 1 then
local ops, seps = MBselect(n, ...)
return parent[HTML]:_in(joinNode(HTML, rawget(seps, 0))):_out(ops, rawset(seps, buffHTML, true))
end
return parent[HTML]:_(joinNode(HTML, ...))
end,
_str = function(HTML, ...)--does not set lastHTML
if ...==0 then return joinNode(HTML, select(2, ...)) end--passing 0 strings without calling allDone()
local HTML, n = HTML:allDone(), select('#', ...)
if n > 1 then
local ops, seps = MBselect(n, ...)
return parent[HTML]:_in(joinNode(HTML, rawget(seps, 1))):_str(ops, rawset(seps, buffHTML, true))
end
return joinNode(HTML, ...)
end,
_parent = function(HTML, ...) table.insert(HTML.nodes, parent[HTML:allDone()]:_str(...)) return HTML end
} do BHi[k] = v end
end
do local htmlArg, skip, outFuncs = {parent=true,selfClosing=true,tagName=true}, {}
do local out local function func(nodes, ...) return out(parent[nodes], ...) end
outFuncs = setmetatable({
tag = function(nodes, ...) return parent(setmetatable(init(nodes, ...), buffHTML), parent[nodes]) end,
done = function(b, ops)
b = parent[b]
while b.parent and ops~=0 do b, ops = b.parent, ops and ops - 1 or 0 end
return b
end
}, {__index = function(nodes, i)
if rawget(BHi, i) then out = BHi[i] return func end--rawget to exclude globals
end})
end
Element = {
_add = function(nodes, t)
for k, v in MBpairs(t), t, skip[t] do (v~=true and MBmix or noOp)(nodes, v) end
local HTML = parent[nodes] for k, v in MBpairs(t, false) do
if htmlArg[k] then HTML[k] = v
elseif v and v~=true then
if nonSelf[k] then
if k=='tag' then
if type(v)=='table' then
skip[v], k = 1, rawset(create(Valid(v[1])), 'parent', HTML)
Element._add(spec(parent(k.nodes, k, table.insert(nodes, k)), Element), v)
if k.selfClosing then k.nodes = nil else spec[k.nodes], parent[k.nodes] = nil end--free memory/reduce clutter; parent ref will auto-unset when k.nodes is nil
if not k.tagName then k.styles, k.attributes = nil end
else table.insert(nodes, create(v)) end
elseif mwFunc[k] then
if k=='done' and tonumber(v)~=v and v[1] and tonumber(v[1])==v[1] then skip[v] = 1 end
MBmix(outFuncs[k](nodes, skip[v] and v[1]).nodes, v)
elseif v[1] or v[2] then
k = MBi[k](nodes, unpack(v, 1, rawset(skip, v, k=='_B' and 1 or 2)[v]))
Element._add(getmetatable(k) and rawget(k, 'nodes') or k, v)--if k is not a table, then v should not contain any extra keys or this may error.
else MBi[k](nodes, v) end--k probably == '_G' or '_R'
elseif mwFunc[k] then
if type(v)~='table' or rawget(v, 'nodes') then mwFunc[k](HTML, v)
else
local css = k=='css'
for x, y in MBpairs(v, true) do (y and y~=true and mwFunc[k] or noOp)(HTML, css and x:gsub('_', '-') or x, y) end--iterate non-numbers first
for _, y in MBpairs(v, nil) do (y and y~=true and mwFunc[k] or noOp)(HTML, y) end--don't bother with gsub since text must be quoted anyhow
end
elseif rawget(Element, k) or rawget(MBi, k) then
if tonumber(v)==v or v[1]==nil or getmetatable(v) then (Element[k] or MBi[k])(nodes, v)--v is probably string-able object, or a table to be handled by :_all
else (Element[k] or MBi[k])(nodes, unpack(v, 1, table.maxn(v))) end--v is definately a table
else mwFunc.css(HTML, k:gsub('_', '-', 1), tostring(v)) end--oddly enough, :_add clocked its fastest runtime after adding auto-gsub as a feature
skip[v] = nil
end
end
return nodes
end
}
local tempMeta = {mode='v', copy={styles=true,attributes=true}}
function tempMeta.__index(t, i) return tempMeta.copy[i] and rawset(t, i, MBi._cc(false, 0, t.orig[i]))[i] or t.orig[i] end
rawkey[setmetatable(Element, {__index = outFuncs, __concat=function(Element, v) return setmetatable({nodes=spec({}, Element),orig=parent[v]}, tempMeta) end})] = math.huge
end
function MBi:getHTML(...)
lastBuffer = self
if ... then
if select('#', ...)==1 then return not rawkey[s] and tostring(...):match'^_' and BHi[...] and BHi[...](lastHTML) or lastHTML(...)
else return assert(BHi[...], ('" %s " does not match any mw.html or Buffer-mw.html function'):format(tostring(...)))(lastHTML, select(2, ...)) end
end
return lastHTML
end
function MBi:_html(...) return MBi._(self, lastHTML, select(spec[self]==Element and select('#', ...)==0 and 1 or 2, true, ...)) end
return init(...)
end
function _inHTML(self, ...)
local HTML = init(nil, ...)
if HTML.selfClosing and spec[self]==Element then self.last_concat = table.insert(self, HTML) return self end
lastBuffer, lastHTML = self, setmetatable(parent(HTML, self), buffHTML)--set after 'args' table processed by :_add
return HTML
end
end
local _var, unbuild do local prev, rebuild
local function init(...)--init replaced before return
local function pick(b, v) return b and table.insert(b, v) or v end
local function c(a, num) return rawset(a.a or a, 0, a[0] and a[0] + a.c or num and a[1] or a[1]:byte())[0] end
local same, build, alt = {__tostring = function(a, b) return a.a[0] and pick(b, a.a.string and string.char(a.a[0]) or a.a.table and a.a[1][a.a[0]] or a.a[0]) end}, {
__index = {c = 1},
__tostring = function(t) return t:_build() end,
table = function(a, b) local i = next(a[1], a[0]) or a[0]==#a[1] and next(a[1]) return pick(b, rawset(a.a or a, 0, i)[1][i]) end,--change rate (a.c) ignored since users control the table's contents
number = function(a, b) return pick(b, c(a, true)) end,
string = function(a, b) return pick(b, string.char(c(a))) end
}, {__index = function(a, i) return a.a[i] end, __tostring = function(a, b) return (rawget(a, 0) and a[0]==tostring(a[0]) and rawset(a, 0, a[0]:byte()) or a).a._build(a, b) end}
local function shift(t, c)
t[0] = t[0] and t[0] + c or t:_build() and t[0] - t.c + c
if t.table then t[0] = (t[0] - 1) % #t[1] + 1 end
end
function rebuild(...)
local v, c = ...
if v or select('#', ...)==0 then
if v and not c then return prev end
local meta, c = select(v and 1 or 3, alt, c, same, 0)
return setmetatable({a = prev, _build = meta.__tostring, c = c}, meta)
elseif v==nil then--no-op
elseif c then shift(prev, c)--v == false
else prev:_build() end
end
init, noCache = function(v, c) prev = setmetatable({v, c = c, _build = build[type(v)] or v, [type(v)] = true, alt = {}}, build) return prev end, true
return init(...)
end
function unbuild(sep)
for k, v in MBpairs(sep, nil) do
k = getmetatable(v) if k and (k==build or k==alt) then shift(v.a or v, -v.c) end
end
end
function _var(self, ...)
local obj if ... and ...~=true then obj = init(...)
elseif prev then
if ...~=false then obj = rebuild(...)
else rebuild(...) end
end
return obj and MBi._(self, obj, nil, true) or self
end
end
local lib; MBi = setmetatable({stream = _stream,
_inHTML = _inHTML,
_var = _var,
_ = function(self, v, ...)
local at, raw = select(select('#', ...)==1 and ...==true and 1 or 2, nil, ...)
if raw then rawkey[self] = math.huge else v = Valid(v) end
if v or raw then
if at or rawkey[self] then raw = #self end--if length increases by more than one after table.insert, then set rawkey[self] = math.huge; rawkey[self] may be equal to a previous 'at'
at, self.last_concat = at and (tonumber(at)~=at and raw + at or at)
table.insert(self, select(at and 1 or 2, at, v))
if at and at < 0 or raw and #self - raw > 1 then rawkey[self] = math.huge elseif at and #self==raw then rawkey[self] = rawkey[self] and math.max(rawkey[self], at) or at end
end--above line looks bizarre because one table.insert op may make length jump from 0 to 8: local wtf={[2]=2,[4]=4,[8]=8}mw.log(#wtf,table.insert(wtf,1),#wtf)
return self
end,
_nil = function(self, at, ...)
if ...~=true and ...~=false then--faster than type(...) ~= 'boolean'
if not at or at=='0' then
self[#self] = ... if ... then rawkey[self] = math.huge end
else
local n, v = tonumber(at), ...
if n~=at then
if n then n = #self + at
elseif at~=true and select('#', ...)==0 then v, n = at, #self end
end
if n then
if v==nil and n > 0 then table.remove(self, n)
else self[math.floor(n)], rawkey[self] = v, math.huge end--floor position for consistency with Table library
end
end
self.last_concat = nil
end
return self
end,
_all = function(self, t, valKey)
for k, v in MBpairs(t) do MBmix(self, v, valKey) end
for k, v in valKey and MBpairs(t, false) or noOp, t do
if tonumber(v) then MBi._(self, k, v)--self not always a buffer
elseif rawget(MBi, k) and v and v~=true then
if v[1]==nil or getmetatable(v) then MBi[k](self, v)
else MBi[k](self, unpack(v, 1, table.maxn(v))) end
end
end
return self
end,
_str = function(t, ...)
local n = select('#', ...)
if n > 1 then
local k, ops, seps, r = 2, MBselect(n, ...)
r = MB(t(seps[1]))
while parent[t] and ops > 1 and r:_(parent[t](seps[k]), 1) do t, k, ops = parent[t], k + 1, ops - 1 end
return table.concat(r, seps[k] or nil)
end
return MB.__call(t, ...)
end,
_in = function (self, ...) return parent(MB(...), self) end,
_out = function(t, ...)
if ...==0 then return parent(t, parent[t], MBi._cc(t, t, MB.__call(t, (select(2, ...))), getmetatable(t))) end--love how :_cc needed nothing new to implement this *self pat on back*
local n = select('#', ...)
if n > 1 then
local k, ops, seps = 1, MBselect(n, ...)
while parent[t] and ops > 0 do t, k, ops = parent[t]:_(t(seps[k])), k + 1, ops - 1 end
elseif parent[t] then return parent[t]:_(t(...)) end
return t
end,
_cc = function(self, clear, copy, meta)
if clear then
if rawequal(clear, copy) then return self, spec[MBi._cc] and setmetatable(spec[MBi._cc], MB)--rawequal to avoid re-string via __eq in case both are different Buffer objects
elseif copy==true then copy = self end
if clear~=0 then
assert(type(clear)=='table', debug.traceback('Buffer:_cc can only "clear" tables. Did you forget to call with a colon?', 2))--errors can be hard to trace without this
for k in self and next or noOp, clear do rawset(clear, k, nil) end
else return MBi._cc(false, {unpack(copy)}, copy) end--copy length w/o empty strings; recursion to avoid self = false causing garbage collection (non-weak child may exist)
if self==false or copy and type(copy)=='table' then--self==false means copy is a table (saves a type op for recursive calls)
meta = meta or getmetatable(copy)
if self and #copy > 1 then--preserves length with empty strings; developed from studying http://www.lua.org/source/5.1/ltable.c.html
local n, null, i, e = #copy, {}, math.ldexp(2, select(2, math.frexp(#copy)) - 2)
e, spec[MBi._cc], parent[null] = i - 1, null, clear
for k = 1, e do table.insert(clear, false) end
while i<=n do table.insert(clear, i, '') i, null[i] = i + math.ldexp(2, select(2, math.frexp(n - i)) - 2), '' end
for k = 1, e do rawset(clear, k, nil) end
end
for k, v in next, copy do rawset(clear, k, type(v)=='table' and MBi._cc(false, 0, v) or v) end
elseif copy then rawset(clear, 1, (Valid(copy))) end
rawkey[setmetatable(clear, meta)], parent[clear] = rawkey[copy], parent[copy]
end
return self and rawset(self, 'last_concat', nil) or clear
end,
_parent = function(self, ...) return parent[self] and MBi._(self, parent[self]:_str(...)) or self end,
getParent = function(self, ...) return isMBfunc(parent[self] or parent[parent(self, setmetatable({}, MB))], ...) end,
killParent = function(self, ...) return parent[self] and isMBfunc(parent[self], ...) and parent(self) or self end,
_build = function(self, t) table.insert(t, self()) end,--for compatibility with mw.html:node()
last_concat = false--prevent library check
}, {__index = function(t, i)--import string, mw.text, and mw.ustring libraries on an as-needed basis
local func = string[i] or mw.text[i] or mw.ustring[i] or type(i)=='string' and mw.ustring[i:match'^u(.+)'] if func then
lib = lib or function (s, f, ...)
if parent[s] and next(s)==nil then return s:_((f(tostring(parent[Element and (spec[s]==Element and s:allDone() or spec[parent[s]]==Element and parent[s]) or s]), ...))) end
return f(tostring(s), ...)--not using ternary/logical operators here to allow multiple return values
end
return rawset(t, i, i:match'^u?gsub' and function(self, p, r, ...)return lib(self, func, p, r or '', ...)end--Why are ugsub/gsub special? because empty strings are against my religion!
or function(self, ...)return lib(self, func, ...)end)[i]
end
end})
end

function MBmix(t, v, ...) return v and ((type(v)~='table' or getmetatable(v)) and MBi._(t, v) or (select('#', ...)==0 and spec[t] and spec[t]._add or MBi._all)(t, v, ...)) or t end--:_all always passes two args

local _G, new_G = _G--localize _G for console testing (console _G ~= module _G)
return setmetatable({__index = function(t, i) return spec[t] and spec[t][i] or MBi[i] end,
__call = function(t, ...)
local rawsep, sep, i, j, raw = noCache and rawkey[...] and ..., ...
if i or j or rawsep or Valid(sep) then
raw, sep, i, j = rawkey[spec[t]] or rawkey[t], rawsep or Valid(sep), i and (i~=tonumber(i) and i + #t or i), j and (j~=tonumber(j) and j + #t or j)
if rawsep or raw and (raw>=(j or #t) or i < 1) then
raw, i, j = {}, i and math.floor(i), j and math.floor(j)--floor for consistency with table.concat(t, sep, i, j), which ignores decimals
raw.lc, t.last_concat = t.last_concat--temporarily unset last_concat to prevent disqualification from mapless iteration
for k, v in MBpairs(t) do
if raw[1] or not i or k>=i then if j and k > j then break end
if raw.s then raw.s = table.insert(raw, tostring(sep)) end--if sep contains v and v is a Buffer-variable, sep must be strung before v
k = Valid(v) if k then
raw.s = rawsep or sep and raw[1] and table.insert(raw, sep)
table.insert(raw, k)
end
end
end
if rawsep and not raw.s then raw[#raw] = unbuild(sep) end--unbuild rawsep if final index in t was invalid
t.last_concat = raw.lc return table.concat(raw)
end
return table.concat(t, sep, i and math.max(i, 1), j and math.min(j, #t))
end
return MB.__tostring(t)
end,
__tostring = function(t)
if t.last_concat then return t.last_concat end
local r = rawkey[spec[t]] or rawkey[t]
r = table.concat(r and r>=#t and MBi._all({}, t) or t)
return (noCache or rawset(t, 'last_concat', r)) and r
end,
__concat = function(a, b)
if buffHTML then
for k = 1, 2 do local v = select(k, a, b)--faster than for k, v in pairs{a, b} do
if v and spec[v] and spec[v]==Element then
if parent[v].selfClosing then
if rawequal(a, b) then return (not noCache or parent[v].tagName) and v:_str(0):rep(2) or v:_str(0)..v:_str(0) end--rawequal avoids premature tostring of Buffer:_var objects;
b, a = select(k, b, parent[v], a)
else local temp = Element .. v --helper method; returns a mirror of parent[v]
MBmix(MBmix(parent(temp.nodes, temp), a), k==1 and spec[b]==Element and parent[b] or b)
return buffHTML.__tostring(setmetatable(temp, {__index=parent[v], __mode='v'}))--switch from tempMeta to avoid MBi._cc op of styles/attributes
end
end
end
end
return table.concat(MBmix(MBmix({}, a), b))
end,
__pairs = MBpairs,
__ipairs = MBpairs,
__eq = function(a, b) return tostring(a)==tostring(b) end--avoid a==b in this module; use rawequal(a,b) when they may be different Buffers (premature tostring waste ops and is bad for Buffer:_var)
}, {__tostring = function()return''end,
__call = function(self, ...) MB = MB or self
if new_G then if ... and _G and ...==_G then new_G = ... end
elseif ... and (...==_G or type(...)=='table' and (...)._G==...) then
local Nil, mG = {}, (...):getmetatable() or (...):setmetatable{}:getmetatable()
new_G, _G, gfuncs = ..., ..., {--gfuncs stored for Buffer:_inHTML; new_G is a is a Module:Buffer local declared just before the final return statement.
_G = function(self, i, ...)
local X, save = rawget(new_G, i), select('#', ...)==0 and self or ...
if i and i~=true and not (X and save and rawequal(X, save)) and rawset(new_G, i, save) and (X~=nil or save==nil and new_G[i]~=nil) then--rawequal in case X is another buffer
local mG = getmetatable(new_G) or {__call=mG.__call}
if mG.__index then pcall(rawset, mG.__index, i, X)
else mG.__index = setmetatable(new_G, mG) and {[i] = X} end
end
return self, ...--avoiding __eq with rawequal(self,save) is overkill since buffers can self-save without being passed as save
end,
_R = function(self, i, v, m)
if i~='new_G' then if i and i~=true then rawset(new_G, i , v) end
elseif not v or v==true or v._G~=_G then new_G = setmetatable(v~=true and v or {}, {__call = mG.__call, __index = v~=true and m~=true and (m or new_G) or nil})
else new_G, (not m and (m~=nil or v==new_G) and Nil or getmetatable(v)).__index = v, m~=true and (m or new_G) or nil end--setting Nil.__index is noOp
return self
end,
_2 = function(self, ...)
if new_G[...]~=nil then return new_G[...] end--higher priority so Buffer:_G('new_G', ...) can prevent an overwrite
if ...=='new_G' then return rawset((select('#', ...)~=1 and MBi._R(new_G, ...) or new_G), '_G', _G) end
return select(select('#', ...)==1 and 1 or 2, self:_G(...))--return only one value; 'return select(2, self:_G(...)) or self' doesn't work for returning nil
end,
_B = function(self, v) return v or v==nil and Nil end
} for k, v in next, gfuncs do MBi[k] = v end
setmetatable(Nil,{__concat=MB.__concat,__newindex=noOp,__call=noOp,__tostring=noOp,__metatable=MB,__index=setmetatable({_B=MBi._B,_=function()return Nil end,last_concat=''},
{__index=function(t,i)return (MBi[i] or i and not tonumber(i)) and t._ or nil end})})
function mG.__call(G, k, ...) return (k._G or G.type(k)=='table') and (G.select('#', ...)~=1 and G.rawset(k, ...) or G:rawset(..., k) and k) or G:rawset(k, (...)) and ... end
end
local new = setmetatable({}, self)
if ... and (...)==new_G then return select(2, ...) and MBmix(new:_G((select(2, ...))), select(3, ...)) or new end
return ... and MBi._(new, ...) or new
end,
__index = function(t, i)
MB = MB or t return MBi[i] and function(...) return MBi[i](setmetatable({}, t), select(...==t and 2 or 1,...)) end
end
})

Template:EC-clergy-stub

2015-05-19T01:35:27Z

Ian: 1 revision imported

{{asbox
| image = Christ Pantocrator Deesis mosaic Hagia Sophia.jpg
| pix = 30
| subject = biographical
| qualifier = about Eastern Catholicism
| category = Eastern Catholic clergy stubs
| tempsort = Clergy
| name = Template:EC-clergy-stub
}}

Template:Birth date and age

2015-05-19T01:35:26Z

Ian: 1 revision imported

<includeonly> ({{{1|{{{year}}}}}}-{{padleft:{{{2|{{{month}}}}}}|2|0}}-{{padleft:{{{3|{{{day}}}}}}|2|0}}) {{#if:{{{df|}}}|{{#expr:{{{3|{{{day}}}}}}}} {{MONTHNAME|{{{2|{{{month}}}}}}}}|{{MONTHNAME|{{{2|{{{month}}}}}}}} {{#expr:{{{3|{{{day}}}}}}}},}} {{{1|{{{year}}}}}} (age {{age | {{{1|{{{year}}}}}} | {{{2|{{{month}}}}}} | {{{3|{{{day}}}}}} }}){{#ifexpr: ( {{{1|{{{year}}}}}} > {{CURRENTYEAR}} ) OR ( {{CURRENTYEAR}} - {{{1|{{{year}}}}}} > 150 )
| {{error|invalid year}}{{main other|[[Category:Pages using age template with invalid date]]}}
}}{{#ifexpr: ( {{{2|{{{month}}}}}} > 12 ) OR ( {{{2|{{{month}}}}}} < 1 )
| {{error|invalid month}}{{main other|[[Category:Pages using age template with invalid date]]}}
}}{{#ifexpr: ( {{{3|{{{day}}}}}} > 31 ) OR ( {{{3|{{{day}}}}}} < 1 )
| {{error|invalid day}}{{main other|[[Category:Pages using age template with invalid date]]}}
}}</includeonly><noinclude>
{{documentation}}
</noinclude>

Template:S-break

2015-05-19T01:35:26Z

Ian: 1 revision imported

<includeonly>|-</includeonly><noinclude>
{{documentation}}
{{/TemplateData}}
</noinclude>

Template:S-inc

2015-05-19T01:35:26Z

Ian: 1 revision imported

<includeonly>| style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="{{{rows|1}}}"|{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{#switch:{{{1}}}
|current='''Current holder'''
|recent='''Most recent'''
|#default={{#if:{{{1}}}|'''Incumbent'''}}
}}|'''Incumbent'''}}{{#if:{{{heir|}}}| ''{{#if:{{{heir-type|}}}|{{{heir-type}}}|Heir}}: {{{heir}}}''}}
|-</includeonly><noinclude>
{{documentation}}

</noinclude>

Template:Patriarchs of the Church of the East

2015-05-19T01:35:25Z

Ian: 1 revision imported

{{Navbox
| name = Patriarchs of the Church of the East
| title = [[Patriarchs of the Church of the East]]
|listclass = hlist
| basestyle = background-color: #FFFF66
| evenstyle = background:#FFFFBB;
| above =
| state = {{{1<includeonly>|expanded</includeonly>}}}

| group1 = 1st–4th centuries
| list1 =
* [[Addai]]
* [[Aggai (bishop)|Aggai (66–87)]]
* [[Saint Mari|Mari (''ob.''104)]]
* [[Abris|Abris (121–37)]]
* [[Abraham (bishop)|Abraham (159–71)]]
* [[Yaqob I|Yaʿqob I (''c.'' 190)]]
* [[Ahadabui|Ahadabui (204–20)]]
* [[Shahlufa|Shahlufa (220–4)]]
* [[Papa (bishop)|Papa (''c.'' 280–317)]]
* [[Shemon Bar Sabbae|Shemʿon Bar Sabbaʿe (329–41)]]
* [[Shahdost|Shahdost (341–3)]]
* [[Barba'shmin|Barbaʿshmin (343–6)]]
* [[Tomarsa|Tomarsa (363–71)]]
* [[Qayyoma|Qayyoma (377–99)]]

| group2 = 5th–8th centuries
| list2 =
* [[Isaac (patriarch)|Isaac (399–410)]]
* [[Ahha|Ahha (410–14)]]
* [[Yahballaha I|Yahballaha I (415–20)]]
* [[Mana (patriarch)|Maʿna (420)]]
* [[Farbokht|Farbokht (421)]]
* [[Dadisho|Dadishoʿ (421–56)]]
* [[Babowai|Babowai (457–84)]]
* [[Acacius (Nestorian Patriarch)|Acacius (485–96)]]
* [[Babai (Nestorian Patriarch)|Babai (497–503)]]
* [[Shila (Nestorian Patriarch)|Shila (503–23)]]
* [[Elisha (Nestorian Patriarch)|Elishaʿ (524–37)]]
* [[Narsai (Nestorian Patriarch)|Narsai ''intrusus'' (524–37)]]
* [[Paul (Nestorian Patriarch)|Paul (539)]]
* [[Aba I|Aba I (540–52)]]
* [[Joseph (Nestorian Patriarch)|Joseph (552–67)]]
* [[Ezekiel (Nestorian Patriarch)|Ezekiel (570–81)]]
* [[Ishoyahb I|Isho{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}yahb I (582–95)]]
* [[Sabrisho I|Sabrishoʿ I (596–604)]]
* [[Gregory (Nestorian Patriarch)|Gregory (605–9)]]
* [[Ishoyahb II|Ishoʿyahb II (628–45)]]
* [[Maremmeh|Maremmeh (646–9)]]
* [[Ishoyahb III|Ishoʿyahb III (649–59)]]
* [[Giwargis I|Giwargis I (661–80)]]
* [[Yohannan I|Yohannan I (680–3)]]
* [[Hnanisho I|Hnanishoʿ I (686–98)]]
* [[Yohannan the Leper|Yohannan Garba ''intrusus'' (691–3)]]
* [[Sliba-zkha|Sliba-zkha (714–28)]]
* [[Pethion|Pethion (731–40)]]
* [[Aba II|Aba II (741–51)]]
* [[Surin (Nestorian Patriarch)|Surin (753)]]
* [[Yaqob II|Yaʿqob II (753–73)]]
* [[Hnanisho II|Hnanishoʿ II (773–80)]]
* [[Timothy I (Nestorian Patriarch)|Timothy I (780–823)]]
*

| group3 = 9th–12th centuries
| list3 =
* [[Isho Bar Nun|Ishoʿ bar Nun (823–8)]]
* [[Giwargis II|Giwargis II (828–31)]]
* [[Sabrisho II|Sabrishoʿ II (831–5)]]
* [[Abraham II|Abraham II (837–50)]]
* [[Theodosius (Nestorian Patriarch)|Theodosius (853–8)]]
* [[Sargis (Nestorian Patriarch)|Sargis (860–72)]]
* [[Israel of Kashkar|Israel of Kashkar ''intrusus'' (877)]]
* [[Enosh (Nestorian Patriarch)|Enosh (877–84)]]
* [[Yohannan II|Yohannan II (884–91)]]
* [[Yohannan III|Yohannan III (893–9)]]
* [[Yohannan IV|Yohannan IV (900–05)]]
* [[Abraham III (Nestorian Patriarch)|Abraham III (906–37)]]
* [[Emmanuel I (Nestorian Patriarch)|Emmanuel I (937–60)]]
* [[Israel (Nestorian Patriarch)|Israel (961)]]
* [[Abdisho I|ʿAbdishoʿ I (963–86)]]
* [[Mari (Nestorian Patriarch)|Mari (987–99)]]
* [[Yohannan V|Yohannan V (1000–11)]]
* [[Yohannan VI|Yohannan VI (1012–16)]]
* [[Ishoyahb IV|Ishoʿyahb IV (1020–5)]]
* [[Eliya I|Eliya I (1028–49)]]
* [[Yohannan VII|Yohannan VII (1049–57)]]
* [[Sabrisho III|Sabrishoʿ III (1064–72)]]
* [[Abdisho II|ʿAbdishoʿ II (1074–90)]]
* [[Makkikha I|Makkikha I (1092–1110)]]
* [[Eliya II|Eliya II (1111–32)]]
* [[Bar Sawma (Nestorian Patriarch)|Bar Sawma (1134–6)]]
* [[Abdisho III|ʿAbdishoʿ III (1139–48)]]
* [[Ishoyahb V|Ishoʿyahb V (1149–75)]]
* [[Eliya III|Eliya III (1176–90)]]

| group4 = 13th–16th centuries
| list4 =
* [[Yahballaha II|Yahballaha II (1190–1222)]]
* [[Sabrisho IV|Sabrishoʿ IV (1222–4)]]
* [[Sabrisho V|Sabrishoʿ V (1226–56)]]
* [[Makkikha II|Makkikha II (1257–65)]]
* [[Denha I|Denha I (1265–81)]]
* [[Yahballaha III|Yahballaha III (1281–1317)]]
* [[Timothy II (Nestorian Patriarch)|Timothy II (1318–''c.'' 1332)]]
* [[Denha II|Denha II (1336/7–1381/2)]]
* [[Shemon II|Shemʿon II (''c.'' 1385–''c.'' 1405)]]
* [[Eliya IV|Eliya IV (''c.'' 1405–''c.'' 1425)]]
* [[Shemon III|Shemʿon III (''c.'' 1425–''c.'' 1450)]]
* [[Shemon IV Basidi|Shemʿon IV Basidi (''c.'' 1450–1497)]]
* [[Shemon V|Shemʿon V (1497–1502)]]
* [[Eliya V|Eliya V (1503–4)]]
* [[Shemon VI|Shemʿon VI (1504–38)]]
* [[Shemon VII Ishoyahb|Shemʿon VII Ishoʿyahb (1539–58)]]

| belowclass = hlist
| below =
* [[File:YHWH Syriac.svg|17px]] '''[[Portal:Syriac Christianity|Syriac Christianity Portal]]'''
* [[List of Patriarchs of the Church of the East|Patriarch List]]

}}<noinclude>
[[Category:Bishops of the Assyrian Church of the East]]
[[Category:Patriarchs of the Church of the East]]<noinclude>

</noinclude>

Template:Other people

2015-05-19T01:35:24Z

Ian: 1 revision imported

{{Hatnote|1=For other people {{#if:{{{2|}}}
|{{#if:{{{1|}}}
|{{{named|named}}} {{{1}}}
|with the same name
}}
|{{{named|named}}} {{{1|{{PAGENAME}}}}}
}}, see [[:{{{2|{{{1|{{PAGENAME}}}}} (disambiguation)}}}]].}}<noinclude>
{{documentation}}

</noinclude>

Template:Ordination

2015-05-19T01:35:24Z

Ian: 1 revision imported

{{infobox
| bodyclass = bordered collapsible collapsed
| abovestyle = background-color: #ddd; font-size:88%;
| above = <includeonly>{{resize|114%|Ordination history of {{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}</includeonly>

| headerstyle = background:#f2f2f2;

| header1 = {{#if:{{{ordained deacon by|}}}{{{date of diaconal ordination|}}}{{{place of diaconal ordination|}}}|<div style="width:100%;border-top: 5px solid #333">Diaconal ordination</div>}}

| label2 = Ordained by
| data2 = {{{ordained deacon by|}}}

| label3 = Date of ordination
| data3 = {{{date of diaconal ordination|}}}

| label4 = Place of ordination
| data4 = {{{place of diaconal ordination|}}}

| header5 = {{#if:{{{ordained priest by|}}}{{{date of priestly ordination|}}}{{{place of priestly ordination|}}}|<div style="width:100%;border-top: 5px solid #333">Priestly ordination</div>}}

| label6 = Ordained by
| data6 = {{{ordained priest by|}}}

| label7 = Date of ordination
| data7 = {{{date of priestly ordination|}}}

| label8 = Place of ordination
| data8 = {{{place of priestly ordination|}}}

| header9 = {{#if:{{{consecrated by|}}}{{{date of consecration|}}}{{{place of consecration|}}}|<div style="width:100%;border-top: 5px solid #800080">Episcopal consecration</div>}}

| label10 = Principal consecrator
| data10 = {{{consecrated by|}}}

| label11 = Co-consecrators
| data11 = {{{co-consecrators|}}}

| label12 = Co-consecrator
| data12 = {{{co-consecrator1|}}}

| label13 = Co-consecrator
| data13 = {{{co-consecrator2|}}}

| label14 = Date of consecration
| data14 = {{{date of consecration|}}}

| label15 = Place of consecration
| data15 = {{{place of consecration|}}}

| header16 = {{#if:{{{date created cardinal|}}}{{{date of elevation|}}}{{{elevated by|}}}|<div style="width:100%;border-top: 5px solid #FF2400">Cardinalate</div>}}

| label17 = Elevated by
| data17 = {{{elevated by|}}}

| label18 = Date of elevation
| data18 = {{{date created cardinal|}}}

| label19 = Date of elevation
| data19 = {{{date of elevation|}}}

| header20 = {{#if:{{{bishop 1|}}}|<div style="width:100%;border-top: 5px solid #800080">Bishops consecrated by {{{surname|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}} as principal consecrator</div>}}

| label21 = {{{bishop 1|}}}
| data21 = {{#if:{{{bishop 1|}}}|{{{consecration date 1|}}}}}

| label22 = {{{bishop 2|}}}
| data22 = {{#if:{{{bishop 2|}}}|{{{consecration date 2|}}}}}

| label23 = {{{bishop 3|}}}
| data23 = {{#if:{{{bishop 3|}}}|{{{consecration date 3|}}}}}

| label24 = {{{bishop 4|}}}
| data24 = {{#if:{{{bishop 4|}}}|{{{consecration date 4|}}}}}

| label25 = {{{bishop 5|}}}
| data25 = {{#if:{{{bishop 5|}}}|{{{consecration date 5|}}}}}

| label26 = {{{bishop 6|}}}
| data26 = {{#if:{{{bishop 6|}}}|{{{consecration date 6|}}}}}

| label27 = {{{bishop 7|}}}
| data27 = {{#if:{{{bishop 7|}}}|{{{consecration date 7|}}}}}

| label28 = {{{bishop 8|}}}
| data28 = {{#if:{{{bishop 8|}}}|{{{consecration date 8|}}}}}

| label29 = {{{bishop 9|}}}
| data29 = {{#if:{{{bishop 9|}}}|{{{consecration date 9|}}}}}

| label30 = {{{bishop 10|}}}
| data30 = {{#if:{{{bishop 10|}}}|{{{consecration date 10|}}}}}

| label31 = {{{bishop 11|}}}
| data31 = {{#if:{{{bishop 11|}}}|{{{consecration date 11|}}}}}

| label32 = {{{bishop 12|}}}
| data32 = {{#if:{{{bishop 12|}}}|{{{consecration date 12|}}}}}

| label33 = {{{bishop 13|}}}
| data33 = {{#if:{{{bishop 13|}}}|{{{consecration date 13|}}}}}

| label34 = {{{bishop 14|}}}
| data34 = {{#if:{{{bishop 14|}}}|{{{consecration date 14|}}}}}

| label35 = {{{bishop 15|}}}
| data35 = {{#if:{{{bishop 15|}}}|{{{consecration date 15|}}}}}

| label36 = {{{bishop 16|}}}
| data36 = {{#if:{{{bishop 16|}}}|{{{consecration date 16|}}}}}

| label37 = {{{bishop 17|}}}
| data37 = {{#if:{{{bishop 17|}}}|{{{consecration date 17|}}}}}

| label38 = {{{bishop 18|}}}
| data38 = {{#if:{{{bishop 18|}}}|{{{consecration date 18|}}}}}

| label39 = {{{bishop 19|}}}
| data39 = {{#if:{{{bishop 19|}}}|{{{consecration date 19|}}}}}

| label40 = {{{bishop 20|}}}
| data40 = {{#if:{{{bishop 20|}}}|{{{consecration date 20|}}}}}

| label41 = {{{bishop 21|}}}
| data41 = {{#if:{{{bishop 21|}}}|{{{consecration date 21|}}}}}

| label42 = {{{bishop 22|}}}
| data42 = {{#if:{{{bishop 22|}}}|{{{consecration date 22|}}}}}

| label43 = {{{bishop 23|}}}
| data43 = {{#if:{{{bishop 23|}}}|{{{consecration date 23|}}}}}

| label44 = {{{bishop 24|}}}
| data44 = {{#if:{{{bishop 24|}}}|{{{consecration date 24|}}}}}

| label45 = {{{bishop 25|}}}
| data45 = {{#if:{{{bishop 25|}}}|{{{consecration date 25|}}}}}

| label46 = {{{bishop 26|}}}
| data46 = {{#if:{{{bishop 26|}}}|{{{consecration date 26|}}}}}

| label47 = {{{bishop 27|}}}
| data47 = {{#if:{{{bishop 27|}}}|{{{consecration date 27|}}}}}

| label48 = {{{bishop 28|}}}
| data48 = {{#if:{{{bishop 28|}}}|{{{consecration date 28|}}}}}

| label49 = {{{bishop 29|}}}
| data49 = {{#if:{{{bishop 29|}}}|{{{consecration date 29|}}}}}

| label50 = {{{bishop 30|}}}
| data50 = {{#if:{{{bishop 30|}}}|{{{consecration date 30|}}}}}

| label51 = {{{bishop 31|}}}
| data51 = {{#if:{{{bishop 31|}}}|{{{consecration date 31|}}}}}

| label52 = {{{bishop 32|}}}
| data52 = {{#if:{{{bishop 32|}}}|{{{consecration date 32|}}}}}

| label53 = {{{bishop 33|}}}
| data53 = {{#if:{{{bishop 33|}}}|{{{consecration date 33|}}}}}

| label54 = {{{bishop 34|}}}
| data54 = {{#if:{{{bishop 34|}}}|{{{consecration date 34|}}}}}

| label55 = {{{bishop 35|}}}
| data55 = {{#if:{{{bishop 35|}}}|{{{consecration date 35|}}}}}

| label56 = {{{bishop 36|}}}
| data56 = {{#if:{{{bishop 36|}}}|{{{consecration date 36|}}}}}

| label57 = {{{bishop 37|}}}
| data57 = {{#if:{{{bishop 37|}}}|{{{consecration date 37|}}}}}

| label58 = {{{bishop 38|}}}
| data58 = {{#if:{{{bishop 38|}}}|{{{consecration date 38|}}}}}

| label59 = {{{bishop 39|}}}
| data59 = {{#if:{{{bishop 39|}}}|{{{consecration date 39|}}}}}

| label60 = {{{bishop 40|}}}
| data60 = {{#if:{{{bishop 40|}}}|{{{consecration date 40|}}}}}

| label61 = {{{bishop 41|}}}
| data61 = {{#if:{{{bishop 41|}}}|{{{consecration date 41|}}}}}

| label62 = {{{bishop 42|}}}
| data62 = {{#if:{{{bishop 42|}}}|{{{consecration date 42|}}}}}

| label63 = {{{bishop 43|}}}
| data63 = {{#if:{{{bishop 43|}}}|{{{consecration date 43|}}}}}

| label64 = {{{bishop 44|}}}
| data64 = {{#if:{{{bishop 44|}}}|{{{consecration date 44|}}}}}

| label65 = {{{bishop 45|}}}
| data65 = {{#if:{{{bishop 45|}}}|{{{consecration date 45|}}}}}

| label66 = {{{bishop 46|}}}
| data66 = {{#if:{{{bishop 46|}}}|{{{consecration date 46|}}}}}

| label67 = {{{bishop 47|}}}
| data67 = {{#if:{{{bishop 47|}}}|{{{consecration date 47|}}}}}

| label68 = {{{bishop 48|}}}
| data68 = {{#if:{{{bishop 48|}}}|{{{consecration date 48|}}}}}

| label69 = {{{bishop 49|}}}
| data69 = {{#if:{{{bishop 49|}}}|{{{consecration date 49|}}}}}

| label70 = {{{bishop 50|}}}
| data70 = {{#if:{{{bishop 50|}}}|{{{consecration date 50|}}}}}

| label71 = {{{bishop 51|}}}
| data71 = {{#if:{{{bishop 51|}}}|{{{consecration date 51|}}}}}

| label72 = {{{bishop 52|}}}
| data72 = {{#if:{{{bishop 52|}}}|{{{consecration date 52|}}}}}

| label73 = {{{bishop 53|}}}
| data73 = {{#if:{{{bishop 53|}}}|{{{consecration date 53|}}}}}

| label74 = {{{bishop 54|}}}
| data74 = {{#if:{{{bishop 54|}}}|{{{consecration date 54|}}}}}

| label75 = {{{bishop 55|}}}
| data75 = {{#if:{{{bishop 55|}}}|{{{consecration date 55|}}}}}

| label76 = {{{bishop 56|}}}
| data76 = {{#if:{{{bishop 56|}}}|{{{consecration date 56|}}}}}

| label77 = {{{bishop 57|}}}
| data77 = {{#if:{{{bishop 57|}}}|{{{consecration date 57|}}}}}

| label78 = {{{bishop 58|}}}
| data78 = {{#if:{{{bishop 58|}}}|{{{consecration date 58|}}}}}

| label79 = {{{bishop 59|}}}
| data79 = {{#if:{{{bishop 59|}}}|{{{consecration date 59|}}}}}

| label80 = {{{bishop 60|}}}
| data80 = {{#if:{{{bishop 60|}}}|{{{consecration date 60|}}}}}

| label81 = {{{bishop 61|}}}
| data81 = {{#if:{{{bishop 61|}}}|{{{consecration date 61|}}}}}

| label82 = {{{bishop 62|}}}
| data82 = {{#if:{{{bishop 62|}}}|{{{consecration date 62|}}}}}

| label83 = {{{bishop 63|}}}
| data83 = {{#if:{{{bishop 63|}}}|{{{consecration date 63|}}}}}

| label84 = {{{bishop 64|}}}
| data84 = {{#if:{{{bishop 64|}}}|{{{consecration date 64|}}}}}

| label85 = {{{bishop 65|}}}
| data85 = {{#if:{{{bishop 65|}}}|{{{consecration date 65|}}}}}

| label86 = {{{bishop 66|}}}
| data86 = {{#if:{{{bishop 66|}}}|{{{consecration date 66|}}}}}

| label87 = {{{bishop 67|}}}
| data87 = {{#if:{{{bishop 67|}}}|{{{consecration date 67|}}}}}

| label88 = {{{bishop 68|}}}
| data88 = {{#if:{{{bishop 68|}}}|{{{consecration date 68|}}}}}

| label89 = {{{bishop 69|}}}
| data89 = {{#if:{{{bishop 69|}}}|{{{consecration date 69|}}}}}

| label90 = {{{bishop 70|}}}
| data90 = {{#if:{{{bishop 70|}}}|{{{consecration date 70|}}}}}

| label91 = {{{bishop 71|}}}
| data91 = {{#if:{{{bishop 71|}}}|{{{consecration date 71|}}}}}

| label92 = {{{bishop 72|}}}
| data92 = {{#if:{{{bishop 72|}}}|{{{consecration date 72|}}}}}

| label93 = {{{bishop 73|}}}
| data93 = {{#if:{{{bishop 73|}}}|{{{consecration date 73|}}}}}

| label94 = {{{bishop 74|}}}
| data94 = {{#if:{{{bishop 74|}}}|{{{consecration date 74|}}}}}

| label95 = {{{bishop 75|}}}
| data95 = {{#if:{{{bishop 75|}}}|{{{consecration date 75|}}}}}

| label96 = {{{bishop 76|}}}
| data96 = {{#if:{{{bishop 76|}}}|{{{consecration date 76|}}}}}

| label97 = {{{bishop 77|}}}
| data97 = {{#if:{{{bishop 77|}}}|{{{consecration date 77|}}}}}

| label98 = {{{bishop 78|}}}
| data98 = {{#if:{{{bishop 78|}}}|{{{consecration date 78|}}}}}

| label99 = {{{bishop 79|}}}
| data99 = {{#if:{{{bishop 79|}}}|{{{consecration date 79|}}}}}

| label100 = {{{bishop 80|}}}
| data100 = {{#if:{{{bishop 80|}}}|{{{consecration date 80|}}}}}

| label101 = {{{bishop 81|}}}
| data101 = {{#if:{{{bishop 81|}}}|{{{consecration date 81|}}}}}

| label102 = {{{bishop 82|}}}
| data102 = {{#if:{{{bishop 82|}}}|{{{consecration date 82|}}}}}

| label103 = {{{bishop 83|}}}
| data103 = {{#if:{{{bishop 83|}}}|{{{consecration date 83|}}}}}

| label104 = {{{bishop 84|}}}
| data104 = {{#if:{{{bishop 84|}}}|{{{consecration date 84|}}}}}

| label105 = {{{bishop 85|}}}
| data105 = {{#if:{{{bishop 85|}}}|{{{consecration date 85|}}}}}

| label106 = {{{bishop 86|}}}
| data106 = {{#if:{{{bishop 86|}}}|{{{consecration date 86|}}}}}

| label107 = {{{bishop 87|}}}
| data107 = {{#if:{{{bishop 87|}}}|{{{consecration date 87|}}}}}

| label108 = {{{bishop 88|}}}
| data108 = {{#if:{{{bishop 88|}}}|{{{consecration date 88|}}}}}

| label109 = {{{bishop 89|}}}
| data109 = {{#if:{{{bishop 89|}}}|{{{consecration date 89|}}}}}

| label110 = {{{bishop 90|}}}
| data110 = {{#if:{{{bishop 90|}}}|{{{consecration date 90|}}}}}

| label111 = {{{bishop 91|}}}
| data111 = {{#if:{{{bishop 91|}}}|{{{consecration date 91|}}}}}

| label112 = {{{bishop 92|}}}
| data112 = {{#if:{{{bishop 92|}}}|{{{consecration date 92|}}}}}

| label113 = {{{bishop 93|}}}
| data113 = {{#if:{{{bishop 93|}}}|{{{consecration date 93|}}}}}

| label114 = {{{bishop 94|}}}
| data114 = {{#if:{{{bishop 94|}}}|{{{consecration date 94|}}}}}

| label115 = {{{bishop 95|}}}
| data115 = {{#if:{{{bishop 95|}}}|{{{consecration date 95|}}}}}

| label116 = {{{bishop 96|}}}
| data116 = {{#if:{{{bishop 96|}}}|{{{consecration date 96|}}}}}

| label117 = {{{bishop 97|}}}
| data117 = {{#if:{{{bishop 97|}}}|{{{consecration date 97|}}}}}

| label118 = {{{bishop 98|}}}
| data118 = {{#if:{{{bishop 98|}}}|{{{consecration date 98|}}}}}

| label119 = {{{bishop 99|}}}
| data119 = {{#if:{{{bishop 99|}}}|{{{consecration date 99|}}}}}

| label120 = {{{bishop 100|}}}
| data120 = {{#if:{{{bishop 100|}}}|{{{consecration date 100|}}}}}

| label121 = {{{bishop 101|}}}
| data121 = {{#if:{{{bishop 101|}}}|{{{consecration date 101|}}}}}

| label122 = {{{bishop 102|}}}
| data122 = {{#if:{{{bishop 102|}}}|{{{consecration date 102|}}}}}

| label123 = {{{bishop 103|}}}
| data123 = {{#if:{{{bishop 103|}}}|{{{consecration date 103|}}}}}

| label124 = {{{bishop 104|}}}
| data124 = {{#if:{{{bishop 104|}}}|{{{consecration date 104|}}}}}

| label125 = {{{bishop 105|}}}
| data125 = {{#if:{{{bishop 105|}}}|{{{consecration date 105|}}}}}

| label126 = {{{bishop 106|}}}
| data126 = {{#if:{{{bishop 106|}}}|{{{consecration date 106|}}}}}

| label127 = {{{bishop 107|}}}
| data127 = {{#if:{{{bishop 107|}}}|{{{consecration date 107|}}}}}

| label128 = {{{bishop 108|}}}
| data128 = {{#if:{{{bishop 108|}}}|{{{consecration date 108|}}}}}

| label129 = {{{bishop 109|}}}
| data129 = {{#if:{{{bishop 109|}}}|{{{consecration date 109|}}}}}

| label130 = {{{bishop 110|}}}
| data130 = {{#if:{{{bishop 110|}}}|{{{consecration date 110|}}}}}

| label131 = {{{bishop 111|}}}
| data131 = {{#if:{{{bishop 111|}}}|{{{consecration date 111|}}}}}

| label132 = {{{bishop 112|}}}
| data132 = {{#if:{{{bishop 112|}}}|{{{consecration date 112|}}}}}

| label133 = {{{bishop 113|}}}
| data133 = {{#if:{{{bishop 113|}}}|{{{consecration date 113|}}}}}

| label134 = {{{bishop 114|}}}
| data134 = {{#if:{{{bishop 114|}}}|{{{consecration date 114|}}}}}

| label135 = {{{bishop 115|}}}
| data135 = {{#if:{{{bishop 115|}}}|{{{consecration date 115|}}}}}

| label136 = {{{bishop 116|}}}
| data136 = {{#if:{{{bishop 116|}}}|{{{consecration date 116|}}}}}

| label137 = {{{bishop 117|}}}
| data137 = {{#if:{{{bishop 117|}}}|{{{consecration date 117|}}}}}

| label138 = {{{bishop 118|}}}
| data138 = {{#if:{{{bishop 118|}}}|{{{consecration date 118|}}}}}

| label139 = {{{bishop 119|}}}
| data139 = {{#if:{{{bishop 119|}}}|{{{consecration date 119|}}}}}

| label140 = {{{bishop 120|}}}
| data140 = {{#if:{{{bishop 120|}}}|{{{consecration date 120|}}}}}

| label141 = {{{bishop 121|}}}
| data141 = {{#if:{{{bishop 121|}}}|{{{consecration date 121|}}}}}

| label142 = {{{bishop 122|}}}
| data142 = {{#if:{{{bishop 122|}}}|{{{consecration date 122|}}}}}

| label143 = {{{bishop 123|}}}
| data143 = {{#if:{{{bishop 123|}}}|{{{consecration date 123|}}}}}

| label144 = {{{bishop 124|}}}
| data144 = {{#if:{{{bishop 124|}}}|{{{consecration date 124|}}}}}

| label145 = {{{bishop 125|}}}
| data145 = {{#if:{{{bishop 125|}}}|{{{consecration date 125|}}}}}

| label146 = {{{bishop 126|}}}
| data146 = {{#if:{{{bishop 126|}}}|{{{consecration date 126|}}}}}

| label147 = {{{bishop 127|}}}
| data147 = {{#if:{{{bishop 127|}}}|{{{consecration date 127|}}}}}

| label148 = {{{bishop 128|}}}
| data148 = {{#if:{{{bishop 128|}}}|{{{consecration date 128|}}}}}

| label149 = {{{bishop 129|}}}
| data149 = {{#if:{{{bishop 129|}}}|{{{consecration date 129|}}}}}

| label150 = {{{bishop 130|}}}
| data150 = {{#if:{{{bishop 130|}}}|{{{consecration date 130|}}}}}

| belowstyle = background:#f2f2f2; font-size:smaller;
| below = {{#if:{{{sources|}}}| '''Source(s):''' {{{sources}}}}}
}}<noinclude>
{{documentation}}

</noinclude>

Module:Authority control

2015-05-19T01:35:22Z

Ian: 1 revision imported

require('Module:No globals')

local function getCatForId( id )
local title = mw.title.getCurrentTitle()
local namespace = title.namespace
if namespace == 0 then
return '[[Category:Wikipedia articles with ' .. id .. ' identifiers]]'
elseif namespace == 2 and not title.isSubpage then
return '[[Category:User pages with ' .. id .. ' identifiers]]'
else
return '[[Category:Miscellaneous pages with ' .. id .. ' identifiers]]'
end
end

local function viafLink( id )
if not string.match( id, '^%d+$' ) then
return false
end
return '[https://viaf.org/viaf/' .. id .. ' ' .. id .. ']' .. getCatForId( 'VIAF' )
end

local function kulturnavLink( id )
return '[http://kulturnav.org/language/en/' .. id .. ' id]'
end

local function sikartLink( id )
return '[http://www.sikart.ch/KuenstlerInnen.aspx?id=' .. id .. '&lng=en ' .. id .. ']'
end

local function tlsLink( id )
local id2 = mw.ustring.gsub(id, '%s', function(s) return mw.uri.encode(s, 'WIKI') end)
return '[http://tls.theaterwissenschaft.ch/wiki/' .. id2 .. ' ' .. id .. ']'
end

local function ciniiLink( id )
return '[http://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/' .. id .. '?l=en ' .. id .. ']'
end

local function bneLink( id )
return '[http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=' .. id .. ' ' .. id .. ']'
end

local function uscongressLink( id )
return '[http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=' .. id .. ' ' .. id .. ']'
end

local function narapersonLink( id )
return '[http://research.archives.gov/person/' .. id .. ' ' .. id .. ']'
end

local function naraorganizationLink( id )
return '[http://research.archives.gov/organization/' .. id .. ' ' .. id .. ']'
end

local function botanistLink( id )
local id2 = mw.ustring.gsub(id, '%s', function(s) return mw.uri.encode(s, 'PATH') end)
return '[http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=' .. id2 .. ' ' .. id .. ']'
end

local function mgpLink( id )
-- TODO Implement some sanity checking regex
return '[http://www.genealogy.ams.org/id.php?id=' .. id .. ' ' .. id .. ']'
end

local function rslLink( id )
-- TODO Implement some sanity checking regex
return '[http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=' .. id .. '&CON_LNG=ENG ' .. id .. ']'
end

local function leonoreLink( id )
-- Identifiants allant de LH/1/1 à LH/2794/54 (légionnaires)
-- Identifiants allant de C/0/1 à C/0/84 (84 légionnaires célèbres)
-- Identifiants allant de 19800035/1/1 à 19800035/385/51670 (légionnaires décédés entre 1954 et 1977, et quelques dossiers de légionnaires décédés avant 1954)
if not string.match( id, '^LH/%d%d?%d?%d?/%d%d?%d?$' ) and
not string.match( id, '^C/0/%d%d?$' ) and
not string.match( id, '^19800035/%d%d?%d?%d?/%d%d?%d?%d?%d?$' ) then
return false
end
return '[//www.culture.gouv.fr/public/mistral/leonore_fr?ACTION=CHERCHER&FIELD_1=COTE&VALUE_1=' .. id .. ' ' .. id .. ']'
end

local function sbnLink( id )
if not string.match( id, '^IT\\ICCU\\%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d$' ) and not string.match( id, '^IT\\ICCU\\%u%u[%d%u]%u\\%d%d%d%d%d%d$' ) then
return false
end
return '[http://opac.sbn.it/opacsbn/opac/iccu/scheda_authority.jsp?bid=' .. id .. ' ' .. id .. ']'
end

local function nkcLink( id )
return '[http://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=' .. id .. '&CON_LNG=ENG ' .. id .. ']'
end

local function nclLink( id )
if not string.match( id, '^%d+$' ) then
return false
end
return '[http://aleweb.ncl.edu.tw/F/?func=accref&acc_sequence=' .. id .. '&CON_LNG=ENG ' .. id .. ']'
end

local function ndlLink( id )
return '[http://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/' .. id .. ' ' .. id .. ']'
end

local function sudocLink( id )
if not string.match( id, '^%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d[%dxX]$' ) then
return false
end
return '[http://www.idref.fr/' .. id .. ' ' .. id .. ']'
end

local function hlsLink( id )
if not string.match( id, '^%d+$' ) then
return false
end
return '[http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F' .. id .. '.php ' .. id .. ']'
end

local function lirLink( id )
if not string.match( id, '^%d+$' ) then
return false
end
return '[http://www.e-lir.ch/e-LIR___Lexicon.' .. id .. '.450.0.html ' .. id .. ']'
end

local function splitLccn( id )
if id:match( '^%l%l?%l?%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d?%d?$' ) then
id = id:gsub( '^(%l+)(%d+)(%d%d%d%d%d%d)$', '%1/%2/%3' )
end
if id:match( '^%l%l?%l?/%d%d%d?%d?/%d+$' ) then
return mw.text.split( id, '/' )
end
return false
end

local function append(str, c, length)
while str:len() < length do
str = c .. str
end
return str
end

local function lccnLink( id )
local parts = splitLccn( id )
if not parts then
return false
end
local lccnType = parts[1] ~= 'sh' and 'names' or 'subjects'
id = parts[1] .. parts[2] .. append( parts[3], '0', 6 )
return '[http://id.loc.gov/authorities/' .. lccnType .. '/' .. id .. ' ' .. id .. ']' .. getCatForId( 'LCCN' )
end

local function mbLink( id )
-- TODO Implement some sanity checking regex
return '[//musicbrainz.org/artist/' .. id .. ' ' .. id .. ']' .. getCatForId( 'MusicBrainz' )
end

--Returns the ISNI check digit isni must be a string where the 15 first elements are digits
local function getIsniCheckDigit( isni )
local total = 0
for i = 1, 15 do
local digit = isni:byte( i ) - 48 --Get integer value
total = (total + digit) * 2
end
local remainder = total % 11
local result = (12 - remainder) % 11
if result == 10 then
return "X"
end
return tostring( result )
end

--Validate ISNI (and ORCID) and retuns it as a 16 characters string or returns false if it's invalid
--See http://support.orcid.org/knowledgebase/articles/116780-structure-of-the-orcid-identifier
local function validateIsni( id )
id = id:gsub( '[ %-]', '' ):upper()
if not id:match( '^%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d[%dX]$' ) then
return false
end
if getIsniCheckDigit( id ) ~= string.char( id:byte( 16 ) ) then
return false
end
return id
end

local function isniLink( id )
id = validateIsni( id )
if not id then
return false
end
return '[http://isni-url.oclc.nl/isni/' .. id .. ' ' .. id:sub( 1, 4 ) .. ' ' .. id:sub( 5, 8 ) .. ' ' .. id:sub( 9, 12 ) .. ' ' .. id:sub( 13, 16 ) .. ']' .. getCatForId( 'ISNI' )
end

local function orcidLink( id )
id = validateIsni( id )
if not id then
return false
end
id = id:sub( 1, 4 ) .. '-' .. id:sub( 5, 8 ) .. '-' .. id:sub( 9, 12 ) .. '-' .. id:sub( 13, 16 )
return '[http://orcid.org/' .. id .. ' ' .. id .. ']' .. getCatForId( 'ORCID' )
end

local function gndLink( id )
return '[http://d-nb.info/gnd/' .. id .. ' ' .. id .. ']' .. getCatForId( 'GND' )
end

local function selibrLink( id )
if not string.match( id, '^%d+$' ) then
return false
end
return '[//libris.kb.se/auth/' .. id .. ' ' .. id .. ']' .. getCatForId( 'SELIBR' )
end

local function bnfLink( id )
--Add cb prefix if it has been removed
if not string.match( id, '^cb.+$' ) then
id = 'cb' .. id
end

return '[http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/' .. id .. ' ' .. id .. '] [http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/' .. id .. ' (data)]' .. getCatForId( 'BNF' )
end

local function bpnLink( id )
if not string.match( id, '^%d+$' ) then
return false
end
return '[http://www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/' .. id .. ' ' .. id .. ']' .. getCatForId( 'BPN' )
end

local function ridLink( id )
return '[http://www.researcherid.com/rid/' .. id .. ' ' .. id .. ']' .. getCatForId( 'RID' )
end

local function bibsysLink( id )
return '[http://ask.bibsys.no/ask/action/result?cmd=&kilde=biblio&cql=bs.autid+%3D+' .. id .. '&feltselect=bs.autid ' .. id .. ']' .. getCatForId( 'BIBSYS' )
end

local function ulanLink( id )
return '[//www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=' .. id .. ' ' .. id .. ']' .. getCatForId( 'ULAN' )
end

local function nlaLink( id )
return '[//nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an' .. id .. ' ' .. id .. ']' .. getCatForId( 'NLA' )
end

local function rkdartistsLink( id )
return '[https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/' .. id .. ' ' .. id .. ']' .. getCatForId( 'RKDartists' )
end

local function getIdsFromWikidata( item, property )
local ids = {}
if not item.claims[property] then
return ids
end
for _, statement in pairs( item.claims[property] ) do
if statement.mainsnak.datavalue then
table.insert( ids, statement.mainsnak.datavalue.value )
end
end
return ids
end

local function matchesWikidataRequirements( item, reqs )
for _, group in pairs( reqs ) do
local property = 'p' .. group[1]
local qid = group[2]
if item.claims[property] ~= nil then
for _, statement in pairs ( item.claims[property] ) do
if statement.mainsnak.datavalue ~= nil then
if statement.mainsnak.datavalue.value['numeric-id'] == qid then
return true
end
end
end
end
end
return false
end

local function createRow( id, label, rawValue, link, withUid )
if link then
if withUid then
return '* ' .. label .. ' ' .. link .. '\n'
else
return '* ' .. label .. ' ' .. link .. '\n'
end
else
return '* The ' .. id .. ' id ' .. rawValue .. ' is not valid.[[Category:Wikipedia articles with faulty authority control identifiers (' .. id .. ')]]\n'
end
end

--In this order: name of the parameter, label, propertyId in Wikidata, formatting function
local conf = {
{ 'VIAF', '[[Virtual International Authority File|VIAF]]', 214, viafLink },
{ 'LCCN', '[[Library of Congress Control Number|LCCN]]', 244, lccnLink },
{ 'ISNI', '[[International Standard Name Identifier|ISNI]]', 213, isniLink },
{ 'ORCID', '[[ORCID]]', 496, orcidLink },
{ 'GND', '[[Integrated Authority File|GND]]', 227, gndLink },
{ 'SELIBR', '[[LIBRIS|SELIBR]]', 906, selibrLink },
{ 'SUDOC', '[[Système universitaire de documentation|SUDOC]]', 269, sudocLink },
{ 'BNF', '[[Bibliothèque nationale de France|BNF]]', 268, bnfLink },
{ 'BPN', '[[Biografisch Portaal|BPN]]', 651, bpnLink },
{ 'RID', '[[ResearcherID]]', 1053, ridLink },
{ 'BIBSYS', '[[BIBSYS]]', 1015, bibsysLink },
{ 'ULAN', '[[Union List of Artist Names|ULAN]]', 245, ulanLink },
{ 'HDS', '[[Historical Dictionary of Switzerland|HDS]]', 902, hlsLink },
{ 'LIR', '[[Historical Dictionary of Switzerland#Lexicon_Istoric_Retic|LIR]]', 886, lirLink },
{ 'MBA', '[[MusicBrainz]]', 434, mbLink },
{ 'MGP', '[[Mathematics Genealogy Project|MGP]]', 549, mgpLink },
{ 'NLA', '[[National Library of Australia|NLA]]', 409, nlaLink },
{ 'NDL', '[[National Diet Library|NDL]]', 349, ndlLink },
{ 'NCL', '[[National Central Library|NCL]]', 1048, nclLink },
{ 'NKC', '[[National Library of the Czech Republic|NKC]]', 691, nkcLink },
{ 'Léonore', '[[:fr:Base Léonore|Léonore]]', 640, leonoreLink },
{ 'SBN', '[[Istituto Centrale per il Catalogo Unico|ICCU]]', 396, sbnLink },
{ 'RLS', '[[Russian State Library|RLS]]', 947, rslLink },
{ 'Botanist', '[[Author citation (botany)|Botanist]]', 428, botanistLink },
{ 'NARA-person', '[[National Archives and Records Administration|NARA]]', 1222, narapersonLink },
{ 'NARA-organization', '[[National Archives and Records Administration|NARA]]', 1223, naraorganizationLink },
{ 'USCongress', '[[Biographical Directory of the United States Congress|US Congress]]', 1157, uscongressLink },
{ 'BNE', '[[Biblioteca Nacional de España|BNE]]', 950, bneLink },
{ 'CINII', '[[CiNii]]', 271, ciniiLink },
{ 'TLS', '[[Theaterlexikon der Schweiz|TLS]]', 1362, tlsLink },
{ 'SIKART', '[[SIKART]]', 781, sikartLink },
{ 'KULTURNAV', '[[KulturNav]]', 1248, kulturnavLink },
{ 'RKDartists', '[[Netherlands Institute for Art History#Online artist pages|RKD]]', 650, rkdartistsLink },
}

-- Check that the Wikidata item has this property-->value before adding it
local reqs = {}

local p = {}

function p.authorityControl( frame )
local parentArgs = frame:getParent().args
--Create rows
local elements = {}

--redirect PND to GND
if (parentArgs.GND == nil or parentArgs.GND == '') and parentArgs.PND ~= nil and parentArgs.PND ~= '' then
parentArgs.GND = parentArgs.PND
end

--Wikidata fallback if requested
local item = mw.wikibase.getEntityObject()
if item ~= nil and item.claims ~= nil then
for _, params in pairs( conf ) do
if params[3] ~= 0 then
local val = parentArgs[params[1]]
if not val or val == '' then
local canUseWikidata = nil
if reqs[params[1]] ~= nil then
canUseWikidata = matchesWikidataRequirements( item, reqs[params[1]] )
else
canUseWikidata = true
end
if canUseWikidata then
local wikidataIds = getIdsFromWikidata( item, 'P' .. params[3] )
if wikidataIds[1] then
parentArgs[params[1]] = wikidataIds[1]
end
end
end
end
end
end

--Worldcat
if parentArgs['WORLDCATID'] and parentArgs['WORLDCATID'] ~= '' then
table.insert( elements, createRow( 'WORLDCATID', '', parentArgs['WORLDCATID'], '[//www.worldcat.org/identities/' .. parentArgs['WORLDCATID'] .. ' WorldCat]', false ) ) --Validation?
elseif parentArgs['LCCN'] and parentArgs['LCCN'] ~= '' then
local lccnParts = splitLccn( parentArgs['LCCN'] )
if lccnParts then
table.insert( elements, createRow( 'LCCN', '', parentArgs['LCCN'], '[//www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-' .. lccnParts[1] .. lccnParts[2] .. '-' .. lccnParts[3] .. ' WorldCat]', false ) )
end
end

--Configured rows
local rct = 0
for k, params in pairs( conf ) do
local val = parentArgs[params[1]]
if val and val ~= '' then
table.insert( elements, createRow( params[1], params[2] .. ':', val, params[4]( val ), true ) )
rct = rct + 1
end
end
local Navbox = require('Module:Navbox')
local elementscats = ''
if rct > 13 then
elementscats = '[[Category:AC with ' .. rct .. ' elements]]'
end

if #elements ~= 0 then
return Navbox._navbox( {
name = 'Authority control',
bodyclass = 'hlist',
group1 = '[[Authority control]]' .. elementscats,
list1 = table.concat( elements )
} )
else
return ""
end
end

return p

Template:Cite press release

2015-05-19T01:35:22Z

Ian: 1 revision imported

<includeonly>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=pressrelease
|type={{{type|Press release}}}
}}</includeonly><noinclude>
{{documentation}}
</noinclude>

Template:Cn

2015-05-19T01:35:22Z

Ian: 1 revision imported

#REDIRECT [[Template:Citation needed]]

{{This is a redirect|from template shortcut|protected}}

Nicholas I Zaya

2015-05-19T01:35:21Z

Ian: 1 revision imported

{{Infobox Patriarch
|image=
|name=Nicholas I Zaya
|birth_name=Nicholas Zaya
|church=[[Chaldean Catholic Church]]
|see=[[Patriarchial See of Babylon of the Chaldeans|Babylon of the Chaldeans]]
|patriarch_of=[[Patriarch of Babylon of the Chaldeans]]
|residence=[[Iraq]]
|enthroned=1839
|ended=May 1847
|predecessor=[[Yohannan Hormizd]]
|successor=[[Joseph Audo|Joseph VI Audo]]
|death_date=1855
|death_place=[[Khosrowabad, West Azerbaijan|Khosrowa]]
|consecration = 1836 ([[Bishop (Catholic Church)|Bishop]])
|consecrated_by=[[Yohannan Hormizd]]
}}
Mar '''Nicholas I Zaya''' (or ''Zay{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}a'' or ''Esha{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}ya'') was the patriarch of the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]] from 1839 to 1847. He succeeded [[Yohannan Hormizd|Yohannan VIII Hormizd]], the last of the [[Mosul]] patriarchs who traced their descent from Eliya VII (1558–91), and his elevation ended four centuries of hereditary succession in the Eliya line. After Zay{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}a's accession the [[Holy See|Vatican]] attempted to reform abuses within the Chaldean Church, but its interference was strenuously resisted by several Chaldean bishops. As a result, Zay{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}a's short reign was plagued by one crisis after another. In 1846, after the Vatican conspicuously failed to support him against his recalcitrant bishops, he resigned the patriarchate and retired to his native town of Khosrowa, where he died in 1855. He was succeeded by [[Joseph Audo|Joseph VI Audo]], one of his most determined opponents.

==Early years==
Zay{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}a was born in [[Khosrowabad, West Azerbaijan|Khosrowa]] ({{lang-syr|ܟܘܣܪܒܐܕ}}), a village near [[Salmas]] in the [[Lake Urmia|Urmia]] region of [[Persia]]. In his youth he studied for several years at the [[College of the Propaganda]] in [[Rome]]. According to the missionary Sheil, who met him in [[Dilman]] in 1836, Zay{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}a studied at the Propaganda for fifteen years and was an outstanding scholar.<ref>Sheil, ''Journey through Kurdistan'', 54–5</ref>

He was ordained a priest ''c.''1830, and was consecrated [[coadjutor bishop]] of [[Salmas (Chaldean Archdiocese)|Salmas]] in 1836 by the Chaldean patriarch [[Yohannan Hormizd]].<ref>Wilmshurst, ''EOCE'', 198, 313 and 740</ref>

== Succession to the patriarchate ==
On 13 October 1837, conscious that he had not long to live, Yohannan Hormizd designated as coadjutor and 'guardian of the throne' Gregory Peter di Natale, metropolitan of [[Gazarta]], presumably with the intention of excluding his nephew Eliya from the patriarchal dignity. However, he did not promise the succession to his coadjutor, and in a bull of 25 September 1838 the Vatican appointed Nicholas Zay{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}a Yohannan's coadjutor, with the right of succession. The main reason for the Vatican's intervention was to ensure that the hereditary principle, first introduced into the Church of the East in the fifteenth century, would play no part in the selection of the next patriarch. The bull mentioned Yohannan Hormizd's growing infirmity and the desirability of avoiding inconvenience and harm should the patriarchate suddenly become vacant. As a [[Persian people|Persian]] by birth, Zay{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}a could lay claim to the protection of the foreign consuls in [[Turkey]]. He had also been educated at the Propaganda, and it was hoped that after Yohannan's death he would loyally implement Vatican policy.<ref>Giamil, ''Genuinae Relationes'', 400–1</ref> The [[Papal bull|bull]] of appointment arrived in Mosul after the death of Yohannan Hormizd, thus Nicholas Zay{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}a became patriarch in 1839 and was confirmed by the [[pope]] on April 27, 1840.

The Chaldean metropolitans Lawrent Sho{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}a of [[Kirkuk]], Basil Asmar of [[Amid]], [[Joseph Audo]] of [[Amadiyah|{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}Amadiya]] and Mikha'il Kattula of [[Seert]], angered that they had not been consulted in the choice of Yohannan Hormizd's successor, met in the spring of 1839 in an attempt to elect one of their number patriarch, but were unable to agree. Meanwhile, Zay{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}a retained the support of the Vatican's apostolic vicar, Laurent Trioche, and the metropolitan Gregory Peter di Natale, who wrote to the Vatican denouncing the conduct of the other bishops and requesting an unequivocal show of support for the new patriarch. The Vatican confirmed Zay{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}a's succession on 27 April 1840, and directed the Chaldean bishops to obey him.<ref>Badger, ''Nestorians'', i. 168</ref>

== Patriarchate ==

Because the manner of his succession was resented by most of the Chaldean hierarchy, Nicholas I Zay{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}a had throughout his short reign limited control over his bishops. He began by directing [[Joseph Audo]] to leave Amid for {{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}Amadiya, so that he could properly administer his metropolitan province, but eventually agreed to let him reside at [[Alqosh]]. He also, like his predecessor, had to reckon with the intransigence of the monks of the monastery of [[Rabban Hormizd Monastery|Rabban Hormizd]], and friends of the patriarch said later that he would have closed down the monastery if he had dared. Instead he permitted 45 elderly monks, including the priest Mikha'il, to retire to lay life. This indirect approach so reduced the number of monks that the monastery thereafter lost much of its former influence.<ref>[[George Percy Badger|Badger]], ''Nestorians'', i. 168</ref>

In 1843, after the Nestorian patriarch Shem{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on XVII Abraham (1820–61) declined to join a [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]] expedition against {{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}Amadiya, the Kurdish emirs Nurallah Khan and Bedr Khan Beg attacked the mountain Nestorians of the [[Hakkâri Province|Hakkari]] region of eastern Turkey, with the connivance of the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] authorities. The Kurds invaded the Tiyari, Walto and Dez districts, sacking the Nestorian town of [[Ashitha]] and burning most of the villages. About 10,000 men out of a total population of about 50,000 in these three districts were killed, and many women and children were carried off by the Kurds as captives. Mar Shem{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on's elderly mother was raped and then beheaded, and her murderers threw the corpse into the [[Great Zab|Zab]]. Those who survived the massacre, including the patriarch himself, took refuge in Mosul.<ref>Badger, ''Nestorians'', i. 270–1</ref>

The Kurdish attack on the mountain Nestorians had indirect consequences for the Chaldean Church. Early in 1843 an attempt by Zay{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}a to reform the [[Liturgical year|church calendar]] by adopting the Western date for [[Easter]] aroused strong resentment among the Mosul Chaldeans, and provoked a movement, in which the [[Anglican]] [[missionary]] [[George Percy Badger]] was implicated, to depose him and replace him with Yohannan Hormizd's nephew Eliya. Eliya was unwilling to challenge the patriarch's authority, and Zay{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}a's opponents turned instead to the Nestorian patriarch Shem{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on XVII Abraham, then a refugee in Mosul, urging him to lay claim to the patriarchate himself. Zay{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}a and the [[French people|French]] missionaries who supported him complained vigorously to the Turkish authorities, and wrote to the [[British people|British]] embassy in [[Constantinople]] to protest at Badger's interference. The Turkish government was initially reluctant to intervene, because of Zay{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}a's ambiguous status as a Persian national, and Zay{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}a finally took his cause to Constantinople, where through the influence of the French embassy he obtained a ''firman'' recognising the Chaldean church as a separate [[Millet (Ottoman Empire)|millet]] and acknowledging him as patriarch. The Anglican mission was withdrawn from Mosul, and Badger returned to England in disgrace.<ref>Badger, ''Nestorians'', i. 169–70</ref>

After his return from Constantinople in 1845, Zay{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}a did what he could to undermine the influence of the old patriarchal family. Mar Eliya was not allowed to exercise his episcopal functions, and the monks of the monastery of [[Rabban Hormizd Monastery|Rabban Hormizd]] were encouraged to claim a number of strips of property around Alqosh which may once have belonged to the monastery but had for years been considered as possessions of the patriarchal family. The French consul supported these claims, and the disputed lands were awarded to the monastery. According to Badger, 'two hundred and fifty persons were deprived of their patrimony and reduced to beggary through this joint agency.' Badger persuaded the British consul to intervene, and part of the property was eventually restored to its previous owners.<ref name="BadgerNestorians">Badger, ''Nestorians'', i. 171–2</ref>

== Resignation and death ==
The intrigues against Zay{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}a continued into 1846. His opponents accused him of embezzling church funds, which he had in fact used to restore the monastery of Mar Giwargis near Mosul, and spread rumours, 'generally believed to be without foundation', according to Badger, of immoral conduct. As a result he was summoned to Rome by the Vatican authorities for these allegations to be investigated. He refused to obey the summons, and left Mosul for his native village of Khosrowa, where he resigned the patriarchate in May 1847.<ref name="BadgerNestorians" /> He remained in Khosrowa until his death in 1855.<ref>Fiey, ''POCN'', 39; Wilmshurst, ''EOCE'', 740</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
*{{cite book |last=Badger |first=George Percy |title=The Nestorians and Their Rituals with the Narrative of a Mission to Mesopotamia and Coordistan in 1842 to 1844 (two volumes)|year=1852 |publisher=Kessinger Publishing |isbn=978-1-4179-4675-4}}
* Fiey, J. M., ''Pour un Oriens Christianus novus; répertoire des diocèses Syriaques orientaux et occidentaux'' (Beirut, 1993)
* {{cite book |last=Frazee |first=Charles A. | title=Catholics and Sultans: The Church and the Ottoman Empire 1453-1923 |year=2006 | publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn= 0-521-02700-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Giamil |first=Samuel |title=Genuinae relationes inter Sedem Apostolicam et Assyrorum Orientalium seu Chaldaeorum ecclesiam |location=Rome |year=1902}}
* Hornus, J.-M., 'Mémoire sur l'état actuel et l'avenir de la religion catholique et des missions lazaristes et protestantes en Perse par le Comte de Challaye, consul de France à Erzéroun' (''Cahiers d'Études Chrétiennes Orientales 8-9 für 1970/73''), Action Chrétienne en Orient, Strasbourg o. J., 79f. 85f. 102-109. 148.
* {{cite journal |last=Tfinkdji |first=J. | title=L’église chaldéenne catholique autrefois et aujourd’hui |journal=Annuaire Pontifical Catholique| issue=17 |year=1914 |pages=449–525}}
* {{cite book |last=Wilmshurst |first=David |title=The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318-1913 |publisher=Peeters Publishers |year=2000 |isbn=978-90-429-0876-5}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/baby0.htm|title=Patriarchal See of Babylon|publisher=GCatholic.org|accessdate=2009-02-01}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-rel|ca}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Yohannan VIII Hormizd]] (1830-1838)}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon|Patriarch of Babylon of the Chaldean Catholic Church]]|years=1839–1846}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Joseph Audo|Joseph VI Audo]] (1847-1878)}}
{{end}}


{{Persondata
|NAME= Zaya, Nicholas
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES= Zayʿa; Eshaʿya
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=Patriarch of the Chaldean Catholic Church
|DATE OF BIRTH=
|PLACE OF BIRTH=
|DATE OF DEATH=1855
|PLACE OF DEATH=Khosrowa
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Zaya, Nicholas 1}}
[[Category:Assyrian people]]
[[Category:Iraqi archbishops]]
[[Category:Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon]]
[[Category:1855 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]

Yahballaha V

2015-05-19T01:35:20Z

Ian: 1 revision imported

{{Infobox Patriarch
|image=
|honorific-prefix = Mar
|name=Yahballaha V
|birth_name=
|church=[[Chaldean Catholic Church]]
|see=[[Patriarchial See of Babylon of the Chaldeans|Amid of the Chaldeans]]
|patriarch_of=[[Patriarch of Babylon of the Chaldeans|Patriarch of the Chaldeans]]
|residence=[[Siirt]]
|enthroned= 1572
|ended= 1580
|predecessor= [[Abdisho IV Maron]]
|successor=[[Shimun IX Dinkha]]
|birth_date=
|death_date=1580
}}
{{Other persons|Yahballaha}}

[[Mar]] '''Yahballaha V''' was the third Patriarch of the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]], from 1572 to 1580.

==See also==
*[[List of Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon]]

{{s-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Abdisho IV Maron]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon|Patriarch of Babylon]]|years=1572–1580}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Shimun IX Dinkha]]}}
{{end}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Yahballaha V
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Chaldean Catholic Patriarch of Babylon
| DATE OF BIRTH =
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 1580
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Yahballaha, V}}
[[Category:Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon]]
[[Category:1580 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]

{{EC-clergy-stub}}

Shimun XIII Dinkha

2015-05-19T01:35:19Z

Ian: 1 revision imported

{{Infobox Patriarch
|image=
|honorific-prefix = Mar
|name=Shimun XIII Dinkha
|birth_name=
|church=[[Chaldean Catholic Church]] (1662–1692) [[Assyrian Church of the East]] (until c. 1700)
|see=[[Patriarchial See of Babylon of the Chaldeans]] (until 1692) [[Apostolic See]] of [[Seleucia-Ctesiphon]] (until 1700)
|patriarch_of=[[Patriarch of Babylon of the Chaldeans|Patriarch of the Chaldeans]] Catholicos Patriarch of the [[Assyrian Church of the East]]
|residence=[[Salmas]] Later in [[Mosul]]
|enthroned= 1662
|ended= 1692 (in the Chaldean Catholic Church) 1700 (in the Assyrian Church of the East)
|predecessor= [[Shimun XII Yoalaha]] (Chaldean Catholic Church) Eliya IX (Church of the East)
|successor=[[Joseph I (Chaldean Patriarch)|Joseph I]] (Chaldean Catholic Church) [[Shimun VIV Shlemon|Shemʿon XIV Shlemon]] (Assyrian Church of the East)
|birth_date=
|birth_place=
|death_date=c. 1700
|death_place=
}}
'''Mar Shimun XIII Dinkha''' was Patriarch of the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]] carrying the title [[List of Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon|Patriarch of Babylon]] between 1662 and 1692 in communion with Rome and residing in [[Salmas]]. He was the last in the hereditary Shimun line of Patriarchs in the Chaldean Catholic Church and, as his predecessors Shimun X Eliyah (1600–1638), Shimun XI Eshuyow (1638–1656) and Shimun XII Yoalaha (1656–1662), not recognized by Rome since the Catholic church does not approve of hereditary line of Patriarchs.

In 1692, Patriarch Shimun XIII moved the seat of his patriarchate to [[Qochanis]] (modern-day [[Konak, Hakkari]]), broke communion with Rome and became Patriarch of the [[Assyrian Church of the East]], continuing the Shimun hereditary line of Patriarchs in the Assyrian church instead, a tradition that continued until the death of Patriarch [[Shimun XXIII Eshai]] in 1975.

Patriarch Shimun Dinkha died around 1700 AD and was succeeded in the Assyrian Church of the East by [[Shimun XIV Shlemon|Shemʿon XIV Shlemon]].

{{s-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Shimun XII Yoalaha]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon|Patriarch of Babylon]]|years=1662–1692}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Joseph I (Chaldean Patriarch)|Joseph I]]}}
{{end}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
|before=[[Eliya IX]] 1617–1660
|title=[[List of Patriarchs of the Church of the East|Catholicos-Patriarch of the Church of the East]]
|years=1681–c. 1700
|after=[[Shimun XIV Shlemon|Shemʿon XIV Shlemon]] c. 1700–c. 1740
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Shimun, XIII
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Patriarch of Babylon
| DATE OF BIRTH =
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = c.1700
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shimun, Xiii}}

==See also==
*[[List of Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon]]
*[[List of Patriarchs of the Church of the East]]

[[Category:Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon]]
[[Category:Catholicos Patriarchs of the Assyrian Church of the East]]

Shimun XII Yoalaha

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Ian: 1 revision imported

{{Other people|Shimun}}
{{Infobox Patriarch
|image=
|honorific-prefix = Mar
|name=Shimun XII Yoalaha
|birth_name=
|church=[[Chaldean Catholic Church]]
|see=[[Patriarchial See of Babylon of the Chaldeans|Patriarchial See of Babylon of the Chaldeans Shimun line of the Chaldeans]]
|patriarch_of=[[Patriarch of Babylon of the Chaldeans|Patriarch of the Chaldeans]]
|residence=[[Salmas]]
|enthroned= 1656
|ended= 1662
|predecessor= [[Shimun XI Eshuyow]]
|successor=[[Shimun XIII Dinkha]]
|birth_date=
|death_date=1662
}}

[[Mar]] '''Shimun XII Yoalaha''' was the seventh Patriarch of the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]], from 1656 to 1662.

He succeeded Patriarch [[Shimun XI Eshuyow]], the seat of the patriarchate of Babylon of the Chaldean Catholic church being in [[Salmas]] during his reign.

Mar Shimun XII Yoalaha like his predecessors [[Shimun X Eliyah]] and [[Shimun XI Eshuyow]] was not formally recognized by Rome after the hereditary Shimun line of Patriarchs was reintroduced by Patriarch [[Shimun IX Dinkha]] in the Chaldean church. Hereditary succession is an unacceptable practice in Roman Catholic Church.

His successor in 1662 was [[Shimun XIII Dinkha]] the last of the Shimun line in the Chaldean Church.

==See also==
*[[List of Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon]]

{{s-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Shimun XI Eshuyow]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon|Patriarch of Babylon]]|years=1656–1662}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Shimun XIII Dinkha]]}}
{{end}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Shimun 12
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Patriarch of Babylonia
| DATE OF BIRTH =
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 1662
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shimun, Xii}}
[[Category:Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon]]
[[Category:1662 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]

{{EasternCatholic-bishop-stub}}

Shimun XI Eshuyow

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Ian: 1 revision imported

{{Other people|Shimun}}
{{Infobox Patriarch
|image=
|honorific-prefix = Mar
|name=Shimun XI Eshuyow
|birth_name=
|church=[[Chaldean Catholic Church]]
|see=[[Patriarchial See of Babylon of the Chaldeans|Patriarchial See of Babylon of the Chaldeans Shimun line of the Chaldeans]]
|patriarch_of=[[Patriarch of Babylon of the Chaldeans|Patriarch of the Chaldeans]]
|residence=[[Salmas]]
|enthroned= c.1638
|ended= 1656
|predecessor= [[Shimun X Eliyah]]
|successor=[[Shimun XII Yoalaha]]
|birth_date=
|death_date=1656
}}

[[Mar]] '''Shimun XI Eshuyow''' was the sixth Patriarch of the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]], from 1638 to 1656.

He succeeded Patriarch [[Shimun X Eliyah]], The seat of the patriarchate of Babylon of the Chaldean Catholic church being in [[Salmas]] during his reign.

Mar Shimun XI Eshuyow like his predecessor [[Shimun X Eliyah]] was not formally recognized by Rome, after the hereditary Shimun line of Patriarchs was reintroduced by Patriarch [[Shimun IX Dinkha]]. Hereditary succession ia an unacceptable practice by Roman Catholic Church.

His successor was [[Shimun XII Yoalaha]] (1656–1662).

==See also==
*[[List of Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon]]

{{s-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Shimun X Eliyah]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon|Patriarch of Babylon]]|years=1638–1656}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Shimun XII Yoalaha]]}}
{{end}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Shimun 11
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Patriarch of Babylonia
| DATE OF BIRTH =
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 1656
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shimun, Xi}}
[[Category:Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon]]
[[Category:1656 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]

{{EasternCatholic-bishop-stub}}

Shimun X Eliyah

2015-05-19T01:35:10Z

Ian: 1 revision imported

{{Other people|Shimun}}
{{Infobox Patriarch
|image=
|honorific-prefix = Mar
|name=Shimun X Eliyah
|birth_name=
|church=[[Chaldean Catholic Church]]
|see=[[Patriarchial See of Babylon of the Chaldeans|Patriarchial See of Babylon of the Chaldeans Shimun line of the Chaldeans]]
|patriarch_of=[[Patriarch of Babylon of the Chaldeans|Patriarch of the Chaldeans]]
|residence=[[Salmas]]
|enthroned= c. 1600
|ended= 1638
|predecessor= [[Shimun IX Dinkha]]
|successor=[[Shimun XI Eshuyow]]
|birth_date=
|death_date=1638
}}

[[Mar]] '''Shimun X Eliyah''' was the fifth Patriarch of the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]], from c. 1600 to c. 1638.

He succeeded Patriarch [[Shimun IX Dinkha]] and moved the seat of the patriarchate of Babylon of the Chaldean Catholic church from [[Urmia]] to [[Salmas]].

Mar Shimun X Eliyah was not formally recognized by Rome as he was part of the hereditary Shimun line of Patriarchs reintroduced by his predecessor [[Shimun IX Dinkha]]. Hereditary succession is an unacceptable practice by Roman Catholic Church.

His successor was [[Shimun XI Eshuyow]] (1638–1656).

==See also==
*[[List of Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon]]

{{s-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Shimun IX Dinkha]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon|Patriarch of Babylon]]|years=1600–1638}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Shimun XI Eshuyow]]}}
{{end}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Shimun 10
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Patriarch of Babylonia
| DATE OF BIRTH =
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 1638
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shimun, X}}
[[Category:Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon]]
[[Category:1638 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]

{{EasternCatholic-bishop-stub}}

Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa

2015-05-19T01:35:08Z

Ian: 1 revision imported

{{Infobox Patriarch
|image=John sulaqa.gif
|honorific-prefix = Mar
|name=Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa
|birth_name=Yohannan Sulaqa
|church=[[Chaldean Catholic Church]]
|see=[[Patriarchial See of Babylon of the Chaldeans|Amid of the Chaldeans]]
|patriarch_of=[[Patriarch of Babylon of the Chaldeans|Patriarch of the Chaldeans]]
|residence=[[Amid]], [[Turkey]]
|enthroned= 28 April 1553
|ended= January 1555
|predecessor=
|successor=[[Abdisho IV Maron]]
|birth_date= ''[[circa]]'' 1510
|birth_place=[[Mosul]]
|death_date=January 1555
|death_place=[[Amadiyah]]
}}

[[Mar]] '''Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa''' ({{lang-syc|ܫܡܥܘܢ ܬܡܝܢܝܐ ܝܘܚܢܢ ܣܘܠܩܐ}}; also '''John Soulaqa''', '''Sulaka''' or '''Sulacha''', circa 1510–1555) was the first [[List of Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon|Patriarch]] of what was to become the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]], from 1553 to 1555, after it broke from the Assyrian Church.

Yohannan Sulaqa's ascension as Patriarch was part of the [[Schism of 1552|1552 schism]] in the [[Assyrian Church of the East]] which resulted in the establishment of rival patriarchates and ultimately a permanent rift in the Assyrian Church. He was elected by those who opposed the hereditary patriarchal succession within the [[Abuna]] family, and he took an unprecedented step in the Church of the East: he traveled to [[Rome]], accepted the [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] creed and was consecrated as Patriarch in 1553, after at first failing in an attempt to join the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]].<ref name="Baum">{{cite book|first1=Wilhelm|last1=Baum|first2=Dietmar W.|last2=Winkler |title=The Church of the East: A Concise History|year=2003|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-415-29770-7 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=yt0X840SjpEC|accessdate=2009-02-05|page=113}}</ref><ref>''Cambridge History'', p. 521</ref> His reign did not last long though: Upon his return, due to strong opposition by the opposing patriarch, Sulaqa was imprisoned by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] leader of [[Amadiyah]], tortured, and executed in January 1555.<ref name=Frazee/> He is considered a martyr of the Catholic Church.<ref>{{cite book|editor=Angold, Michael|title=The Cambridge History of Christianity|volume=Volume 5, Eastern Christianity|year=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-81113-2|page=527}}</ref>

==Background==
Up to Yohannan Sulaqa, the Assyrian Church of the East was united in a single patriarchate and the [[Episcopal see]] was located in the ancient Assyrian city of [[Alqosh]]. In the 15th century the Patriarch Mar [[Shimun IV Basidi]] (1437–1493) made the office hereditary in his own family,<ref name="newCath Encyclopedia">{{cite encyclopedia |title =Chaldean Catholic Church (Eastern Catholic) | encyclopedia =The new Catholic Encyclopedia| volume=3| pages =366| publisher =The Catholic University of America |year =2003}}</ref> whose name was known as ''Bar Mama'' or ''Abuna'' family.

This was made possible through the ancient [[Canonical law]] of the Church of East, which decreed that only [[metropolitan bishop]]s could confirm a patriarch. As a result, Shimun IV and his successor only appointed their family members as metropolitan bishops,<ref name="Wilmshurst">{{cite book |last=Wilmshurst |first=David |title=The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318–1913 |publisher=Peeters Publishers |year=2000 |isbn=978-90-429-0876-5|page=19}}</ref> in order for the uncle to choose his brothers or nephews to succeed him as patriarch. This designated successor, once consecrated as metropolitan bishop with right of succession, was called ''natar kursi''.

The patriarch [[Shemon VII Ishoyahb]], consecrated either towards the end of 1538 or early in 1539, was highly unpopular due to his illicit activities in profligate life, selling church properties and allowing the use of concubines. Furthermore, he consecrated his own nephews at the ages of twelve and fifteen as metropolitan bishops. These actions led to wide protest causing further upheaval and instability in the church.

==Life==
Yohannan Sulaqa was born c. 1510 to Daniel Bit-Bellu, a member of an ethnic [[Assyrian people|Assyrian]] family in the [[Mosul]] region of northern Mesopotamia. Around 1540 Sulaqa became [[abbot]] of the monastery of [[Rabban Hormizd Monastery|Rabban Hormizd]] in [[Alqosh]] (or, according to an alternative account, of the monastery of Beth Qoqa near [[Erbil]]). The literal translation of Sulaqa in English is [[Ascension of Jesus|Ascension]].

Widespread complaints emerged against Shimun VII's consecration of his younger nephew as his designated successor. This led to three non-related Assyrian bishops of Shimun VII (the bishops of [[Arbil]], [[Urmia]] and [[Salmas]]) to call an assembly in Mosul of clergy, monks, and members from ten regions, to elect the hesitant Yohannan Sulaqa as the new patriarch. A bishop of metropolitan rank was needed at the ceremony in order to consecrate Sulaqa as patriarch. Opposition from members of the patriarchal Abuna family, and the doctrinal differences with the [[Syrian Orthodox Church]], led to the decision of asking [[Pope Julius III]] of Rome to celebrate the consecration.

Yohannan Sulaqa, along with seventy delegates, traveled to [[Jerusalem]] to meet the [[Custodian of the Holy Land]]. The group persuaded the [[Franciscan]] friars that they agreed with the faith professed by the [[Papacy]] and expressed the desire to have Sulaqa confirmed as patriarch by the pope.<ref>{{cite book|last=Frazee|first=Charles A. |title=Catholics and Sultans: The Church and the Ottoman Empire 1453–1923 |year=2006 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-02700-7|page=56}}</ref> The Friars gave them a letter of presentation to the pope, and Sulaqa with a noble traveled to Rome, where [[Andreas Masius]] gave him assistance as a translator in the court of pope Julius III.

Yohannan Sulaqa requested the pope consecrate him as patriarch. He justified this request by informing the papacy that after Mar Shimun VII Ishuyau's death in 1551, his nephew (also to be named the traditional Shimun) would succeed him as the head of the church, but this nephew was not qualified to be consecrated as bishop because the restrictions pronounced in the Canonical Law regarding age were violated. Moreover it was understood that the young nephew had died.<ref name="Becchetti">{{cite book |last=Becchetti |first=Filippo Angelico |title=Istoria degli ultimo quattro secoli della Chiesa, Vol. 10|year=1796 |location=Rome|url=http://books.google.com/?id=LU4TAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA155|accessdate=2009-02-06|pages=155–157}}</ref> For this reason many historians such as Tisserant, Tfinkdji, and Fiey postulate the existence of one Shimun (VIII) who reigned in Alqosh from 1552 to 1558. More recently scholars such as Habbi and Lampart, as well as Becchetti in the 18th century,<ref name="Becchetti"/> suggest on the contrary that Shimun VII did not die in 1551 but reigned till 1558,<ref name="Murre">{{cite web|url=http://syrcom.cua.edu/Hugoye/Vol2No2/HV2N2Murre.html |title=The Patriarchs of the Church of the East from the Fifteenth to Eighteenth Centuries |publisher=Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies |accessdate=2009-02-04 |author=Heleen H.L. Murre}}</ref> thus Sulaqa had lied to the pope.

On February 20, 1553, Yohannan Sulaqa made a profession of faith in front of the Pope. On April 9, 1553, he was consecrated as bishop in [[St. Peter's Basilica]] in Rome by Cardinal [[John Álvarez y Alva de Toledo]], [[Dominican Order|OP]] (1488–1557) (or by the pope himself according other sources).<ref name="Angold">{{cite book|last=O’Mahony |first=Anthony |editor=Angold, Michael |title=Eastern Christianity|series=Cambridge History of Christianity|volume=5|year=2006|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-81113-2 |chapter=Syriac Christianity in the modern Middle East|page=527}}</ref> Sulaqa's appointment as patriarch was ratified by the [[papal bull]] entitled ''"Divina disponente clementia."'' In the course of the [[Papal Consistory|consistory]] held on April 28, 1553 Sulaqa received the [[pallium]], i.e. the sign of his patriarchal authority, from the hands of the pope. He took the traditional Assyrian Christian name of ''Shimun'' VIII.

Yohannan Sulaqa traveled land via to [[Constantinople]] and from there to the northern Assyrian town of [[Amid]] where he arrived on November 12, 1553 and where he fixed his [[episcopal see|See]]. He was accompanied by the bishop [[Ambrose Buttigeg]], OP († 1558), a powerful [[Maltese people|Maltese]] clergyman, who was specially appointed as "Nuncio for Mosul."

In January 1555 he was summoned, imprisoned for many months, tortured and executed, probably by drowning, by the local [[Pasha]] of [[Amadiyah]] instigated by the partisans of Shimun VII,<ref name="Frazee">{{cite book|last=Frazee|first=Charles A. |title=Catholics and Sultans: The Church and the Ottoman Empire 1453–1923 |year=2006 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-02700-7|page=57}}</ref> shortly after ordaining five metropolitans. For [[Catholics]] he is considered a martyr.

Sulaqa's brother, Joseph Mar (Sulaqa) of India, held the office from 1556 to 1569 of Metropolitan of the [[Saint Thomas Christian tradition|Thomas Christians]] in South India.

==Title==
Yohannan Sulaqa was pointedly given the title of "Patriarch of Mosul and Athur" ([[Assyria]]) in Rome,<ref>{{cite book |last=Koodapuzha |first=Xavier |title=Faith and Communion in the Indian Church of Saint Thomas Christians|location=Kerala, India|publisher=Oriental Institute of Religious Studies|page=59}}</ref> not in a restrictive sense, but meaning ''of the Church of the East.'', which was founded in Assyria, and at that time, Kerala aside, was exclusive to northern Mesopotamia, the former Assyria. The Chronicle of the Carmelites states that Sulaqa was proclaimed ''Patriarch of the Eastern Assyrians'' but on April 19, 1553 the title was changed to ''Patriarch of the Chaldeans,''<ref>{{cite journal |last=Yana (Bebla) |first=George V. |title=Myth vs. Reality|journal=JAA Studies|volume=14|issue=1|page=80|year=2000}}</ref> perhaps in reference to the [[Old Testament]], which gives Abraham's birthplace as "Ur of Chaldees" at a time long before the Chaldeans entered Mesopotamia (and which many modern scholars now believe was actually in [[Assyria]] or [[Asia Minor]]), rather than to any ethnic or geographic link with the long extinct [[Chaldea]]ns of the south eastern extremities of Iraq.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis%2011:28-31;&version=9; |title=Genesis 11:28-31; KJV; - And Haran died before his father Terah |publisher=Bible Gateway |date= |accessdate=2012-08-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=16&chapter=9&verse=7&version=9&context=verse |title=Nehemiah 9:7 KJV - Thou art the LORD the God, who didst |publisher=Bible Gateway |date= |accessdate=2012-08-17}}</ref>

The term ''Chaldeans'' had a history of being used in an ethnically and geographically inaccurate sense by Rome, having been previously officially used by the [[Council of Florence]] in 1445 as a new name for a group of [[Greek people|Greek]] [[Nestorianism|Nestorian]]s of [[Cyprus]] who entered in [[Full Communion]] with the [[Catholic Church]].<ref>Council of Florence, ''Bull of union with the Chaldeans and the Maronites of Cyprus'' Session 14, 7 August 1445 [http://www.papalencyclicals.net/Councils/ecum17.htm]</ref> Rome followed to use the term ''Chaldeans'' to indicate the members of the Church of the East in Communion with Rome (mainly not to use the term ''Nestorian'' that was theologically unacceptable) also in 1681 for [[Joseph I (Chaldean Patriarch)|Joseph I]] and later in 1830 when [[Yohannan Hormizd]], of the line of Alqosh, became the first ''"Patriarch of Babylon of the Chaldeans"'' of the modern Chaldean Catholic Church.

==The ''Shimun'' line==
Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa was the first incumbent of the ''Shimun'' line of the Assyrian Church of the East. This patriarchal See was initially located in Amid, but very soon moved to [[Siirt]], then to [[Urmia]], then to [[Khosrowa]] (near [[Salmas]]) and from the second half of 17th century to [[Qochanis]]. Also the area of influence moved from the North West of the [[Assyrian homeland]] to the North Eastern mountains.

The last patriarch of this line recognized by the Pope was [[Shimun IX Dinkha]] (died 1600) and later there were only few correspondences thought missionaries. This See reintroduced in 1600 the traditional heredity system for patriarchs' succession, a practice unacceptable to Rome. In 1692, patriarch [[Mar Shimun XIII Dinkha]]<ref name="Angold"/> broke formally the communion with Rome and returned his members to the Assyrian Church. The patriarchate of the present-day [[Assyrian Church of the East]], with its See in [[Chicago]], forms the continuation of this line.<ref name="Murre"/>

==See also==
*[[Schism of 1552]]
*[[List of Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book|editor=Angold, Michael|title=The Cambridge History of Christianity|volume=Volume 5, Eastern Christianity|year=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-81113-2}}
* {{cite journal |last=Gulik |first=W. v. |title=Die Konsistorialakten über die Begründung des uniert-chaldäischen Patriarchates von Mosul unter Papst Julius III |journal=Oriens Christianus |volume=4|page=261–277|year=1904}}
* {{cite journal |last=Habbi |first=Joseph |title=Signification de l'union chaldéenne de Mar Sulaqa avec Rome en 1553 |journal=L'Orient Syrien |volume=11|pages=99–132|year=1966}}

==External links==
* http://www.chaldeancatholics.com

{{s-start}}
{{s-rel|ca}}
{{s-bef|before=N/A}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon|Patriarch of Babylon]]|years=1553–1555}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Abdisho IV Maron]]}}
{{end}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Shimun, VIII Yohannan Sulaqa
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Patriarch of Babylonia
| DATE OF BIRTH =
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Mosul]]
| DATE OF DEATH = 1555
| PLACE OF DEATH = [[Amadiyah]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shimun, VIII Yohannan Sulaqa}}
[[Category:1555 deaths]]
[[Category:16th-century archbishops]]
[[Category:Iraqi Assyrian people]]
[[Category:16th-century Roman Catholic martyrs]]
[[Category:Converts to Eastern Catholicism]]
[[Category:Converts to Catholicism from the Assyrian Church of the East]]
[[Category:Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon]]
[[Category:People executed by drowning]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]

Shimun IX Dinkha

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{{Other people|Shimun}}
{{Infobox Patriarch
|image=
|honorific-prefix = Mar
|name=Shimun IX Dinkha
|birth_name=
|church=[[Chaldean Catholic Church]]
|see=[[Patriarchial See of Babylon of the Chaldeans|Amid of the Chaldeans]]
|patriarch_of=[[Patriarch of Babylon of the Chaldeans|Patriarch of the Chaldeans]]
|residence=[[Siirt]] then [[Urmia]]
|enthroned= 1580
|ended= c. 1600
|predecessor= [[Yahballaha V]]
|successor=[[Shimun X Eliyah]]
|birth_date=
|death_date=c. 1600
}}

[[Mar]] '''Shimun IX Dinkha''' was the fourth Patriarch of the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]], from 1580 to c.1600.

He moved the seat of the patriarchate of Babylon of the Chaldean Catholic church from [[Siirt]] to [[Urmia]] whereas his successor [[Shimun X Eliyah]] moved it to [[Salmas]].

Mar Shimun IX Dinkha was the last Patriarch of the Shimun line to be formally recognized by Rome. He reintroduced the hereditary succession, an unacceptable practice by Roman Catholic Church. His hereditary line of successors [[Shimun X Eliyah]] (c. 1600–1638), [[Shimun XI Eshuyow]] (1638–1656), Shimun XII Yoalaha (1656–1662) and [[Shimun XIII Dinkha]] (1662–1692) resided all in [[Salmas]] and were not recognized by Rome.

[[Shimun XIII Dinkha]] moved the See to [[Qochanis]] and from 1692 became Patriarch of the [[Assyrian Church of the East]] continuing the Shimun line there.

==See also==
*[[List of Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon]]

{{s-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Yahballaha V]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon|Patriarch of Babylon]]|years=1580–1600}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Shimun X Eliyah]]}}
{{end}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Shimun 09
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Patriarch of Babylonia
| DATE OF BIRTH =
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = c1600
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shimun, Ix}}
[[Category:Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon]]
[[Category:1600 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]

{{EasternCatholic-bishop-stub}}

Louis Raphael I Sako

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{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = Patriarch
| honorific-prefix = His Beatitude
| name = {{unbulleted list|Louis Raphaël I Sako|ܠܘܝܣ ܪܘܦܐܝܠ ܩܕܡܝܐ ܣܟܘ}}
| honorific-suffix =
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| title = [[Patriarch of Babylon of the Chaldeans]]
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| see = [[Chaldean Catholic Patriarchate of Babylon]]
| elected = 31 January 2013
| appointed = 1 February 2013
| term =
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| predecessor =[[Emmanuel III Delly]]
| opposed =
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| other_post = Chaldean Archbishop of Baghdad

| ordination = 1 June 1974
| ordinated_by =
| consecration = 14 November 2003
| consecrated_by = [[André Sana]]
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| birth_name = Louis Sako
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1948|07|04|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Zakho]], [[Iraq]]
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| religion = [[Chaldean Catholic Church|Chaldean Catholic]]
| residence = Iraq
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| previous_post = {{unbulleted list|Archbishop of Kerkūk (2002–2013)}}
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| coat_of_arms = Coat of arms of Louis Raphael I Sako.svg
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{{Ordination
| date of diaconal ordination =
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| ordained deacon by =
| date of priestly ordination =1 June 1974
| place of priestly ordination =
| ordained priest by =
| date of consecration = 14 November 2003
| place of consecration =
| consecrated by = [[André Sana]]
| co-consecrator1 = [[Shlemon Warduni]]
| co-consecrator2 = [[Paulos Faraj Rahho]]
}}
'''Louis Raphaël I Sako''' ({{lang-syr|ܠܘܝܣ ܪܘܦܐܝܠ ܩܕܡܝܐ ܣܟܘ}}) (born 4 July 1948) is the current [[Chaldean Catholic Patriarchate of Babylon|Chaldean Catholic Patriarch of Babylon]] and the Head of the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]] since his [[Appointment of Catholic bishops|election]] on 1 February 2013.

== Biography ==
=== Early life ===
Sako was born in the city of [[Zakho]] on the Iraq–Turkey border. He is ethnically Assyrian and from a community that has had a religious presence in the city since the 5th century AD. <ref>Chabot, "Synodicon orientale", 676</ref>Before he was ordained a bishop, then-Fr Sako had demanded to see President [[Saddam Hussein]] after the Iraqi Government refused to allow him to teach religious education. Saddam refused his request but the cleric responded by doing a separate doctorate and, because it had little religious content, the Government gave him his teaching licence, which enabled him to teach the subject.<ref>[http://www.thetablet.co.uk/latest-news/5045] {{dead link|date=March 2014}}</ref>

On 1 February 2013, Pope Benedict XVI granted him ''ecclesiastica communio'' (ecclesiastical communion)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.news.va/en/news/vatican-abp-louis-sako-elected-patriarch-of-the-ch | title=Abp. Louis Sako elected Patriarch of the Chaledean Church | publisher=News.va | date=February 1, 2013 | accessdate=February 1, 2013}}</ref> which the leaders of the [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Eastern-rite Catholic churches]] seek as a sign of their unity with the wider Catholic church.<ref name="catholica1">{{cite web|url=http://press.catholica.va/news_services/bulletin/news/30411.php?index=30411&lang=en |title=Elezione del nuovo Patriarca di Babilonia dei Caldei (Iraq) |publisher=Press.catholica.va |date= |accessdate=2013-12-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.microsofttranslator.com/BV.aspx?ref=IE8Activity&a=http%3A%2F%2Fpress.catholica.va%2Fnews_services%2Fbulletin%2Fnews%2F30412.php%3Findex%3D30412%26lang%3Den |title=Granting of Ecclesiastica Communio to the new Patriarch of Babylon for the Chaldeans |publisher=Microsofttranslator.com |date= |accessdate=2013-12-28}}</ref> Patriarch Louis Raphaël I Sako speaks Syriac, German, French, English, Italian, and Arabic.<ref name="catholica1"/>

Sako was ordained a [[Priesthood (Catholic Church)|priest]] on 1 June 1974 for the Chaldean Archeparchy of [[Mosul]]. After his election and subsequent confirmation in 2003 he was consecrated the [[Chaldean Catholic]] [[Eparch|Archeparch]] of [[Kirkuk]] on 27 September 2003. He was elected to the position by a synod of bishops of the Chaeldean Catholic Church on 24 October 2002.<ref>{{Catholic-hierarchy|bishop|bsako|Patriarch Louis Raphaël I Sako|23 January 2015}}</ref> He was awarded the Defensor Fidei prize in 2008 and in 2010, he was awarded the International [[Pax Christi]] Award.

In August 2009, and at the beginning of [[Ramadan]], Sako sent out an appeal for national peace, reconciliation and end to violence along with other religious leaders in Kirkuk. Archeparch Sako explained that this is "a gesture of closeness to our Muslim brothers. We are all brothers, sons of the same God we must respect and cooperate for the good of the people and our country. " "Iraq – said Msgr. Sako – needs reconciliation and dialogue”. The participants included representatives of Ali Sistani and Muqtada al Sadr.<ref>{{cite web|last=Gheddo |first=Piero |url=http://www.asianews.it/news-en/In-Kirkuk-Christian-and-Muslim-leaders-for-dialogue-and-reconciliation-16181.html |title=In Kirkuk Christian and Muslim leaders for dialogue and reconciliation |publisher=Asianews.it |date= |accessdate=2013-12-28}}</ref>
Sako has stated that he would go against a centuries old tradition of wearing the traditional Assyrian head cover "shash".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vaticaninsider.lastampa.it/nel-mondo/dettaglio-articolo/articolo/caldei-sako-papa-pope-el-papa-21930/ |title=Il patriarca che rinuncia al "Shash" – Vatican Insider |publisher=Vaticaninsider.lastampa.it |date=2013-02-04 |accessdate=2013-12-28}}</ref>

=== As Patriarch ===
The Synod of Bishops of the Chaldean Catholic Church, convoked in Rome on 28 January 2013, electing him Patriarch of Babylon in succession of [[Emmanuel III Delly]] who had resigned because of old age. Sako chose Louis Raphael I as his regnal name.

In July 2014 Sako led a wave of condemnation for the [[Islamic State of Iraq and Syria|Sunni Islamists]] who demanded Christians either convert, submit to their radical rule and pay a religious levy or face death by the sword. At the Vatican, [[Pope Francis]] decried what he said was the persecution of Christians in the birthplace of their faith, while U.N. Secretary-General [[Ban Ki-moon]] said the Islamic State's actions could constitute a crime against humanity.Hundreds of Christian families left Mosul ahead of Saturday's ultimatum, many of them stripped of their possessions as they fled for safety. They formed the remnants of a community which once numbered in the tens of thousands and traced its presence in Mosul to the earliest years of Christianity.<ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/07/20/us-iraq-security-christians-idUSKBN0FP0R120140720?utm_source=Sailthru&utm_medium=email&utm_term=%2AMideast%20Brief&utm_campaign=2014_The%20Middle%20East%20Daily_7.21.14 Iraq Catholic leader says Islamic State worse than Genghis Khan]</ref>

In September 2014 he said “The U.S. is indirectly responsible for what is going on in Iraq as it said it would ensure democracy and the well-being of the people, but 10 years have passed and on the contrary we have gone backward,” Sako told reporters at Beirut's airport. He was responding to a question following remarks attributed to him in the local daily Ad-Diyar in which he accused the U.S. of supporting ISIS. Sako had also criticized Muslim countries for lack of support. “Our Muslim neighbours did not help us,” he said, as he urged Muslim preachers to issue a religious ruling against the killing of all innocent people. “Issuing a fatwa preventing Muslims from killing fellow Muslims is not enough,” Sako said.<ref>[http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2014/Aug-28/268782-chaldean-patriarch-sako-says-us-behind-isis.ashx#ixzz3CAEVgSUD In Kirkuk Christian and Muslim leaders for dialogue and reconciliation |date=2009-08-29 |accessdate=2014-09-23]</ref>

In October 2014, Patriarch Sako suspended 10 priests that fled Iraq after they refused an order to return to the country. <ref>{{cite news |title=Chaldean Catholic patriarch suspends 10 priests, including 1 from El Cajon |last=Phillips |first=Preston|url=http://www.10news.com/news/chaldean-catholic-patriarch-suspends-10-priests-including-1-from-el-cajon-10222014 |publisher=KGTV | date=2014-10-22 |accessdate=2015-05-17}}</ref> The priests, including Fr. Noel Gorgis, who has lived in the United States for 20 years, appealed to [[Pope Francis]] for relief from the order. In January 2015, Pope Francis granted permission to the 10 to remain in the United States. <ref>{{cite news |title=Pope to El Cajon priest: stay put
|last=Popescu, first=Roxana| url=http://m.utsandiego.com/news/2015/jan/08/chaldean-priest-vatican-safety/ |publisher=San Diego Union Tribune |date=2015-01-08 |accessdate=2015-05-18}}</ref> Patriarch Sako later renewed his order despite the Pope's decision.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chaldean patriarch defies pope, orders priests back to Iraq |url=http://www.sandiego6.com/news/local/Chaldean-Patriarch-of-Iraq-defies-Pope-and-orders-local-Chaldean-priests-back-to-Iraq-288358501.html?m=y&smobile=y |publisher=XETV San Diego 6 |accessdate=2015-05-18}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-rel|ca}}
{{s-bef|before=[[André Sana]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Kirkuk (Chaldean Archdiocese)|Chaldean Catholic Archbishop of Kirkuk]]|years=2003–2013}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Yousif Thomas Mirkis]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Emmanuel III Delly]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon|Patriarch of Babylon of the Chaldean Catholic Church]]|years=2013–present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Sako, Louis Raphaël I
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = [[Chaldean Catholic]] [[Eparch|Archeparch]] of [[Kirkuk, Iraq]]
| DATE OF BIRTH = 4 July 1948
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Zakho]], [[Iraq]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sako, Louis Raphael I}}
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon]]
[[Category:Iraqi Assyrian people]]
[[Category:21st-century Roman Catholic archbishops]]
[[Category:Eastern Catholic bishops]]
[[Category:Iraqi Eastern Catholics]]
[[Category:People from Zakho]]
[[Category:Iraqi archbishops]]
[[Category:Iraqi bishops]]
[[Category:Chaldean Catholics]]
[[Category:Chaldean archbishops]]
[[Category:Pontifical Urbaniana University alumni]]
[[Category:Members of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches]]

Patriarchs of the Church of the East

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Conventional [[List of Patriarchs of the Church of the East|lists]] of '''Patriarchs of the Church of the East''' include around 130 patriarchs. A number of these patriarchs are legendary, or invented, or have been included in the standard lists on dubious evidence. This article sets out the historical evidence for the patriarchal succession in the [[Church of the East]] and its successor churches, the [[Assyrian Church of the East]], the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]], and the [[Ancient Church of the East]].

== Fictionalisation of the early history of the Church of the East ==
The Church of the East, although separated from the [[State church of the Roman Empire]], was not immune to its fashions. One such fashion was to fill in the inevitable gaps in the historical record to trace a succession of bishops in individual dioceses right back to the 1st century, preferably to an apostolic founder. This fashion found particular favour in the case of the diocese of Seleucia-Ctesiphon. The first bishop of Seleucia-Ctesiphon for whom incontestable evidence exists was [[Papa (bishop)|Papa]], who was consecrated around 280. During the 6th century ingenious attempts were made to link Papa with [[Saint Mari|Mari]], the legendary apostle of Babylonia. The author of the 6th-century ''Acts of Mari'' simply ignored the gap of two and a half centuries that separated the two men and declared that Mari had founded the diocese of Seleucia-Ctesiphon shortly before his death and consecrated Papa as his successor. Later writers were more cunning with their inventions. [[Shahlufa]] and [[Ahadabui]], two late-3rd-century bishops of Erbil who had played a notable part in the affairs of the church of Seleucia-Ctesiphon, were converted retrospectively into early patriarchs. Ahadabui was said to have governed the church of Seleucia-Ctesiphon from 204 to 220, and Shahlufa from 220 to 224. For the 2nd century, three patriarchs were frankly invented: [[Abris]] (121–37), [[Abraham (bishop)|Abraham]] (159–71) and [[Yaqob I|Ya{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}qob]] (190). All three men were declared to be relatives of Joseph, the earthly father of Jesus, and given plausible backstories. These five phantom 'patriarchs' were included in all the later histories of the Church of the East, and by the 12th century their existence was an article of faith for the historian Mari bin Sulaiman. They are still included by courtesy in the traditional [[List of Patriarchs of the Church of the East]], even though most scholars agree that they never existed.<ref>Fiey, ''Jalons'', 64–5</ref>

== Uncertain patriarchal succession, 1318–1552 ==
The patriarchal succession of the Church of the East between 1318 and 1552 cannot be satisfactorily determined. The conventional lists of its patriarchs given by [[Fiey]] and others rest on very dubious evidence, and the few known facts are set out here.

The patriarch [[Yahballaha III]] died in November 1317, probably on Saturday 12 November.<ref>Wallis Budge, ''The Monks of Kublai Khan'', 305–6; Gismondi, ''Maris Amri et Slibae de Patriarchis Nestorianorum Commentaria'', ii. 97 and 99; and Moule, ''Christians in China Before the Year 1550'', 126–7</ref>

His successor [[Timothy II (Nestorian Patriarch)|Timothy II]], according to the acts of his synod, was consecrated in February 1318. He was still alive in 1328, but probably died two or three years later, to be succeeded after an uncertain interval by [[Denha II]] in 1336/7, who himself died in 1381/2.<ref>MSS Diyarbakr (Scher) 70, Jerusalem Syr 10 and Mingana Syr 561 (folio 43a)</ref> Denha II is known to have been consecrated in Baghdad, thanks to the patronage of the Christian emir Haggi Togai, but may have been normally resident in the Mosul plain village of Karamlish. Three ceremonial contacts between Denha II and the Jacobite church are recorded by the continuator of Bar Hebraeus's ''Ecclesiastical Chronicle'' between 1358 and 1364, and on each occasion Denha was living in Karamlish.<ref>Wilmshurst, ''Ecclesiastical Organisation'', 18–19</ref>

Denha II is conventionally believed to have been succeeded by the patriarchs Shem{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on I, Shem{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on II and Eliya IV, but a 15th-century list of patriarchs mentions only a single patriarch named Shem{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on between Denha II and Eliya IV, and is probably to be preferred.<ref>Wallis Budge, ''The Book of the Bee'', 119</ref>

Eliya IV was succeeded by Shem{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on IV at an unknown date in the first half of the 15th century. Eliya’s death has conventionally been placed in 1437 but must have been earlier, as a patriarch named Shem{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on is mentioned in a colophon of 1429/30.<ref>MS Paris BN Syr 184</ref>

Shem{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on IV died on 20 February 1497 and was buried in the monastery of [[Rabban Hormizd Monastery|Rabban Hormizd]] near the Mosul village of Alqosh.<ref>Vosté, ''Inscriptions'', 283–5</ref> He was succeeded by two short-reigned patriarchs: Shem{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on V, first mentioned in a colophon of 1500/1, who died in September 1502 and was buried in the monastery of Mar Awgin; and Eliya V, elected in 1503, who died in 1504 and was buried in the church of Mart Meskinta in Mosul.<ref>MSS Diyarbakr (Scher) 102, Paris BN Syr 25 and Vat Syr 204a</ref>

Eliya V was succeeded by the patriarch Shem{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on VI (1504–38), who died on 5 August 1538 and was buried in the monastery of Rabban Hormizd.<ref>Vosté, ''Inscriptions'', 286</ref> According to the [[Colophon (publishing)|colophon]] of a contemporary manuscript, the patriarchal throne was still vacant on 19 October 1538.<ref>MS Vat Syr 83</ref>

Shem{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on’s brother the metropolitan Isho{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}yahb Bar Mama, who had been ''natar kursya'' throughout his reign, is first mentioned as patriarch in a colophon of 1539.<ref>MS Vat Syr 339</ref> Shem{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on VII Isho{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}yahb died on 1 November 1558 and was buried, like his predecessor, in the monastery of Rabban Hormizd near [[Alqosh]].<ref>Vosté, ''Inscriptions'', 286</ref> His reign saw the schism of 1552 that resulted in the creation of the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]] in 1553.

== 'Shemon VIII Denha' and the schism of 1552 ==
{{main|Schism of 1552}}
In 1552 a section of the Church of the East, angered by the appointment of minors to important episcopal positions by the patriarch [[Shemon VII Ishoyahb|Shem{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on VII Isho{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}yahb]], revolted against his authority. The rebels elected in his stead Sulaqa, the superior of the monastery of Rabban Hormizd near Alqosh, but were unable to consecrate him as no bishop of metropolitan rank was available, as canonically required. Franciscan missionaries were already at work among the Nestorians, and they persuaded Sulaqa's supporters to legitimize their position by seeking Sulaqa's consecration by Pope Julius III (1550–5). Sulaqa went to Rome, where he made a satisfactory Catholic profession of faith and presented a letter, drafted by his supporters in Mosul, which set out his claims to be recognized as patriarch. This letter, which has survived in the Vatican archives, grossly distorted the truth. The rebels claimed that the Nestorian patriarch Shem{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on VII Isho{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}yahb had died in 1551 and had been succeeded illegitimately by 'Shem{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on VIII Denha' (1551–8), a non-existent patriarch invented purely for the purpose of bolstering the legitimacy of Sulaqa's election. The Vatican was taken in by this fraud, and recognised Sulaqa as the founding patriarch of the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]] in April 1553, thereby creating a permanent schism in the Church of the East. It was only several years later that the Vatican discovered that Shem{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on VII Isho{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}yahb was still alive.<ref>Wilmshurst, ''EOCE'', 21–2</ref>

== Patriarchal succession, 16th to 18th centuries ==
The patriarchal succession after the schism of 1552 is certain in the case of the Mosul patriarchate, because up to the beginning of the 19th century all but one of its patriarchs were buried in the monastery of [[Rabban Hormizd Monastery|Rabban Hormizd]] and their epitaphs, which give the date of their deaths, have survived. Shem{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on VII’s successor Eliya VII died on 26 May 1591, after having been a metropolitan for 15 years and patriarch for 32 years; Eliya VIII on 26 May 1617; Eliya IX on 18 June 1660; Eliya X Yohannan Marogin on 17 May 1700; Eliya XI Marogin on 14 December 1722; and Eliya XIII Isho{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}yahb in 1804. Eliya XII Denha died of plague in Alqosh on 29 April 1778, and was exceptionally buried in the town rather than the monastery, which had been abandoned and locked up following a Persian attack in 1743.

The information available on Sulaqa and his successors is much less exact. The date of Sulaqa's election in 1552 is not known, but he was confirmed as 'patriarch of Mosul' by the Vatican on 28 April 1553, and was martyred at the beginning of 1555, probably (according to a contemporary poem of [[Abdisho IV Maron|{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}Abdisho{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}} IV]]) on 12 January. The date of [[Abdisho IV Maron|{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}Abdisho{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}} IV]]’s succession in 1555 is not known, but a colophon mentions that he died on 11 September 1570. The dates of Shem{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on VIII Yahballaha's succession and death (presumably in 1570 and 1580 respectively) are not known. Shem{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on IX Denha was elected patriarch in 1580 and (according to Assemani) died in 1600. Shem{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on X, elected in 1600, is said to have died in 1638, according to a letter of Eliya XIII cited by Tisserant.

Information on the patriarchal succession in the Qudshanis patriarchate for the remainder of the seventeenth and the whole of the 18th century is equally scanty. Several of the Qudshanis patriarchs who succeeded Shem{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on X corresponded with the Vatican, but the surviving correspondence does not enable individual patriarchs to be distinguished. The following list of 17th- and 18th-century Qudshanis patriarchs has conventionally been adopted, most recently by Fiey and (provisionally) by Wilmshurst: Shem{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on XI (1638–56), Shem{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on XII (1656–62), Shem{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on XIII Denha (1662–1700), Shem{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on XIV Shlemun (1700–40), Shem{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on XVI Mikhail Mukhtas (1740–80), and Shem{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on XVI Yohannan (1780–1820).<ref>Fiey, ''POCN'', 37; Wilmshurst, ''EOCE'', 356–7</ref>

These names and reign-dates were first given towards the end of the 19th century by the Anglican missionary William Ainger Wigram. A recently discovered list of Qudshanis patriarchs compiled after the First World War by the bishop Eliya of Alqosh, however, gives a completely different set of dates: Shem{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on X (1600–39); Shem{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on XI (1639–53); Shem{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on XII (1653–92); Shem{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on XIII Denha (1692–1700); and Shem{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on XIV Shlemun (1700–17). It is not yet clear whether either list is based on a reliable source, and the patriarchal succession must for the time being remain uncertain.

In 1681 a Catholic line of patriarchs who took the name Joseph was founded at Amid (Diyarbakr). The reign dates of these patriarchs are not in doubt: [[Joseph I (Chaldean Patriarch)|Joseph I]] (1681–95); [[Joseph II (Chaldean Patriarch)|Joseph II]] (1696–1712); [[Joseph III (Chaldean Patriarch)|Joseph III]] (1713–57); [[Joseph IV (Chaldean Patriarch)|Joseph IV]] (patriarch, 1757–80; patriarchal administrator, 1781–96); and [[Augustine Hindi|Joseph V]] (1804–28). Strictly speaking, Augustine Hindi, who styled himself Joseph V, was merely the patriarchal administrator of the Amid and Mosul patriarchates, but he liked to think of himself as a patriarch and the Vatican found it politic to indulge him in this fantasy.

== Patriarchal succession, 19th and 20th centuries ==
There were three Qudshanis patriarchs in the decades leading up to the First World War: Shem{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on XVII Abraham (1820–61), Shem{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on XVIII Rubil (1861–1903), and Shem{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on XIX Benjamin (1903–18), who was consecrated at an uncanonically early age. Shem{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on XIX Benjamin (1903–18) was murdered in the village of [[Tazeh Shahr|Kohnashahr]] in the Salmas district in 1918, and was succeeded by the feeble Shem{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on XX Paul (1918–20). Paul died only two years after taking office. As there were no other qualified members of the patriarchal family available, he was succeeded by his twelve-year-old nephew Eshai, who was consecrated patriarch on 20 June 1920 under the name [[Mar Eshai Shimun XXIII|Shem{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on XXI Eshai]].

[[Mar Eshai Shimun XXIII|Shem{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on XXI Eshai]] (who arbitrarily added the apostle Simon Peter, Shem{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on Shliha, to the head of the list of patriarchs of the Church of the East and thereafter styled himself Shem{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on XXIII Eshai) was murdered in the United States in 1975 and succeeded in 1976 by [[Mar Dinkha IV|Dinkha IV Hnanya]], the first non-Catholic patriarch of the Church of the East to be appointed canonically (i.e., not by hereditary succession) since the 15th century. Dinkha IV was consecrated in the United Kingdom.

The recognition of the Mosul patriarch [[Yohannan VIII Hormizd]] by the Vatican in 1830 marked the birth of the modern Chaldean church. Yohannan Hormizd died in 1838, and was succeeded by [[Joseph Audo|Joseph VI Audo]] (1848–78), [[Nicholas I Zaya|Nicholas I Zay{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}a]] (1840–7), [[Eliya Abulyonan|Eliya XII {{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}Abulyonan]] (1879–94), [[Audishu V Khayyath|{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}Abdisho{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}} V Khayyat]] (1895–9), [[Yousef VI Emmanuel II Thomas|Emmanuel II Thomas]] (1900–47), [[Yousef VII Ghanima|Joseph VII Ghanima]] (1947–58), [[Paul II Cheikho]] (1958–89) and [[Raphael I Bidawid]] (1989–2003). The present Chaldean patriarch is [[Emmanuel III Delly]], consecrated in 2003.

== See also ==
* [[List of Patriarchs of the Church of the East]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|2}}

== References ==
* {{cite book |last=Assemani|first=J.A. |authorlink=Giuseppe Luigi Assemani |title=De Catholicis seu Patriarchis Chaldaeorum et Nestorianorum |year=1775 |location=Rome}}
* {{cite book |last=Assemani|first=J.S. |authorlink=Giuseppe Simone Assemani |title=Bibliotheca Orientalis Clementino-Vaticana (4 vols) |year=1719–28 |location=Rome}}
* {{cite book |last=Fiey |first=J.M. |title=Communautés syriaques en Iran et en Irak, des origines à 1552 |year=1979 |location=London |isbn=0-86078-051-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Fiey |first=J.M. |title=Pour un Oriens Christianus novus; répertoire des diocèses Syriaques orientaux et occidentaux |year=1993 |location=Beirut |isbn=3-515-05718-8}}
* Fiey, J. M., ''Jalons pour un histoire de l'Église en Iraq'' (Louvain, 1970)
* [http://syrcom.cua.edu/hugoye/vol2no2/HV2N2Murre.html The Patriarchs of the Church of the East from the Fifteenth to Eighteenth Centuries]
* {{cite journal |last=Tfinkdji |first=J. | title=L’église chaldéenne catholique autrefois et aujourd’hui |journal=Annuaire Pontifical Catholique| issue=17 |year=1914 |pages=449–525}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Tisserant |first=E. | title=Église nestorienne |journal=Dictionnaire de Théologie Catholique| volume=11 |pages=157–323}}
* {{cite journal |last=Vosté |first=J.-M | title=Les inscriptions de Rabban Hormizd et de N.-D. des Semences près d'Alqoš (Iraq) |journal=Le Muséon| issue=43 |year=1930 |pages=263–316}}
* {{cite book |last=Wilmshurst |first=David |title=The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318-1913 |publisher=Peeters Publishers |year=2000 |isbn=978-90-429-0876-5}}

{{Patriarchs of the Church of the East}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patriarchs Of The Church Of The East}}
[[Category:Patriarchs of the Church of the East| ]]
[[Category:Bishops of the Assyrian Church of the East]]
[[Category:Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon]]
[[Category:Assyrian Church of the East-related lists]]

Abdisho IV Maron

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Ian: 1 revision imported

{{Other people|Abdisho}}
{{Infobox Patriarch
|image=Abdisho-IV-Maron.jpg
|honorific-prefix = Mar
|name=Abdisho IV Maron
|birth_name=Abdisho Maron of Yohannan
|church=[[Chaldean Catholic Church]]
|see=[[Patriarchial See of Babylon of the Chaldeans|Amid of the Chaldeans]]
|patriarch_of=[[Patriarch of Babylon of the Chaldeans|Patriarch of the Chaldeans]]
|residence=[[Siirt]]
|enthroned= 1555
|ended= 11 September 1570
|predecessor= [[Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa]]
|successor=[[Yahballaha V]]
|birth_date=
|death_date=11 September 1570
}}
[[Mar]] '''Abdisho IV Maron''' ({{lang-syc|ܥܒܕܝܫܘܥ ܪܒܝܥܝܐ ܡܪܘܢ}}) was the second Patriarch of the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]], from 1555 to 1570.

==Life==

Abdisho, whose name is spelled in many different ways (''Abdisu'', ''Abd-Jesu'', ''Hebed-Jesu'', ''Abdissi'', ''Audishu'') meaning ''Servant of [[Jesus]]'', was born in [[Gazarta]] on the River [[Tigris]], son of Yohannan of the house of Mari. He entered in the monasteries of Saint Antony and of Mar Ahha and Yohannan,<ref name="Wilmshurst">{{cite book |last=Wilmshurst |first=David |title=The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318-1913 |publisher=Peeters Publishers |year=2000 |isbn=978-90-429-0876-5}}</ref>{{rp|349}} and in 1554 was consecrated [[metropolitan bishop]] of Gazarta by [[Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa]].

After Sulaqa's death in 1555, Abdisho was elected patriarch of the Chaldean Church. He could travel to [[Rome]] only in 1561. On 7 March 1562 Abdisho made a profession of faith in front of [[pope Pius IV]] and on 17 April 1562 he received from the pope the [[pallium]], the sign of the confirmation of his election.

In a letter of him dated 1562 to the pope he listed thirty-eight dioceses under his rule, ranging from the [[Ottoman Empire]] to the [[Persia]] and [[India]]. Modern scholars suggest that the actual dioceses could be only about fourteen, and the error in the list was due to a probable mistake in translation from [[Syriac language|Syriac]] to [[Latin]].

He preferred to return to his church without waiting for attending the next session of the [[Council of Trent]], where, on 17 Sept 1562 (XXII session), was given a detailed account of what he narrated about his Church and his faith.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Dictionary of Christian Biography|editor=Michael Walsh|publisher=Continuum|isbn=0826452639|page=2}}</ref> The [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] bishops excepted when it was narrated that Abdisho considered the jurisdiction of the Church of the East wide-ranging up to South [[India]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Paolo |last=Sarpi |authorlink=Paolo Sarpi|title=Storia del Concilio tridentino: ridotta alla primitiva lezione, con la vita scritta da Fra F. Micanzio |year=1858|origyear=1619 |publisher=Pubblicato da Barbèra Bianchi |volume=3|url=http://books.google.it/books?id=7iwVAAAAQAAJ&printsec=titlepage#PPA387,M1|accessdate=2009-02-09|page=387}}</ref>

About his reign, we know that in 1565 the pope confirmed the use of the traditional Chaldean uses and rites,<ref>{{cite book |first=Suha |last=Rassam |title=Christianity in Iraq: Its Origins and Development to the Present Day |year=2005 |publisher=Gracewing Publishing |isbn=978-0-85244-633-1|page=109}}</ref> and that he moved the [[episcopal See|See]] from [[Amid]] to the monastery of Mar Yaqub Khbhisha near [[Siirt]].<ref name="Murre"/>
Among the different possible dates of Abdisho's death, Murre suggests the 11 September 1570.<ref name="Murre">{{cite journal|url=http://syrcom.cua.edu/Hugoye/Vol2No2/HV2N2Murre.html |title=The Patriarchs of the Church of the East from the Fifteenth to Eighteenth Centuries |journal=Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies |accessdate=2009-02-04 |author=Heleen H.L. Murre}}</ref>

==Works==

Abdisho left a poem in which he narrated the events of [[Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa|Yohannan Sulaqa]]'s life. He should not be confused with [[Abdisho bar Berika]] who lived in the 13th - 14th century and was a prolific writer.

==Mentions in literature and art==
Abdisho is a character in [[Hans Pfitzner]]'s opera ''[[Palestrina (opera)|Palestrina]]'', in which he is one of the prelates attending the Council of Trent.

==See also==
*[[List of Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon|Patriarch of Babylon]]|years=1555–1570}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Yahballaha V]]}}
{{end}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Maron, Abdisho Iv
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Chaldean Catholic Patriarch of Babylon
| DATE OF BIRTH =
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 11 September 1570
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Maron, Abdisho Iv}}
[[Category:Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:1570 deaths]]

Audishu V Khayyath

2015-05-19T01:34:50Z

Ian: 1 revision imported

{{Other people|Abdisho}}
{{Infobox Patriarch
| image = Patriarch Abdisho V. KhayatJS.jpg
| name = Audishu V Khayyath
| birth_name = Georges Ebed-Iesu Khayyath
| church = [[Chaldean Catholic Church]]
| see = [[Patriarchial See of Babylon of the Chaldeans|Babylon of the Chaldeans]]
| patriarch_of = [[Patriarch of Babylon of the Chaldeans]]
| residence = [[Iraq]]
| enthroned = October 28, 1894
| ended = November 06, 1899
| predecessor = [[Eliya Abulyonan|Eliya XIV [XIII] Abulyonan]]
| successor = [[Yousef VI Emmanuel II Thomas]]
| birth_date = October 15, 1827
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{BirthDeathAge||1827|10|15|1899|11|6}}
| death_place =
| ordination = 1855 ([[Priesthood (Catholic Church)|Priest]])
| consecration = 23 Sept 1860 ([[Bishop (Catholic Church)|Bishop]])
| consecrated_by = [[Joseph Audo]]
}}
'''Mar Audishu V, (Ebed-Jesu V), Georges Khayyath''' † (or '''Abdisho V, Giwargis Hayyat''') was the patriarch of the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]] in 1894–1899. He was also a [[Syriac language|Syriac]] scholar.

He is remembered also as editor of the ''Mosul Edition'' of the Syriac [[Peshitta#Early print editions|Peshitta]]. He wrote of a book with title ''"Romanorum Pontificum Primatus"''.

==Life==
He was born on October 15, 1827 in [[Mossul]]. He studied in the [[Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith]] in [[Rome]] and was ordained priest in 1855. On 23 September 1860 he was ordained Bishop of [[Amadiyah]], [[Iraq]], by Patriarch [[Joseph Audo]].<ref>David Wilmshurst, ''The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318-1913'', Peeters Publishers, 2000 ISBN 90-429-0876-9, pag 741</ref> He was the patriarchal vicar of [[Mossul]] from 1863 to 1870 and metropolitan of [[Amid]] from 1874 to 1894. He was appointed Patriarch of the Chaldean Church on October 28, 1894 and served till his death on November 6, 1899. He replaced Patriarch [[Eliya Abulyonan|Eliya XIV [XIII] Abulyonan]] † and was followed by [[Yousef VI Emmanuel II Thomas]] †.

==Images==
{|
| [[File:Yezidischld.JPG|thumb|Audishu V Khayyath meets with [[Yazidi]] leaders in Mosul, ''c.'' 1895]]
| [[File:Audishu-V-Khayyath.jpg|thumb|upright|Audishu V Khayyath]]
|}

==References==
<references/>
*{{cite web|url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bkhay.html|title=Archbishop Audishu V (Georges Ebed-Iesu) Khayyath|publisher=Catholic-Hierarchy.org|accessdate=2008-12-08}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Eliya Abulyonan|Eliya XIV Abulyonan]] (1878–1894)}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon|Patriarch of Babylon of the Chaldean Catholic Church]]|years=1894–1899}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Yousef VI Emmanuel II Thomas]] (1900–1946)}}
{{end}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Khayyath, Audishu 05
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Iraqi archbishop
| DATE OF BIRTH = October 15, 1827
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 1899
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Khayyath, Audishu 05}}
[[Category:Assyrian people]]
[[Category:Iraqi archbishops]]
[[Category:Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon]]
[[Category:1827 births]]
[[Category:1899 deaths]]

Joseph IV (Chaldean Patriarch)

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Ian: 1 revision imported

{{Infobox Patriarch
|image=
|honorific-prefix = Mar
|name=Joseph IV Lazar Hindi
|birth_name=Lazar Hindi
|church=[[Chaldean Catholic Church]]
|see=[[Patriarchial See of Babylon of the Chaldeans|Amid of the Chaldeans]]
|patriarch_of=[[Patriarch of Babylon of the Chaldeans|Patriarch of the Chaldeans]]
|residence=[[Amid]], [[Turkey]]
|enthroned= 25 March 1759
|ended= 1796
|predecessor=[[Joseph III (Chaldean Patriarch)|Joseph III Timothy Maroge]]
|successor=[[Augustine Hindi|Joseph V Augustine Hindi]]
|birth_date= 14 September 1726
|death_date= {{BirthDeathAge||1726|9|14|1796|||yes}}
}}

Mar '''Joseph IV Timotheus Lazar Hindi''' was the fourth incumbent of the ''Josephite'' line of [[Church of the East]], a patriarchate in [[Full Communion]] with the [[pope]] mainly active in the areas of [[Amid]] and [[Mardin]], thus being considered the Patriarch of the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]] from 1757 to 1796.

==Life==

Lazar Hindi, born on 14 September 1726,<ref>{{cite book |title=Annuario pontificio 1773 |location=Rome |year=1773 |page=254 |url= http://books.google.it/books?id=D0gQAAAAIAAJ |accessdate= 2009-04-24}}</ref> educated by the [[Pontifical Urbaniana University|Urban college]] in [[Rome]], was elected patriarch after the death, happened on 23 January 1757, of his predecessor [[Joseph III (Chaldean Patriarch)|Joseph III Timothy Maroge]]. He was consecrated bishop on 8 February 1757 by Yohannan Basil, bishop of Mardin (died 1758), who in turn was consecrated bishop in 1741 by [[Joseph III (Chaldean Patriarch)|Joseph III]].<ref name="Wilmshurst">{{cite book |last=David |first=Wilmshurst |title=The Ecclesiastical Organization of the Church of the East, 1318-1913 |publisher=Peeters Publishers |year=2000 |isbn=978-90-429-0876-5}}</ref>{{rp|54}} Lazar Hindi was confirmed patriarch by the [[Clement XIII]] on 25 March 1759 and received the [[pallium]] on 9 April 1759. He took the name of Joseph (''Youssef'') IV.

From 1765 to 1768 he went to [[Rome]] for printing Chaldean liturgical books and Gospels.

Lazar Hindi coped with the main problem of his predecessors: the tax burdens imposed by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] authorities on his churches with any kind of pretexts.<ref name="Wilmshurst"/>{{rp|27}} As his predecessor, in the 1770s he visited the European courts to raise founds but without results.

Back in Amid, dispirited, he resigned in August 1780, appointing as successor his nephew [[Augustine Hindi]]. The [[Holy See]] accepted the resignation in 1781 but objected the succession to his nephew. Informed of this, Lazar Hindi withdrew his resignation and remained in Amid.<ref name="Frazee"/>{{rp|212}}

In 1789 Lazar Hindi was imprisoned by the Turkish authorities for his debt of twenty thousand ''piastras''.<ref name="Frazee">{{cite book |last=Frazee|first=Charles A.|title=Catholics and Sultans: The Church and the Ottoman Empire 1453-1923|year=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-02700-7}}</ref>{{rp|211}} He escaped in 1790 and left for Rome.
When he arrived in Rome in March 1791, he found that the [[Holy See|Vatican]] was not so interested in his little patriarchate, while was working on possible unions with both the patriarchate of [[Qochanis]], whose patriarch [[Mar Shimun XV Maqdassi Mikhail]] in 1770<ref name="Murre">{{cite web|url=http://syrcom.cua.edu/Hugoye/Vol2No2/HV2N2Murre.html|title=The Patriarchs of the Church of the East from the Fifteenth to Eighteenth Centuries|publisher=Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies|accessdate=2009-01-24|author=Heleen H.L. Murre}}</ref> wrote to Rome to establish contacts, and mainly with the ancient patriarchate of [[Alqosh]], contended by two cousins, one of which, [[Yohannan Hormizd|Yohannan VIII Eliya Hormizd]], considered himself a Catholic. In 1791 the Vatican had given the government of Amid, the main town of Lazar Hindi's patriarchate, to Yohannan Hormizd. Lazar Hindi vehemently excepted, and in 1793 succeeded to have his nephew Augustine returned to be the episcopal administrator of Amid, besides being patriarchal administrator.<ref name="Frazee"/>{{rp|211}}

Lazar Hindi died in [[Italy]] in 1796.<ref name="Wilmshurst"/>{{rp|27}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Joseph III (Chaldean Patriarch)|Joseph III Timothy Maroge]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon|Patriarch of Babylon]]|years=1757–1780}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Joseph V Augustine Hindi]]}}
{{end}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Joseph, IV
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Chaldean Patriarch
| DATE OF BIRTH = 14 September 1726
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 1796
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Joseph, Iv}}
[[Category:Assyrian people]]
[[Category:Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon]]
[[Category:1726 births]]
[[Category:1796 deaths]]

Joseph III (Chaldean Patriarch)

2015-05-19T01:34:41Z

Ian: 1 revision imported

{{Infobox Patriarch
|image=
|honorific-prefix = Mar
|name=Joseph III Timothy Maroge
|birth_name=Timothy Maroge
|church=[[Chaldean Catholic Church]]
|see=[[Patriarchial See of Babylon of the Chaldeans|Amid of the Chaldeans]]
|patriarch_of=[[Patriarch of Babylon of the Chaldeans|Patriarch of the Chaldeans]]
|residence=[[Amid]], [[Turkey]]
|enthroned= 1713
|ended= 23 January 1757
|predecessor=[[Joseph II (Chaldean Patriarch)|Joseph II Sliba Maruf]]
|successor=[[Joseph IV (Chaldean Patriarch)|Joseph IV Lazare Hindi]]
|death_date= 23 January 1757
}}

Mar '''Joseph III Timothy Maroge''' (or ''Youssef III Timotheos Maraugin'' or ''Maroghin'') was the third incumbent of the ''Josephite'' line of [[Church of the East]], a patriarchate in [[Full Communion]] with the [[pope]] mainly active in the areas of [[Amid]] and [[Mardin]], thus being the Patriarch of the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]] from 1713 to 1757.

==Life==

Timothy Maroge was born in [[Baghdad]]<ref name="Wilmshurst">{{cite book |last=David |first=Wilmshurst |title=The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318-1913 |publisher=Peeters Publishers |year=2000 |isbn=978-90-429-0876-5}}</ref>{{rp|52}} and educated by the [[Order of Friars Minor Capuchin|Capuchin]] [[Catholic missions|missionaries]] in [[Amid]].<ref name="Murre">{{cite web|url=http://syrcom.cua.edu/Hugoye/Vol2No2/HV2N2Murre.html|title=The Patriarchs of the Church of the East from the Fifteenth to Eighteenth Centuries|publisher=Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies|accessdate=2009-01-24|author=Heleen H.L. Murre}}</ref> He was consecrated bishop of [[Mardin]] by [[Joseph II (Chaldean Patriarch)|Joseph II Sliba Maruf]] in 1705.<ref>in 1705 according to Wilmshurst (2000) ISBN 978-90-429-0876-5 page 52, or in 1696 according to Murre [http://syrcom.cua.edu/Hugoye/Vol2No2/HV2N2Murre.html]</ref>

He became patriarch after his predecessor death, being the only Chaldean bishop who survived the 1708-1713 plague.
He was confirmed by the [[Holy See]] on March 18, 1714<ref name="Giga">{{cite web |url=http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/baby0.htm|title=Patriarchal See of Babylon|publisher=www.gcatholic.org|accessdate=2009-02-01}}</ref> and took the name of Joseph III.

During his patriarchate the there was a growth of the number of faithfuls of the patriarchate, mainly in the area of the [[Alqosh]]'s patriarchate. Joseph III was a skilful preacher, and it is remembered that more than three thousands people of [[Mosul]] entered in his patriarchate in 1723. This success caused a strong reaction of the traditionalist Patriarch of Alqosh, [[Eliya XII (XI) Denkha]], who succeeded to have Joseph III imprisoned many times by the [[Ottoman Empire|Turkish]] authorities.<ref name="Wilmshurst"/>{{rp|52}} Shortly after some problems arose in also Amid, where the traditionalists occupied Joseph's cathedral and the Capuchins left the town in 1726.<ref name="Frazee"/>{{rp|210}}

The patriarchate struggled with financial difficulties due to the tax burden imposed by the Turkish authorities and to the ransoms required to free Joseph from the prison. Furthermore according to the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] law the Chaldean community was administratively subject to traditionalist Patriarchate of Alqosh, resulting so to be in a weak position and exposed to vexations.

In 1734 Joseph left for Europe to try to raise funds to pay his debts, and during the next seven years visited the Catholic courts of Poland, Austria and Rome asking for financial support. He was given some money, but far less than he had hoped for. While he was abroad, the Chaldeans in [[Istanbul]] obtained from the Ottoman authorities recognition of his authority over Amid and Mardin, but Mosul and [[Aleppo]] were assigned to the traditionalist patriarchate of Alqosh,<ref name="Frazee">{{cite book |last=Frazee|first=Charles A.|title=Catholics and Sultans: The Church and the Ottoman Empire 1453-1923|year=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-02700-7}}</ref>{{rp|210}} thus creating many difficulties for the growing numbers of Chaldeans who lived there.

In 1754 Joseph appointed as successor Mar Antun Galla, but the [[Holy See]] objected and did not allow him to resign: thus he remained the incumbent till his death on 23 January 1757.

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Joseph II (Chaldean Patriarch)|Joseph II Sliba Maruf]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon|Patriarch of Babylon]]|years=1713–1757}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Joseph IV (Chaldean Patriarch)|Joseph IV Lazare Hindi]]}}
{{end}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Joseph, III
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Chaldean Patriarch
| DATE OF BIRTH =
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 23 January 1757
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Joseph, III}}
[[Category:People from Baghdad]]
[[Category:Assyrian people]]
[[Category:Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon]]
[[Category:1757 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]

Joseph II (Chaldean Patriarch)

2015-05-19T01:34:39Z

Ian: 1 revision imported

{{Infobox Patriarch
|image=
|honorific-prefix = Mar
|name=Joseph II Sliba Maruf
|birth_name=Sliba Maruf
|church=[[Chaldean Catholic Church]]
|see=[[Patriarchial See of Babylon of the Chaldeans|Amid of the Chaldeans]]
|patriarch_of=[[Patriarch of Babylon of the Chaldeans|Patriarch of the Chaldeans]]
|residence=[[Amid]], [[Turkey]]
|enthroned= 18 June 1696
|ended= 1713
|predecessor=[[Joseph I (Chaldean Patriarch)|Joseph I]]
|successor=[[Joseph III (Chaldean Patriarch)|Joseph III Timothy Maroge]]
|birth_date= 1667
|birth_place=[[Tel Keppe]]
|death_date= {{BirthDeathAge||1667|||1713||}}
}}

Mar '''Joseph II Sliba Maruf''' (or ''Youssef II Sliba Bet Macruf'') was the second incumbent of the ''Josephite'' line of [[Church of the East]], a little patriarchate in [[Full Communion]] with the [[pope]] active in the areas of [[Amid]] and [[Mardin]] in the 17th-19th century, thus being the Patriarch of the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]] from 1696 to 1713.

==Life==

Sliba Maruf was born in 1667<ref name="Giga">{{cite web|url=http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/baby0.htm|title=Patriarchal See of Babylon|publisher=www.gcatholic.org|accessdate=2009-02-01}}</ref> in [[Tel Keppe]], [[Iraq]], received first orders at fourteen<ref name="Murre">{{cite web|url=http://syrcom.cua.edu/Hugoye/Vol2No2/HV2N2Murre.html|title=The Patriarchs of the Church of the East from the Fifteenth to Eighteenth Centuries|publisher=Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies|accessdate=2009-01-24|author=Heleen H.L. Murre}}</ref> and was consecrated bishop, without the previous consent of Rome, at the age of 24 in 1691 by [[Joseph I (Chaldean Patriarch)|Joseph I]].<ref name="Frazee"/>{{rp|209}} He was chosen by Joseph I as his successor in 1694, but this appointment became effective only when [[Rome]] accepted his predecessor resignation in 1696. Thus Sliba Maruf was confirmed patriarch by [[Holy See]] on June 18, 1696,<ref name="Frazee"/>{{rp|209}} with the name of Joseph II.

As happened for Joseph I, his ministry had to face the strong opposition of the traditionalists.<ref name="Wilmshurst">{{cite book |last=David |first=Wilmshurst |title=The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318-1913 |publisher=Peeters Publishers |year=2000 |isbn=978-90-429-0876-5}}</ref>{{rp|26}} This forced him in 1708 to ask permission to Rome to resign and move to [[Italy]], a request that was not granted.

During the plague that spread from 1708 he distinguish himself for the help and the pastoral care he offered to the sicks<ref name="Wilmshurst"/>{{rp|58}} until he too was infected.
Early in 1713 he choose as successor [[Joseph III (Chaldean Patriarch)|Timothy Maroge]] and died of plague a few months later in 1713<ref name="Frazee">{{cite book|last=Frazee|first=Charles A.|title=Catholics and Sultans: The Church and the Ottoman Empire 1453-1923|year=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-02700-7}}</ref>{{rp|209}}<ref name="Wilmshurst"/>{{rp|52}} (or according to other sources in 1712) at the age of 46.

==Works==

Joseph is remembered as [[Syriac language|Syriac]] and [[Arab language|Arab]] writer and for having translated many texts from [[Latin]]. His ''Speculum tersum'' (''Book of the pure Mirror'') was translated from Syriac into Latin by I. A. Assemani and is conserved in the [[Vatican Library]].<ref>[[Vatican Library]], segn. Borg.lat.177</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Joseph I (Chaldean Patriarch)|Joseph I]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon|Patriarch of Babylon]]|years=1696–1713}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Joseph III (Chaldean Patriarch)|Joseph III Timothy Maroge]]}}
{{end}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Persondata 
| NAME = Joseph, II
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Chaldean Patriarch
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1667
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Tel Keppe]]
| DATE OF DEATH = 1713
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Joseph, II}}
[[Category:Assyrian people]]
[[Category:Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon]]
[[Category:1667 births]]
[[Category:1713 deaths]]

Joseph I (Chaldean Patriarch)

2015-05-19T01:34:34Z

Ian: 1 revision imported

{{Infobox Patriarch
|image=
| honorific-prefix = Mar
|name=Yousip I
|birth_name=Yousip
|church=[[Chaldean Catholic Church]]
|see=[[Patriarchial See of Babylon of the Chaldeans|Amid of the Chaldeans]]
|patriarch_of=[[Patriarch of Babylon of the Chaldeans|Patriarch of the Chaldeans]]
|residence=[[Amid]], [[Turkey]]
|enthroned= 23 June 1681
|ended= 2 February 1696
|predecessor=
|successor=[[Joseph II (Chaldean Patriarch)|Joseph II Sliba Maruf]]
|birth_date=
|birth_place=
|death_date= 10 November 1707
|death_place=[[Rome]]
}}
Mar Yousip I ('''Joseph I''', † 1707) was the first incumbent of the ''Josephite'' line of [[Church of the East]], thus being considered the Patriarch of the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]] from 1681 to 1696.

==Background situation==
By 1660, the Church of the East had become divided into two patriarchates:
* the largest and oldest [[episcopal see|patriarchal See]] was based at the [[Rabban Hormizd Monastery]] of [[Alqosh]]. It spread from [[Aqrah]] up to [[Amid]] and [[Nusaybin|Nisibis]], covering in the South the rich plain of [[Mosul]] (it is known also as ''Eliya'' line). Since the 15th century its Patriarchs were appointed through an hereditary system.
* the second patriarchal See was located in Khosrowa, near [[Salmas]] (from 1672 in [[Qochanis]]) and extended into the North East mountains (it is also known as the ''Shimun'' line). This patriarchal line began in 1553 when Mar [[Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa|Yohannan Sulaqa]] was consecrated bishop by the [[Pope]] in 1553, but soon it lost the connections with Rome. The last patriarch of this line recognized by the [[Holy See]] was Shimun IX Dinkha (died 1600) and later there were only few correspondences through missionaries. This See reintroduced in 1600 the heredity system for patriarchs' succession, a use unacceptable for Rome. This patriarchal line still survives in the denomination today known as [[Assyrian Church of the East]].

==Life==

Although the town of [[Amid]] in 1553 has been the See of Yohanan Shimun VIII Sulaqa, the area of influence of the ''Shimun'' patriarchs moved soon towards East, and by 1660 the area of Amid was under the Alqosh's patriarchate. In 1667 the [[Order of Friars Minor Capuchin|Capuchin]] [[Catholic missions|missionary]] Jean-Baptiste de St-Aignan established there,<ref name="Wilmshurst">{{cite book |last=David |first=Wilmshurst |title=The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318-1913 |publisher=Peeters Publishers |year=2000 |isbn=978-90-429-0876-5}}</ref>{{rp|29}} teaching to omit the liturgical commemoration of [[Nestorius]] and to use the title [[Mother of God]] for [[Saint Mary]].<ref name="Frazee"/>{{rp|144}}

Yousip (Joseph) was born in Amid and educated by the priest 'Abd Al-Ahad.<ref name="Wilmshurst"/>{{rp|58}} He was consecrated metropolitan bishop of Amid between 1669 and 1672, and shortly after in 1672 became catholic.<ref name="Wilmshurst"/>{{rp|51}} The reaction of Alqosh's patriarch [[Eliya X (XI) Yukhannan Maraugin]] was very strong: he came personally to Amid, installed a traditionalist bishop named David and had Joseph to be twice imprisoned. Joseph was released only after a payment of a ransom<ref name="Frazee">{{cite book|last=Frazee|first=Charles A.|title=Catholics and Sultans: The Church and the Ottoman Empire 1453-1923|year=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-02700-7}}</ref>{{rp|144}} and had to leave to Rome. When Joseph returned in 1677, the bishop David fled in Egypt and the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] authorities recognized Joseph's independence and his government over the [[diocese]]s of Amid and [[Mardin]].

On June 23, 1681<ref name="Giga">{{cite web|url=http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/baby0.htm|title=Patriarchal See of Babylon|publisher=www.gcatholic.org|accessdate=2009-02-01}}</ref> arrived the formal recognition from Rome with the delivery of the [[pallium]] and the granting of the title ''"Patriarch of the Chaldean nation deprived of its patriarch"''. Thus into the Church of the East began a new patriarchal line in [[Full Communion]] with Rome.

Felt ill, in August 1694 Joseph I left Amid for Rome, and formally abdicated in 1696. He died in Rome on Nov. 10, 1707.<ref name="Murre">{{cite web|url=http://syrcom.cua.edu/Hugoye/Vol2No2/HV2N2Murre.html|title=The Patriarchs of the Church of the East from the Fifteenth to Eighteenth Centuries|publisher=Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies|accessdate=2009-01-24|author=Heleen H.L. Murre}}</ref>

The life of Mar Yousip I is mainly known by his biography written in the early 18th century by 'Adb Al-Ahad son of Garabet (bishop of Amid, died 1728) and later translated in [[French language|French]] in 1898 by J.P. Chabot.<ref>{{cite journal |last=J.P. |first=Chabot |title=Les origines du patriarcat Chaldeén: vie de Mar Youssef Ier, premier patriarche des chaldeéns|journal=Revue de l'Orient Chrétien|issue=1|pages=66–90|year=1896}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Shimun XIII Dinkha]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon|Patriarch of Babylon]]|years=1681–1696}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Joseph II (Chaldean Patriarch)|Joseph II Sliba Maruf]]}}
{{end}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Persondata 
| NAME = Joseph, I
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Chaldean Patriarch
| DATE OF BIRTH =
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 10 November 1707
| PLACE OF DEATH = [[Rome]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Joseph, I}}
[[Category:Assyrian people]]
[[Category:Iraqi Assyrian people]]
[[Category:Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon]]
[[Category:Converts to Catholicism from the Assyrian Church of the East]]
[[Category:1707 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]

Yohannan VIII Hormizd

2015-05-19T01:34:32Z

Ian: 1 revision imported

{{Infobox Patriarch
|image=Yohannan Hormizd.jpg
|name=Yohannan VIII Hormizd
|birth_name=Yohannan Hormizd
|church=[[Chaldean Catholic Church]]
|see=[[List of Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon|Babylon of the Chaldeans]]
|patriarch_of=[[List of Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon|Patriarch of Babylon of the Chaldeans]]
|residence=[[Ottoman Iraq|Iraq]], [[Ottoman Empire]]
|enthroned=5 July 1830
|ended=1838
|predecessor=[[Augustine Hindi|Augustine (Yousef V) Hindi]]
|successor=[[Nicholas I Zaya|Nicholas I Zay{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}a]]
|birth_date=1760
|birth_place=[[Alqosh]]
|death_date= {{BirthDeathAge||1760|||1838|8|16|yes}}
|death_place=[[Mosul]]
|consecration = 22 May 1776 ([[Bishop (Catholic Church)|Bishop]])
|consecrated_by=Patriarch Eliya XII Denha
}}
Mar '''Yohannan VIII Hormizd''' (often referred to by European missionaries as ''John Hormez'' or ''Hanna Hormizd'') was the last hereditary [[patriarch]] of the Eliya line of the [[Church of the East]] and the first patriarch of a united [[Chaldean Catholic Church|Chaldean Church]]. After succeeding his uncle Eliya XII Denha in 1780 as patriarch of Mosul, he made a [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] profession of faith and was recognised in 1783 by the [[Holy See|Vatican]] as patriarchal administrator and archbishop of Mosul. His career as patriarchal administrator was controversial, and was marked by a series of conflicts with his own bishops and also with the Vatican. Suspended from his functions in 1812 and again in 1818, he was reinstated by the Vatican in 1828. In 1830, following the death of the [[Amid]] patriarchal administrator [[Augustine Hindi]], he was recognised by the Vatican as ''patriarch of Babylon of the Chaldeans'' and the Mosul and Amid patriarchates were united under his leadership. This event marked the birth of the modern [[Chaldean Catholic Church]]. Yohannan Hormizd died in 1838 and his successor [[Nicholas I Zaya|Nicholas I Zay{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}a]] was chosen by the Vatican, ending the centuries-old practice of hereditary succession in the Eliya line of the Church of the East.

==Sources==
Yohannan Hormizd's career, first as patriarchal administrator and finally as patriarch, was dogged by disputes. Most of the surviving contemporary accounts of his patriarchate are partisan, and must be used with care.

Yohannan Hormizd himself wrote a polemical autobiography in [[Syriac language|Syriac]], a fragment of which (breaking off in 1795) was translated into English by the [[Anglican]] [[missionary]] [[George Percy Badger]] and reproduced in his classic 1852 study of the Church of the East, ''The Nestorians and Their Rituals''.<ref>[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Oo8AAAAAcAAJ&printsec=titlepage&hl=it#PPA150 Badger, ''Nestorians'', i. 150–60]</ref> His opponents responded with an equally intemperate history of the monastery of [[Rabban Hormizd Monastery|Rabban Hormizd]] under the headship of Gabriel Dambo of Mardin (1775–1832), which was published in a French translation by M. Brière in 1910 and 1911.<ref>Brière, 'Histoire du couvent de Rabban Hormizd', ''ROC'', 15 (1910) and 16 (1911)</ref> Both texts provide spirited accounts of the intrigues that followed Yohannan's election as patriarch in 1780. Neither can be trusted on matters of interpretation, but if read judiciously they shed valuable light on the politics of the Chaldean Church in the late eighteenth- and early-nineteenth centuries and provide a wealth of factual detail omitted in many accounts of this period.

The partisan spirit of the contemporary accounts was reflected in the texts of several later Chaldean authors, notably Giamil and Tfinkdji. Stephane Bello, writing in 1939 with access to the Vatican archives, was the first scholar to write a dispassionate account of Yohannan Hormizd's career. He has been followed more recently by Habbi. Much of the recent scholarship on Yohannan Hormizd is in French or German, but convenient English summaries of his career were made by [[David Wilmshurst]] in 2000 and by [[Christoph Baumer]] in 2006.<ref>Wilmshurst, ''EOCE'', 28–32; Baumer, ''Church of the East'', 250–1</ref> In 2003 Wilhelm Baum and Dietmar Winkler devoted three paragraphs to Yohannan Hormizd.<ref>Baum and Winkler, ''Church of the East'', 121–2</ref>

==Background==
By 1760 the Church of the East had become divided into three patriarchates:
* The largest and oldest [[episcopal See|Patriarchal See]] was based at the [[Rabban Hormizd Monastery|Rabban Hormizd]] monastery of Alqosh, near [[Mosul]]. It spread from [[Aqrah]] up to [[Siirt|Seert]] and [[Nusaybin|Nisibis]], covering the South rich plain of Mosul (it is known also as ''Eliya'' line). Since the 15th century, its Patriarchs belonged to the Bar Mama (or ''Abuna'') family and they were appointed through a strict hereditary system: the old patriarch chose one of his nephews (or sometimes his young brother), and consecrated him as metropolitan bishop with right of succession. The nephew was known as ''natar kursi'' (designated successor). In 1760 the patriarch of this See was [[Eliya XII (or XI) Denkha]], the uncle of Yohannan Hormizd.
* In 1681, the patriarchal See of [[Amid]] became independent and made a formal union with [[Rome]] (it is also known as the ''Josephite'' line). This See included a few towns such as Amid and [[Mardin]] in the North-West Mountains, which are now in [[Turkey]]. In 1760 the patriarch was [[Joseph IV (Chaldean Patriarch)|Joseph IV Lazar Hindi]], a relative of [[Augustine Hindi]]. The patriarchate struggled with financial difficulties due to the tax burden imposed by the [[Turkey|Turkish]] authorities.
* The third patriarchal See was located in [[Qochanis]] and extended into the North East Mountains (also known as the ''Shimun'' line). This patriarchal line began in 1553 when Mar [[Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa|Yohannan Sulaqa]] was consecrated bishop by the [[Pope]], but soon became independent of Rome and still survives in the denomination today known as [[Assyrian Church of the East]]

==Early life==
[[File:Badger 1852 Church in Mosul East side.jpg|left|thumb|300ppx|Church in Mosul about 1850]]
According to his autobiography, Yohannan Hormizd was born in 1760 in Alqosh to an [[Assyrian people|Assyrian]] family. His father, the [[deacon]] Hanna (Yohannan), was the brother of the Mosul patriarch Eliya XII Denha (1722–78).<ref>Badger, ''Nestorians'', i. 150</ref>

The [[Holy See|Vatican]] opened a correspondence with both the Mosul and Qochanis patriarchs in 1770. At this period hereditary succession (normally from uncle to nephew as the patriarchs themselves remained celibate) was in force in both patriarchates. Eliya XII Denha had consecrated his nephew Isho{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}yahb a metropolitan in 1745 and had also bestowed upon him the traditional title ''natar kursya'' ('guardian of the throne'), thereby designating him his presumptive successor. Eliya XII and his nephew Isho{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}yahb both made Catholic professions of faith in 1771 in response to this overture from the Vatican, and [[Pope Clement XIV]] wrote to Eliya on 12 December 1772 to commend his zeal and to urge him to bring over his people to Catholicism. Earlier in the same year, however, Eliya had deposed Isho{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}yahb from his metropolitan rank, apparently alarmed by his ambition, and ordained the twelve-year-old Yohannan Hormizd, another nephew, as a deacon. Four years later, on 22 May 1776, Yohannan was consecrated a metropolitan by Eliya XII Denha and named ''natar kursya'' in his turn. If his uncle had lived a few years longer, Yohannan's succession would probably have been assured, but the patriarch was among the victims of a plague which swept through the Mosul district in 1778, and died in the village of Alqosh on 29 April 1778.<ref>Badger, ''Nestorians'', i. 150–1</ref>

== Irregular patriarchal succession, 1780–83 ==
On the following day his nephews Isho{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}yahb and Yohannan both made Catholic professions of faith and were reconciled. Despite the late patriarch's preference the Latin missionaries supported Isho{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}yahb, who shortly afterwards succeeded his uncle as patriarch, taking the name Eliya XIII Isho{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}yahb, without open opposition from the young Yohannan. In May 1779, as soon as he had obtained his ''firman'' of office from the Ottoman civil authorities, Isho{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}yahb abandoned his Catholic profession of faith. The notables of Mosul, with the support of the [[Catholic missions|Latin missionaries]], deposed him and unanimously chose Shem{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on of [[Amid]], the Chaldean metropolitan of [[Mardin]] (1758–88), as patriarch in his place. Shem{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on however declined to accept the honour, and Isho{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}yahb’s opponents were obliged to turn instead to the young Yohannan Hormizd, who had demonstrated his zeal for the Catholic cause since Isho{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}yahb's ''volte face'' by converting the Nestorians of the large [[Erbil Governorate|Erbil]] villages of {{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}Aïnqawa, Armuta and Shaqlawa to Catholicism and encouraging them to withdraw their loyalty from his cousin. Yohannan was elected patriarch in 1780, and his supporters bribed the governor of Mosul to use his influence to obtain a [[firman (decree)|firman]] from [[Constantinople]], granting him authority over both the Chaldean Christians and the Nestorians. Yohannan then sent a profession of faith and a letter of submission to the Vatican.<ref>Badger, ''Nestorians'', i. 152</ref>

The Vatican was placed in a dilemma by this turn of events. If Yohannan's profession of faith was genuine, he might be the Catholic [[List of Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon|patriarch of Babylon]] the Vatican had long been hoping for, and his confirmation would be rapidly followed by the adoption of Catholicism by all the villages of the Mosul patriarchate. On the other hand, to confirm Yohannan's election would be to condone the distasteful practice of hereditary succession. There was also the possibility that Yohannan's submission was no more sincere than Isho{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}yahb's had been two years earlier. The Vatican's initial response was therefore to inform Raphael Terconuski, the superior of the Catholic mission at Mosul, that Yohannan Hormizd's profession of faith appeared to be satisfactory, but that his election was to be considered null. On 18 February 1783, having considered further, the [[Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples|Sacred Congregation]] decided to appoint Yohannan archbishop of Mosul and administrator of the patriarchate of Babylon, granting him all the necessary powers to that end except the title and the insignia of the patriarch.<ref>Bello, ''Congrégation de S. Hormisdas'', 11–14</ref>

== Patriarchal administrator and archbishop of Mosul, 1783–1830 ==

=== Honeymoon period, 1783–1801 ===
For the next eight years Yohannan Hormizd seemed to justify the hopes placed in him. He lived on amicable terms with the Catholic missionaries and devoted his energies to the conversion to Catholicism of the villages under his authority. In May 1790, on the advice of the missionaries, he consecrated his nephew Shem{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on metropolitan, and in August of the same year sent him to the Zibar district, where he converted the Nestorian villages of Arena and Barzane.<ref name="BadgerNestorians">Badger, ''Nestorians'', i. 155</ref> The following year he sent Shem{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on to Mengesh in the Sapna district, where he was equally successful.<ref name="BadgerNestorians" /> The high point of this honeymoon period came in February 1791, when the Vatican appointed him patriarchal administrator of the [[Amid]] patriarchate, recalling [[Joseph IV (Chaldean Patriarch)|La{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}zar Hindi]] to Rome to leave him a free hand. This appointment led to strenuous protests from La{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}zar Hindi, his vicar-general Joseph {{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}Attar and the clergy of Amid, and on 3 February 1793 Yohannan Hormizd's appointment was rescinded.

At about the same time the Mosul missionaries began to report disquieting rumours about his performance of his duties. He was said, among other things, to have released a monk from his vows for a payment of 73 piastres, to have used liturgical books full of errors, to have visited families without a companion, and to have feasted in the house of a newly-wed couple. Although each of these incidents was relatively minor in itself, and could equally have been explained by mere imprudence rather than active corruption, their frequency was disturbing. For his part, Yohannan accused the missionaries of arrogance and mischief-making, and on his request the [[apostolic vicar]] of [[Baghdad]], Fulgence de Sainte Marie, was sent to Mosul as apostolic vicar in 1796 to report on the situation.<ref>Bello, ''Congrégation de S. Hormisdas'', 12–13</ref>

While his relations with the Vatican were cooling, Yohannan Hormizd also had to deal with the opposition of his cousin Isho{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}yahb, who continued to assert that he was the rightful patriarch. After Yohannan's irregular election in 1780 Isho{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}yahb withdrew to [[Amadiya|{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}Amadiya]], whose governor Isma'il gave him 'the Nestorian dioceses of the mountain' to govern. He made another Catholic profession of faith on 7 April 1783 in an attempt to regain the sympathies of the missionaries, and to preserve the patriarchate within his family consecrated his nephew Hnanisho{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}} metropolitan in 1784. Several years of bitter faction-fighting followed, in which the civil authorities in Baghdad held the balance between Muhammad, governor of Mosul, who supported Yohannan Hormizd, and Isma'il, governor of {{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}Amadiya, who sheltered Isho{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}yahb and his followers. In 1788 Yohannan's nephew Shem{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on was arrested on a visit to the village of Bir Sivi in the Zakho district on Isma'il's orders, and was only released by the joint efforts of the governor of Mosul and Sulaiman, governor of Baghdad.<ref>Badger, ''Nestorians'', i. 153</ref> In 1792 Yohannan and his two brothers went to {{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}Amadiya on business, and were arrested, beaten and imprisoned for three and a half months by the Turkish authorities. Again, the governor of Baghdad intervened to secure their release.<ref>Badger, ''Nestorians'', i. 156</ref>

=== First clash with the Vatican, 1802 ===
Yohannan's precarious relations with the Vatican survived a further test in 1801, only to sink further in 1802. In 1796 a delegation from the [[Saint Thomas Christians|Malabar]] Christians arrived in Mosul and begged him to consecrate a bishop for them. Yohannan punctiliously wrote to the [[Holy See|Vatican]] for guidance, but as [[Rome]] was then under French occupation he did not receive a reply, and in 1798 consecrated the Indian priest Paul Pandari as a bishop for the Malabar Christians. As many of the Malabar Christians were now in communion with the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]], which had replaced the [[Church of the East]] as the main focus of loyalty among the Syrian Christians of [[India]] three centuries earlier, Yohannan tactfully appointed Pandari bishop 'of Mar Behnam', a celebrated [[West Syrian Rite|West Syrian]] monastery near Mosul. The Malabar Christians informed the Vatican of Pandari's arrival in India in a letter of 17 January 1800, and Yohannan was asked to account for his actions.<ref>Puliurumpil, ''A Period of Jurisdictional Conflict in the Suriani Church of India'', 2–50</ref> His explanation was accepted, and in a general consistory of 23 September 1801 the possibility of appointing him patriarch of Babylon was considered.<ref name="BelloCongregation">Bello, ''Congrégation de S. Hormisdas'', 14–15</ref>

Unfortunately for Yohannan, his position was immediately undermined by renewed complaints from a section of the Chaldean church. On this occasion his opponents, supported by the Latin missionaries, impugned his orthodoxy and accused him of embezzling monastic property. In 1802 the priest Yohannan Mushe of Tel Isqof was despatched to Rome with letters demanding the dismissal of both Yohannan and his nephew Shem{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on, metropolitan of {{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}Amadiya. He had only sufficient funds to reach [[Saida, Syria|Saida]] in [[Syria]], where he entrusted the letter to the missionary Leopold Sebastien, who was leaving for Rome. The letters do not seem to have produced any immediate effect, but doubtless added to the concern in the Vatican about Yohannan Hormizd's reliability.<ref name="BelloCongregation" />

=== Increasing opposition, 1802–12 ===
[[File:Rabban Hurmizd.jpg|thumb|300ppx|The monastery of Rabban Hormizd, Alqosh]]
Some years later Yohannan Hormizd faced another challenge to his authority from a [[Baghdad]] merchant named Gabriel Dambo, one of the most remarkable figures of the nineteenth century Chaldean church. A Chaldean Christian born in Mardin in 1775, Dambo had made sufficient money by middle age to be able to retire from business, and he decided to devote the rest of his life to the service of the Church. The once-thriving [[monastery]] of [[Rabban Hormizd Monastery|Rabban Hormizd]] near [[Alqosh]] had been abandoned for many years, and he dreamed of reviving its monastic life and restoring it to its former glory. He paved the way by giving free lessons in [[Baghdad]] to young [[Chaldean Christians]] in [[Arabic language|Arabic]], grammar, logic and rhetoric, and after winning a formidable reputation as a teacher and scholar moved to Mosul. In 1808 he had no difficulty in persuading the Chaldean authorities and their Catholic missionary advisers to allow him to establish a [[seminary]] in the monastery of Rabban Hormizd. Before long he collected a number of pupils, who were vowed to poverty and celibacy, and was appointed lay superior of the seminary.

An energetic and charismatic visionary, Gabriel had his own ideas of how things should be done, and had little patience with the leaders of the Chaldean Church. If the new seminary was to succeed it needed its own income, and Gabriel insisted, probably correctly, that a large proportion of the property then in the hands of the patriarchal family was originally owned by the monastery of Rabban Hormizd and should rightly revert to it. Yohannan Hormizd, understandably, did not agree. This single issue would have been sufficient to poison relations between the two men, but there were other causes of friction as well. The new seminary had attracted men who disliked Yohannan Hormizd and wanted more vigorous leadership. The monks rallied around their superior and made no secret of their distaste for the patriarchal administrator. They were joined by the Catholic missionaries, who shared their admiration for Gabriel, and by a number of influential priests, notably Yohannan of Tel Isqof and Yohannan of Alqosh. In 1809 the [[Holy See|Vatican]] seriously considered the possibility of suspending Yohannan Hormizd, and rumours that he had indeed been suspended were circulated by his opponents, eliciting a spirited letter of protest to the Vatican by his supporters on 15 October 1811.

Yohannan Hormizd's opponents were eventually able to win over the ''[[pasha]]'' of [[Mosul]] to their side, who briefly imprisoned him. The missionaries, led by the priest Joseph Campanile, immediately took steps to replace him, and Campanile on his own authority consecrated the priest Shem{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on Sayyegh bishop of Mosul. He was later reproved by the Vatican for this abusive consecration, and [[Augustine Hindi]] was ordered to send Shem{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on to Mosul merely as a priest. At the same time, learning of Yohannan Hormizd's imprisonment, the Vatican appointed Augustine Hindi apostolic delegate and the priest Giwargis of Alqosh apostolic vicar of Mosul, 'during the absence of the said archbishop', on 4 October 1811. This decision sent a clear signal that the Vatican’s patience with Yohannan Hormizd was, for the moment, almost at an end.

=== Suspension and Reinstatement, 1812–30 ===
Yohannan Hormizd was eventually ransomed by his supporters and returned to [[Mosul]], where he had several of his opponents imprisoned. After a series of mutual recriminations, the [[Rabban Hormizd Monastery|Rabban Hormizd]] monks and the Catholic missionaries wrote jointly to the [[Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples|Propaganda]] calling for Yohannan's deposition, alleging that he was opposed to their order, that he incited the [[Kurds]] of Isma'il Pasha against them, and that he was endeavouring to lead the Chaldean proselytes back to Nestorianism. The Vatican was alarmed at these charges and on 15 February 1812 suspended Yohannan from his functions as archbishop of Mosul and patriarchal administrator and appointed Shem{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on Sayyegh apostolic vicar for Mosul and the priest Giwargis of Alqosh apostolic vicar for the [[List of Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon|patriarchate of Babylon]]. Both men were placed under the direct authority of [[Augustine Hindi]], who was named ''apostolic delegate for the affairs of the patriarchate of Babylon''. While this decision temporarily placed the two Catholic patriarchates under a single trustworthy authority, it was from the Vatican's point of view little more than a makeshift, as Hindi could never command the same prestige in the Mosul district as a member of the old patriarchal family.<ref>Bello, ''Congrégation de S. Hormisdas'', 16–18</ref>

Yohannan Hormizd's suspension lasted for six years. At first he refused to accept the validity of the Vatican's decision, and issued threats against his opponents. Eventually he decided to seek a reconciliation with them, and a meeting was held on 20 February 1818 at [[Alqosh]], attended by a hundred clergymen and notables, in which he agreed to apologise in writing for his misdeeds. In return, the assembly decided to send a letter to the Vatican to ask for his suspension to be lifted. Unfortunately, these good intentions were frustrated, as the letter’s courier was killed en route and the letter never reached its destination. The Vatican, ignorant of the ''rapprochement'' between Yohannan Hormizd and his opponents, was briefed on the affairs of the Chaldean Church early in 1818 by Campanile, who is unlikely to have placed a sympathetic construction on Yohannan Hormizd’s previous record. The Sacred Congregation concluded that Yohannan Hormizd had not taken his suspension seriously, and on 24 May 1818 it was renewed. The appointments of Augustine Hindi and Giwargis of Alqosh were renewed by briefs of 26 June 1818, and Yohannan Hormizd was informed of the new sentence in a latter of 11 July 1818.<ref>Giamil, ''Genuinae Relationes'', 391–4; Bello, ''Congrégation de S. Hormisdas'', 18 and 66–9</ref>

Once again, Yohannan refused to accept the validity of the sentence, and for the next few years continued to assert his authority wherever he could, abetted by the civil authorities at {{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}Amadiya. The [[Rabban Hormizd Monastery|Rabban Hormizd]] monks refused to have anything to do with him and accepted the authority of [[Augustine Hindi]] (the [[colophon (publishing)|colophon]] of manuscripts copied in the monastery at this period dutifully mention the patriarchal administrator Mar Augustine, not Mar Yohannan). Three monks of the monastery of Rabban Hormizd were consecrated metropolitan bishops at [[Amid]] by Hindi in March 1825: the future patriarch [[Joseph Audo]] for Mosul, Lawrent Sho{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}a for [[Baghdad]], and Basil Asmar for {{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}Amadiya. Two other bishops perhaps consecrated on the same occasion, Mikha'il Kattula and Ignatius Dashto, were sent to [[Seert]] and [[Mardin]], traditional sees of the Amid patriarchate, but the other three returned to their home villages north of Mosul; Basil Asmar to [[Tel Keppe|Telkepe]], Lawrent Sho{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}a to [[Tel Esqof|Tel Isqof]] and Joseph Audo to [[Alqosh]]. There each of the three metropolitans began ordaining priests and deacons, in a direct challenge to Yohannan's authority.<ref>Badger, ''Nestorians'', i. 163</ref>

Meanwhile, the Vatican reconsidered the condemnation of Yohannan Hormizd in the light of fresh information, and on 25 November 1826 publicly absolved him. At the same time, to restore the peace of the Chaldean Church, it urged the 66-year-old former patriarchal administrator to renounce his claims to the archdiocese of Mosul and to retire quietly. Yohannan, vindicated by the Vatican's absolution and supported by the local civil authorities, stubbornly refused to retire. Instead, he fought back against his opponents. In 1827, during the absence of the superior Gabriel Dambo in Rome, a number of monks in the monastery of [[Rabban Hormizd Monastery|Rabban Hormizd]] rebelled against its administrator Yohannan Gwera, who enjoyed the support of the metropolitan Joseph Audo. Yohannan Hormizd upheld the rebels, and was also able to have Basil Asmar expelled from [[Tel Keppe|Telkepe]], forcing him to take refuge in Amid.

On 3 April 1827, shortly after Basil's arrival, [[Augustine Hindi]] died at Amid and was buried in a cemetery outside the city's walls. His death ended the 146-year independent existence of the Amid patriarchate. Basil Asmar, who had endeared himself to the clergy and people of Amid, was appointed Hindi's successor as metropolitan of Amid in 1828, and the Vatican confirmed the appointment. Amid reverted to a metropolitan diocese of the Chaldean Church, and the Amid patriarchate came to an end. Basil's appointment required a bishop to be found for the see of {{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}Amadiya, and as Joseph Audo had failed to overcome the opposition of Yohannan's supporters to his appointment of metropolitan of Mosul, Gabriel Dambo and the Catholic missionaries agreed that he should be reassigned to {{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}Amadiya. Like Basil before him, however, he declined to trust his life to the good faith of Isma'il Pasha, and withdrew to Alqosh, where he continued to intrigue among the Chaldeans and with the local authorities of Mosul against Yohannan. As a result of these intrigues Yohannan was imprisoned for a third time by the Ottoman authorities, for four months.<ref>Badger, ''Nestorians'', i. 163–4</ref>

After Yohannan's release the charges made by his opponents were investigated by the Latin [[apostolic vicar]] Pierre-Alexander Coupperie, who travelled to Mosul to interview him. Yohannan was absolved of blame and restored to the exercise of his jurisdiction. Gabriel Dambo was then in Rome, to lobby more effectively against his rival, and he and his supporters declared Coupperie's decision invalid and insisted that they would not accept Yohannan’s authority unless he was absolved personally by the pope. Coupperie therefore persuaded a number of influential Chaldeans to join him in a written appeal to the Vatican for Yohannan's reinstatement.<ref>Bello, ''Congrégation de S. Hormisdas'', 22</ref>

== Patriarch of Babylon, 1830–8 ==

Couperrie died shortly afterwards, and was succeeded as apostolic vicar by his assistant Laurent Trioche, who was consecrated a bishop for the purpose by Yohannan and the metropolitan Lawrent Sho{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}a of Kirkuk on the Vatican's instructions. Like his predecessor, Trioche took Yohannan’s part, and in a consistory held in the Vatican on 5 July 1830 it was agreed that Yohannan should be relieved of the archdiocese of Mosul, confirmed as patriarch of the Chaldeans and awarded the [[pallium]] (the traditional symbol of the Vatican's recognition of his succession).<ref>Giamil, ''Genuinae Relationes'', 394–5</ref> The decision was communicated to Yohannan Hormizd, now aged 74, in two [[papal bulls]] of the same date.<ref>Giamil, ''Genuinae Relationes'', 396–9; Bello, ''Congrégation de S. Hormisdas'', 22</ref>

Fifty years after his irregular succession to Eliya XII Denha, Yohannan Hormizd was finally recognised as patriarch of the [[Chaldean Catholic Church|Chaldean Church]] and awarded the title ''patriarch of Babylon of the Chaldeans''. The suppression of the Amid patriarchate and the union of the Chaldean [[diocese]]s under the patriarch of Babylon in 1830 marked the birth of the modern [[Chaldean Catholic Church]]. The new patriarch was awarded the [[pallium]] in a ceremony held in [[Baghdad]] on 6 April 1834.

=== Further troubles ===
Yohannan Hormizd was unhappy with the thought of the unbroken succession of the Eliya line ending with his death, and made a curious bargain with the Nestorian church in an attempt to continue the succession. He ordained his nephew Mansur Sefaro a priest, and in 1831 sent him to the Nestorian patriarch Shem{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}on XVII Abraham (1820–61), who consecrated him at Urmi and appointed him metropolitan over the Nestorians of {{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}Amadiya. The new metropolitan took the name Eliya, the traditional name of the Chaldean patriarchs, and shortly afterwards abandoned the pretence of being a Nestorian and was re-admitted into the Chaldean church, ultimately becoming the first Chaldean bishop of {{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}Aqra in 1852.<ref>Badger, ''Nestorians'', i. 167–8</ref>

The feud between Gabriel Dambo and Yohannan Hormizd ended in 1832, when Alqosh was pillaged by Kör Muhammad, chief of the [[Soran Emirate|Soran Kurds]] of [[Rawanduz]]. Gabriel Dambo was among the hundreds of East Syrians killed by the Kurds, and was succeeded as superior of the monastery of Rabban Hormizd by Yohannan Gwera. Despite the death of his chief rival, the patriarch's troubles continued throughout the 1830s. The monks of the monastery of Rabban Hormizd still refused to acknowledge his authority, and were supported by the metropolitan [[Joseph Audo]], who now claimed jurisdiction over the monastery on the grounds that it lay within his diocese of {{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}Amadiya. Yohannan Hormizd retaliated by suspending Audo and a number of Rabban Hormizd monks, but this action had little effect. A rumour spread that a new Latin apostolic vicar had been appointed in Rome and was now on his way to Mosul, and the patriarch's enemies temporarily came into line to make a good first impression on this important official. But when after two months he had still not arrived, they resumed their duties in flat defiance of Yohannan's orders. One man only, a priest named Stephen, sent in his submission to the patriarch, and was appointed priest of Telkepe.<ref name="BadgerNestorians_a">Badger, ''Nestorians'', i. 166</ref>

The patriarch now sent the metropolitan Gregory Peter di Natale to Mosul, accompanied by a priest named Andrew to represent the apostolic vicar Laurent Trioche, to inquire into the conduct of the Rabban Hormizd monks. Joseph Audo thereupon retired to Amid, where he was welcomed by its metropolitan Basil, and the delegates condemned the obstinacy of the monks and returned to Baghdad.<ref name="BadgerNestorians_a" />

In the light of this vindication of the patriarch’s behaviour, an attempt was made by the monastery's superior Yohannan Gwera to put his side of the story. He travelled to Rome, accompanied by the monks Mikha'il Jammala and Peter, and eventually obtained a papal audience. The response of the Vatican authorities to the monks' complaints was lukewarm. They were assured that their allegations would be investigated but were also censured for their disobedience.<ref>Badger, ''Nestorians'', i. 166–7; Bello, ''Congrégation de S. Hormisdas'', 122–39</ref>

On 13 October 1837, conscious that he had not long to live, Yohannan designated as [[coadjutor bishop|coadjutor]] and 'guardian of the throne' Gregory Peter di Natale, metropolitan of [[Gazarta]], presumably with the intention of excluding his nephew Eliya from the patriarchal dignity. However, he did not promise the succession to his coadjutor, and in order to ensure that the hereditary principle would play no part in the selection of the next patriarch the Vatican appointed by a bull of 25 September 1838 [[Nicholas I Zaya|Nicholas Zay{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}a]], metropolitan of [[Salmas]], Yohannan’s coadjutor with the right of succession.<ref>Giamil, ''Genuinae Relationes'', 400–1</ref> The reason given in the bull for this decision was the growing infirmity of the patriarch and the desirability of avoiding inconvenience and harm should the patriarchate suddenly become vacant. Zay{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}a was [[Persia]]n by birth, from Khosrowa, and as such could lay claim to the protection of the foreign consuls in [[Turkey]]. He had also been educated at the [[Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples|Propaganda]], and it was hoped that after Yohannan's death he would loyally implement Vatican policy.

Yohannan, meanwhile, had died a few weeks earlier, on 16 August 1838. His family, which had provided successive patriarchs since the middle of the fifteenth century, now renounced its hereditary right of succession but insisted on keeping the title ''Abuna'' as the family name henceforward. [[Nicholas I Zaya|Nicholas Zay{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}a]] duly succeeded Yohannan Hormizd as patriarch, but the manner in which his succession had been arranged by the Vatican offended most of the Chaldean bishops, and Zay{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}a's brief reign (1839–46) would prove to be as stormy as that of his predecessor.

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
* {{cite book |last=Badger |first=George Percy |title=The Nestorians and Their Rituals with the Narrative of a Mission to Mesopotamia and Coordistan in 1842 to 1844 (two volumes)|year=1852 |publisher=Kessinger Publishing |isbn=978-1-4179-4675-4}}
* {{cite book |first1=Wilhelm |last1=Baum |first2=Dietmar W. |last2=Winkler |title=The Church of the East: A Concise History |url=http://books.google.com/?id=yt0X840SjpEC |year=2003|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-415-29770-7}}
* Baumer, Christophe, ''The Church of the East'' (London and New York, 2006)
* {{cite journal |last= Bello| first= Stephane| year= 1939| title=La congrégation de S. Hormisdas et l'église chaldéenne dans la première moitié du XIXe siècle| journal=Orientalia Christiana Analecta | location= Rome| issue= 122}}
* Brière, M., 'Histoire du couvent de Rabban Hormizd de 1808 a 1832', ''ROC'', 15 (1910), 4, 410–24;16 (1911), 2, 113–27; 3, 249–54; and 4, 346–55
* {{cite book |last=Fiey |first=J.M. |title=Pour un Oriens Christianus novus; répertoire des diocèses Syriaques orientaux et occidentaux |year=1993 |location=Beirut |isbn=3-515-05718-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Frazee |first=Charles A. | title=Catholics and Sultans: The Church and the Ottoman Empire 1453-1923 |year=2006 | publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn= 0-521-02700-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Giamil |first=Samuel |title=Genuinae relationes inter Sedem Apostolicam et Assyrorum Orientalium seu Chaldaeorum ecclesiam |location=Rome |year=1902}}
* {{cite journal |last= Habbi| first= Joseph| year= 1971| title= L'unification de la hiérarchie chaldéenne dans la premiere moitié du XIX siècle, 1 partie| journal= Parole de l'Orient| volume= 2| issue= 1| pages= 141}}
* Hornus, J. M., 'Mémoire sur l'état actuel et l'avenir de la religion catholique et des missions lazaristes et protestantes en Perse par le Comte de Challaye, consul de France à Erzéroun' (''Cahiers d'Études Chrétiennes Orientales 8-9 für 1970/73''), Action Chrétienne en Orient, Strasbourg o. J., 79f. 85f. 102-109. 148.
* {{cite book |last=Puliurumpil |first=J. A.|title=A Period of Jurisdictional Conflict in the Suriani Church of India (1800–1838) |publisher=Oriental Institute of Religious Studies, India Publications |year=1994 |location=Kerala}}
* {{cite journal |last=Tfinkdji |first=J. | title=L’église chaldéenne catholique autrefois et aujourd’hui |journal=Annuaire Pontifical Catholique| issue=17 |year=1914 |pages=449–525}}
* {{cite book |last=Wilmshurst |first=David |title=The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318-1913 |publisher=Peeters Publishers |year=2000 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=jB8ir0ek8bgC |isbn=978-90-429-0876-5}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2011}}


{{Persondata
|NAME= Hormizd, Yohannan VIII
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES= John Hormez; Hanna Hormizd
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=Patriarch of Chaldean Catholic Church
|DATE OF BIRTH=1760
|PLACE OF BIRTH=Alqosh, Iraq
|DATE OF DEATH=16 August 1838
|PLACE OF DEATH=Mosul, Iraq}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hormizd, Yohannan VIII}}
[[Category:Assyrian people]]
[[Category:Iraqi Assyrian people]]
[[Category:Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon]]
[[Category:1760 births]]
[[Category:1838 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Alqosh]]

Joseph V Augustine Hindi

2015-05-19T01:34:27Z

Ian: 1 revision imported

{{Infobox Patriarch
|image=
|name=Joseph V Augustine Hindi
|birth_name=Augustine Hindi
|church=[[Chaldean Catholic Church]]
|see=[[Patriarchial See of Babylon of the Chaldeans|Amid of the Chaldeans]]
|patriarch_of=[[Patriarch of Babylon of the Chaldeans|Patriarch of the Chaldeans]]
|residence=[[Iraq]]
|enthroned=
|ended=3 April 1827
|predecessor=[[Joseph IV (Chaldean Patriarch)|Joseph IV Lazar Hindi]]
|successor=[[Yohannan Hormizd|Yohannan VIII Hormizd]]
|birth_date=
|birth_place=
|death_date=3 April 1827
|death_place=
|consecration = Sept 8, 1804 ([[Bishop (Catholic Church)|Bishop]])
|consecrated_by=[[Yohannan Gabriel]]
}}
Mar '''Joseph V Augustine Hindi''' † was the patriarchal administrator of the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]] from 1781 to 1827, since 1804 he considered himself Patriarch with the name of Joseph V and from 1812 to his death he actually governed both the patriarchal sees of Alqosh and Amid of the [[Church of the East]].

==Life==

The [[episcopal see|See]] of [[Amid]] of the Church of the East was since 1681 in [[Full Communion]] with the [[Holy See]] and formed a little patriarchate including a few towns on the North-West mountains of [[Assyria]], like Amid itself and [[Mardin]], now in [[Turkey]]. The patriarchs that rules over it are usually known as ''Josephine'' line, because all of them took the name of ''Joseph''. Augustine Hindi was a nephew of [[Joseph IV (Chaldean Patriarch)|Joseph IV Lazar Hindi]], the patriarch since 1759.

In the 18th century this patriarchate suffered a great financial crisis due to over taxation from [[Turkey|Turkish]] authorities, and the patriarch had to travel all over Europe trying to raise founds. Returned in Amid without success, after a few years Lazare Hindi resigned in August 1780<ref name="Frazee">Charles A. Frazee, ''Catholics and Sultans: The Church and the Ottoman Empire 1453-1923'', Cambridge University Press, 2006 ISBN 0-521-02700-4</ref>{{rp|212}} appointing his nephew Augustine Hindi as patriarchal administrator, without consecrating him bishop.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://syrcom.cua.edu/Hugoye/Vol2No2/HV2N2Murre.html|title=The Patriarchs of the Church of the East from the Fifteenth to Eighteenth Centuries|publisher=Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies|accessdate=2009-01-24}}</ref>

Rome did not recognized nor the appointment of Augustine, but only the resignation of Lazare Hindi, that were soon withdrawn.<ref name="Frazee"/>{{rp|212}} Lazare Hindi was imprisoned by [[Ottoman Empire|Turkish]] authorities in 1789 and escaped to [[Rome]] in 1791 where he died in 1796.<ref name="Wilmshurst">David Wilmshurst, ''The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318-1913'', Peeters Publishers, 2000 ISBN 90-429-0876-9</ref>{{rp|27}} The hope of the [[Holy See|Vatican]] was to enter in Communion with the larger patriarchate of the Church of the East, the one with see in [[Alqosh]], in such a time divided between the two cousins [[Eliya Isho'yahb]] and [[Yohannan Hormizd]], the second of these who considered himself a Catholic.

Thus in 1791 the [[Holy See|Vatican]] appointed Yohannan Hormizd, already metropolitan of [[Mosul]] and claiming the patriarchate, also as patriarchal administrator of Amid. The vehement complains of Lazare Hindi then in Rome forced Rome to reach an agreement: in 1793 Yohannan Hormizd withdrew from the see of Amid but Augustine Hindi could not be appointed Patriarch of the Chaldean Church.

In the next years Augustine gained respect for his reliability and endeared himself to the supporters of the Roman cause also in the area ruled Yohannan Hormizd, his competitor to the title of patriarch.

On 15 January 1802 Augustine Hindi was formally appointed metropolitan of Amid and patriarchal administrator<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/diar0.htm|title=Archdiocese of Diarbekir|publisher=GCatholic.org|accessdate=2009-01-24}}</ref> and he was consecrated [[bishop (Catholic Church)|bishop]] on September 8, 1804<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bhindi.html|title=Archbishop Augustin Hindi|publisher=Catholic-Hierarchy.org|accessdate=2009-01-24}}</ref> by [[Yohannan Gabriel|Isho'yahb Isha'ya Yohannan Gabriel]] (or ''Jean Guriel''), then Chaldean bishop of [[Salmas (Chaldean Archdiocese)|Salmas]].

As much as Augustine gained respect, Yohannan Hormizd was opposed by the [[Catholic missions|Latin missionaries]] and by the [[abbot]] of the revitalized monastery of [[Rabban Hormizd Monastery|Rabban Hormizd]], the monk Gabriel Dambo of Mardin. After the suspension of Yohannan Hormizd as bishop of Mosul in 1812 because of his clashes with the monks of Rabban Hormizd, Augustine Hindi actually governed almost all the territory of both the patriarchal sees of Alqosh and Amid up to his death with the title of ''apostolic delegate for the Patriarchate of Babylon''.

In 1818 Yohannan Hormizd was suspended also by his office of bishop (for about eight years) and on October 2 of the same year Augustine Hindi received from Rome the [[pallium]]. Probably in good faith, Hindi believed that the pallium were the recognition of his title of Patriarch, under the name of Joseph V, claimed by him from 1804 and most Chaldeans called him patriarch. Even if never formally confirmed patriarch by Rome, Rome never publicly objected to such a title.<ref name="Wilmshurst"/>{{rp|197}} In 1824 and 1825 Augustine appointed and consecrated some of his supporters as bishops, such as [[Joseph Audo]] on March 25, 1825. Augustine died on April 3, 1827.<ref>The date of 1828 as death date listed by some sources is fault. See: {{cite journal |last= Habbi| first= Joseph| year= 1971| title= L'unification de la hiérarchie chaldéenne dans la premiere moitié du XIX siècle, 2 partie| journal= Parole de l'Orient| volume= 2| issue= 2| pages= 310 |url= http://documents.irevues.inist.fr/handle/2042/34999 }}</ref>

{{s-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Joseph IV (Chaldean Patriarch)|Joseph IV Lazare Hindi]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon|Patriarch of Babylon]]|years=1780–1827}} Not recognized as patriarch by Rome, only as apostolic delegate for the Patriarchate
{{s-aft|after=''Vacant'' (1827–1830) [[Yohannan VIII Hormizd]] (1830–1838)}}
{{end}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Hindi, Augustine Yosep V
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Iraqi bishop
| DATE OF BIRTH =
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =3 April 1827
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hindi, Augustine Yosep V}}
[[Category:Assyrian people]]
[[Category:Iraqi archbishops]]
[[Category:Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon]]
[[Category:1827 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]

Yousef VII Ghanima

2015-05-19T01:34:25Z

Ian: 1 revision imported

{{Infobox Patriarch
|image=
|name=Yousef VII Ghanima
|birth_name= Yousef Ghanima
|church=[[Chaldean Catholic Church]]
|see=[[Patriarchial See of Babylon of the Chaldeans|Babylon of the Chaldeans]]
|patriarch_of=[[Patriarch of Babylon of the Chaldeans]]
|residence=[[Iraq]]
|enthroned=September 17, 1947
|ended=July 08, 1958
|predecessor=[[Yousef VI Emmanuel II Thomas]]
|successor=[[Paul II Cheikho]]
|birth_date=January 29, 1881
|birth_place=
|death_date={{BirthDeathAge||1881|1|29|1958|7|8}}
|death_place=
|ordination= May 15, 1904 ([[Priesthood (Catholic Church)|Priest]])
|consecration = May 10, 1925 ([[Bishop (Catholic Church)|Bishop]])
|consecrated_by=[[Yousef VI Emmanuel II Thomas|Yousef VI Thomas]]
}}
'''Mar Yousef VII Ghanima''' † was the patriarch of the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]] in 1947–1958.

==Life==

He was born on January 29, 1881 in [[Mossul]] and was ordained a priest on May 15, 1904. In 1925 he was ordained Auxiliary Bishop of [[Chaldean Catholic Patriarchate of Babylon|Babylon of the Chaldean]]. He was the Patriarch of the Chaldean Church from September 17, 1947 till his death on July 8, 1958. He replaced Patriarch [[Yousef VI Emmanuel II Thomas]] † and was followed by [[Paul II Cheikho]] †.

With Mar Yousef VII Ghanima, the [[Patriarch of Babylon of the Chaldeans|Patriarchate]] transferred from [[Mosul]] to [[Baghdad]].

{{s-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Audishu V Khayyath]] (1900–1946)}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon|Patriarch of Babylon of the Chaldean Catholic Church]]|years=1947–1958}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Paul II Cheikho]] (1958–1989)}}
{{end}}

==References==
*{{cite web|url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bghanima.html|title=Archbishop Yousef VII Ghanima|publisher=Catholic-Hierarchy.org|accessdate=2008-12-08}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Ghanima, Yousef 07
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = iraqi bishop
| DATE OF BIRTH = January 29, 1881
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 1958
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghanima, Yousef 07}}
[[Category:Assyrian people]]
[[Category:Iraqi archbishops]]
[[Category:Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon]]
[[Category:Iraqi Eastern Catholics]]
[[Category:1881 births]]
[[Category:1958 deaths]]

Emmanuel III Delly

2015-05-19T01:34:24Z

Ian: 1 revision imported

{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = cardinal
| honorific-prefix = His Eminent Beatitude
| image = EMMANUEL-DELLY.jpg
| name = {{unbulleted list|Emmanuel III Delly|ܡܪܝ ܥܡܢܘܐܝܠ ܬܠܝܬܝܐ ܕܠܝ|مار عمانوئيل الثالث دلّي}}
| title = [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal]] [[Patriarch of Babylon of the Chaldeans|Patriarch Emeritus of Babylon of the Chaldeans]]
| native_name = ܡܪܝ ܥܡܢܘܐܝܠ ܬܠܝܬܝܐ ܕܠܝ
| native_name_lang = syr
| birth_name = Emmanuel Karim Delly
| church =
| see = [[Chaldean Catholic Patriarchate of Babylon]]
| residence = [[Iraq]]
| elected = 24 October 2003
| appointed = 3 December 2003
| term_end = 19 December 2012
| predecessor = [[Raphael I Bidawid]]
| successor = [[Louis Raphaël I Sako]]
| rank = Cardinal-Bishop
| birth_name = Karem Delly
| birth_date = 27 September 1927
| birth_place = [[Tel Keppe]], [[Kingdom of Iraq|Iraq]]
| death_date = 8 April 2014 (aged 86)
| death_place = [[San Diego, California]], U.S.
| ordination = 21 December 1952
| consecration = 16 April 1963
| consecrated_by = [[Paul II Cheikho]]
| cardinal = 24 November 2007
| created_cardinal_by= [[Pope Benedict XVI]]
| religion = [[Chaldean Catholic Church|Chaldean Catholic]]
| previous_post = {{unbulleted list|Auxiliary Bishop of Babylon (1962-1997)|Titular Bishop of Palaeopolis in Asia (1962-1967)|Titular Archbishop of Kaskar dei Caldie (1967-2003)|Curial Bishop of Babylon (1997-2002)|Chaldean Archbishop of Baghdad (2003-2012)}}
}}

'''[[Mar]] Emmanuel III Delly''' ({{lang-syr|ܡܪܝ ܥܡܢܘܐܝܠ ܬܠܝܬܝܐ ܕܠܝ}}, {{lang-ar|مار عمانوئيل الثالث دلّي}}) was the [[Catholic Chaldean Patriarchs of Babylon|Patriarch Emeritus of Babylon of the Chaldeans]] and former [[primate (bishop)|Primate]] of the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]], an [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Eastern Catholic]] ''[[sui juris]]'' [[Particular church]] of the [[Catholic Church]] and a [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal]]. An ethnic [[Assyrian]], he was born in [[Tel Keppe]] and was [[ordained]] a priest on 21 December 1952. He was consecrated a [[bishop]] ten years later in December 1962 at the age of 35. He was elected Patriarch of the Chaldean Church on 3 December 2003, succeeding the late Patriarch [[Raphael I Bidawid]]. He was created a [[Cardinal Bishop]] on 24 November 2007.

==Birth==
[[File:Patriairch emblem1.gif|300px|frame|left|Episcopal coat of arms of the [[List of Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon|Patriarchial See of Babylon]]]]
Karem Delly was born in Tel Keppe, in northern Iraq, on 27 September 1927 to Jarjes Murad Delly and Katrina Putros. He was baptized on 6 October 1927 by Father Francis Kattola.

==Episcopal life==
Since his election as Patriarch in December 2003, Mar Emmanuel III Delly continued to work for the Chaldean Church. In Iraq, the Chaldean Church, which is the largest Christian group, consists of eight dioceses totaling 100 parishes and approximately 600,000 people. Additionally, there are another eight dioceses outside of Iraq, in countries including Iran, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Egypt, Europe, Australia, Canada and the U.S. It is estimated that the Chaldean population is over one and a half million devotees world wide. He was well-known for his respect and cooperation with leaders of other churches and faiths, mainly Muslims.<ref>[http://uk.news.yahoo.com/afp/20071123/twl-vatican-pope-iraq-3cd7efd_1.html Iraqi cardinal-to-be says he is symbol of national unity], uk.news.yahoo.com; accessed 7 February 2015.</ref>

During his 42 years as a bishop, Delly's contributions to the Chaldean Church include building of many churches in and outside of Iraq. He supervised the Chaldean monasteries and convents, as well as several Chaldean religious journals and publications.

On 17 October 2007, [[Pope Benedict XVI]] announced that he would make Delly a [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal]].<ref>{{cite press release|title=Annuncio di Concistorio per la Creazione di nuovi Cardinali|publisher=Holy See Press Office|date=17 October 2007|url=http://212.77.1.245/news_services/bulletin/news/20898.php?index=20898&po_date=17.10.2007&lang=en|accessdate=7 February 2015|language=Italian}}</ref> Delly was elevated to the [[College of Cardinals]] in the [[papal consistory|consistory]] at [[St. Peter's Basilica]] on November 24, 2007.<ref>{{cite press release| title = Concistoro Ordinario Pubblico per la Creazione di Ventitré Nuovi Cardinali (continuazione)|publisher =Holy See Press Office|url=http://212.77.1.245/news_services/bulletin/news/21159.php?index=21159&lang=en|accessdate=7 February 2015|language=Italian }}</ref><ref name=Elevates>[http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/11/24/europe/EU-GEN-Vatican-New-Cardinals.php "Pope elevates new cardinals, expresses solidarity with Iraqi Christians"], Associated Press (''International Herald Tribune''), 23 November 2007.</ref> Pope Benedict XVI said on this occasion that by naming Emmanuel III Delly cardinal, he was demonstrating his "spiritual closeness and [his] affection" for Iraqi Christians.<ref name=Elevates/>

On 19 December 2012, Cardinal Delly resigned as patriarch of Chaldean Catholic Church and Pope Benedict named Archeparch [[Jacques Ishaq]] as administrator ''[[ad interim]]''. At the same time Pope Benedict convoked a synod to be held to Rome of the Chaledean Church to choose a successor to Cardinal Delly.<ref>[http://press.catholica.va/news_services/bulletin/news/30220.php?index=30220&lang=en]</ref>

Cardinal Delly did not participate in the 2013 conclave, having already reached age 80.

==Death==
Cardinal Delly died on 8 April 2014, aged 86, in [[San Diego, California]], where he had lived in retirement. Upon hearing of his death, Pope Francis stated, in an official statement of condolence to Cardinal Delly's successor as Patriarch of the Chaldeans, [[Louis Raphael I Sako]],: "I was deeply saddened to hear of the death of His Beatitude Cardinal Emmanuel III Delly, Patriarch Emeritus of Babylon of the Chaldeans. I offer you, the clergy, men and women religious and lay faithful of the Patriarchate, both in Iraq and in the diaspora, my condolences and the assurance of my prayers. I recall with deep gratitude the late Patriarch’s dedication to his people and to the promotion of respectful, just and peaceful relations with followers of other religious traditions. I join you and all who mourn the passing of this esteemed Pastor in commending his noble soul to the infinite mercy of God our loving Father, and I cordially impart my Apostolic Blessing as a pledge of peace and hope in the Lord." The Cardinal Secretary of State, [[Pietro Parolin]], also sent a message of condolence,: "I offer you, your brother Bishops and the entire Church in Iraq my heartfelt sympathy on the passing of His Beatitude Cardinal Emmanuel III Delly. I pray that the Lord whom he served with fidelity will grant him eternal rest."<ref>[http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2014/04/09/0255/00572.html Comments in Vatican upon death of Cardinal Delly], press.vatican.va, 9 April 2014; accessed 7 February 2015.</ref>

His funeral was held at St. Peter's Chaldean Catholic Cathedral in San Diego and at Mother of God Cathedral in Detroit. He is buried in Holy Sepulchre Catholic Cemetery in Detroit. This is the first time a Chaldean patriarch has been buried outside the homeland. {{cn|date=February 2015}}

==Educational degrees==
*[[Master's Degree]] in [[Philosophy]], [[Pontifical Urbaniana University]].<ref name="glatz">Carol Glatz, [http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0705931.htm "Pope acknowledges Iraq's beleaguered Catholics by naming cardinal"], catholicnews.com, 17 October 2007</ref>
* [http://www.urbaniana.edu/en/filosofia/ord_stud.htm Pontifical Urbaniana University—Faculty of Philosophy—Program of Studies] (accessed 13 November 2007)
*[[Doctor of Sacred Theology]], [[Pontifical Lateran University]].<ref name="glatz"/>
*[[Doctor of Canon Law]], [[Pontifical Lateran University]].<ref name="glatz"/>

==Languages==
Mar Emmanuel III Delly spoke [[Chaldean Neo-Aramaic]], [[Syriac language|Syriac]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[French language|French]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Latin language|Latin]], and [[English language|English]] fluently. {{cn|date=February 2015}}

==Episcopal lineage==
{{Ordination
| date of diaconal ordination =
| place of diaconal ordination =
| ordained deacon by =
| date of priestly ordination =21 December 1952
| place of priestly ordination =
| ordained priest by =
| date of consecration = 19 April 1963
| place of consecration =
| consecrated by = [[Paul II Cheikho]]
| co-consecrator1 = [[Raphaël I Bidawid]]
| co-consecrator2 = Armand-Etienne M. Blanquet du Chayla, O.C.D.
| date created cardinal = 24 November 2007
| bishop 1 = [[Emil Shimoun Nona]]
| consecration date 1 = 8 January 2010
| bishop 2 = [[Bashar Matti Warda]], C.SS.R.
| consecration date 2 = 3 July 2010
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
*[http://www.asianews.it/view.php?l=en&art=1829 2004 Interview]
*[http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bdelly.html Catholic Hierarchy.org]
*[http://www.gcatholic.org/hierarchy/data/cardB16-2.htm#1499 GigaCatholic Website]

{{s-start}}
{{s-rel|ca}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Raphael I Bidawid]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon|Patriarch of Babylon of the Chaldean Catholic Church]]|years=2003–2012}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Louis Raphaël I Sako]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Delly, Emmanuel 03
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Catholic cardinal
| DATE OF BIRTH = October 6, 1927
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Tel Keppe]], [[Kingdom of Iraq|Iraq]]
| DATE OF DEATH = April 8, 2014
| PLACE OF DEATH = [[San Diego]], [[California]]
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Delly, Emmanuel 03}}
[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:2014 deaths]]
[[Category:Eastern Catholic bishops]]
[[Category:Iraqi Eastern Catholics]]
[[Category:Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon]]
[[Category:People from Tel Keppe]]
[[Category:Iraqi cardinals]]
[[Category:Iraqi archbishops]]
[[Category:Assyrian people]]
[[Category:Cardinals created by Pope Benedict XVI]]
[[Category:Iraqi bishops]]
[[Category:Pontifical Urbaniana University alumni]]
[[Category:Pontifical Lateran University alumni]]

Paul II Cheikho

2015-05-19T01:34:20Z

Ian: 1 revision imported

{{Infobox Patriarch
|image=
|name=Paul II Cheikho
|birth_name= Paul Cheikho
|church=[[Chaldean Catholic Church]]
|see=[[Patriarchial See of Babylon of the Chaldeans|Babylon of the Chaldeans]]
|patriarch_of=[[Patriarch of Babylon of the Chaldeans]]
|residence=[[Iraq]]
|enthroned=December 13, 1958
|ended=April 13, 1989
|predecessor=[[Yousef VII Ghanima]]
|successor=[[Raphael I Bidawid]]
|birth_date=November 19, 1906
|birth_place=[[Alqosh]]
|death_date={{BirthDeathAge||1906|11|19|1989|4|13}}
|death_place=
|ordination= Febr 16, 1930 ([[Priesthood (Catholic Church)|Priest]])
|consecration = May 4, 1947 ([[Bishop (Catholic Church)|Bishop]])
|consecrated_by=[[Hormisdas Djibri]]
}}
'''Mar Paul II Cheikho''' † ({{lang-syr|ܦܘܠܘܣ ܬܪܝܢܐ ܫܝܟܘ}}, [[Arabic language|Arabic]]: بولس الثاني شيخو) was the patriarch of the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]] in 1958–1989.

==Life==

He was born on November 19, 1906 in [[Alqosh]] and was ordained a priest on February 16, 1930. On May 4, 1947 he was ordained Bishop of [[Aqrah|Akra]], Iraq, at the age of 40, by the Archbishop of [[Kirkuk]] Hormisdas Etienne Djibri,.<ref>Archbishop Hormisdas Etienne Djibri was in turn consecrated bishop in 1902 by patriarch [[Yousef VI Emmanuel II Thomas]]</ref>

From 1957 till his appointment as [[Patriarch of Babylon of the Chaldeans]] in 1958 Paul Cheikho served as bishop of [[Alep]]. He was the Patriarch of the Chaldean Church from 1958 till his death on April 13, 1989. He replaced Patriarch [[Yousef VII Ghanima]] and was followed by [[Raphael I Bidawid]].

==Notes==
{{reflist|1}}

==References==
*{{cite web|url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bcheikho.html|title=Archbishop Paul II Cheikho|publisher=Catholic-Hierarchy.org|accessdate=2009-01-15}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Yousef VII Ghanima]] (1947–1958)}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon|Patriarch of Babylon of the Chaldean Catholic Church]]|years=1958–1989}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Raphael I Bidawid]] (1989–2003)}}
{{end}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Cheikho, Paul 02
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Iraqi bishop
| DATE OF BIRTH = November 19, 1906
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Alqosh]]
| DATE OF DEATH = April 13, 1989
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cheikho, Paul 02}}
[[Category:Iraqi Assyrian people]]
[[Category:Iraqi archbishops]]
[[Category:Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon]]
[[Category:Participants in the Second Vatican Council]]
[[Category:Iraqi Eastern Catholics]]
[[Category:1906 births]]
[[Category:1989 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Alqosh]]

Raphael I Bidawid

2015-05-19T01:34:17Z

Ian: 1 revision imported

{{Infobox Patriarch
|image=Raphael I Bidawid.jpg
|name=Raphael I Bidawid
|birth_name= Raphael J. Bidawid
|church=[[Chaldean Catholic Church]]
|see=[[Chaldean Catholic Patriarchate of Babylon]]
|patriarch_of=[[Patriarch of Babylon of the Chaldeans]]
|residence=[[Iraq]]
|enthroned=May 21, 1989
|ended=July 7, 2003
|predecessor=[[Paul II Cheikho]]
|successor=[[Emmanuel III Delly]]
|birth_date=April 17, 1922
|birth_place=[[Mosul]], [[Iraq]]
|death_date={{BirthDeathAge||1922|4|17|2003|7|7}}
|death_place=[[Beirut]], [[Lebanon]]
|consecration=October 6, 1957
|ordination=October 22, 1944
|consecrated_by=[[Yousef VII Ghanima]]
}}
'''Mar Raphael I Bidawid''' † ({{lang-syr|ܪܘܦܐܝܠ ܩܕܡܝܐ ܒܝܬ ܕܘܝܕ}}, [[Arabic language|Arabic]] مار روفائيل الاول بيداويد)(April 17, 1922 – July 7, 2003) was the Patriarch of the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]] in 1989–2003. He was also a Syriac scholar.

== Life ==

He was born on April 17, 1922 in northern Iraqi city of [[Mosul]] into an ethnic [[Assyrian people|Assyrian]]<ref>Assyrians Mourn the Passing of Patriarch Raphael</ref> family, and took his school and seminar training in Mosul. He was ordained a priest on October 22, 1944 in [[Rome]] and in 1946 he obtained the academic degrees of doctor of philosophy and [[theology]]. Between 1948 and 1956 he worked as a professor of philosophy and theology in Mosul. On October 6, 1957, at the age of 35, he was ordained Bishop of [[Amadiya]], by Patriarch [[Yousef VII Ghanima]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bbidawidr.html|title=Archbishop Raphaël I Bidawid|publisher=Catholic-Hierarchy.org|accessdate=2009-05-30}}</ref> As bishop of [[Amadiya]] he experienced the mass exodus of Christians from Northern Iraq. Mar Raphael Bidawid was then appointed bishop of [[Beirut]] in 1966 and served in this capacity for 23 years.

On March 21, 1989 Raphael I Bidawid was elected [[List of Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon|Patriarch of Babylon]], head of the Chaldean Catholic Church. His election was confirmed by [[Pope John Paul II]] in June 1989. During his Patriarchate, Patriarch Bidawid, in agreement with the Chaldean Synod, established The Pontifical Babel College for Philosophy and Theology in 1991. The Babel College is situated in Baghdad, Dora, El-Mekaniek, next to St. Peter Chaldean Seminary. The Babel College became an instrumental educational institution for the Chaldean Church. <ref>Chaldean Patriarchate of Babylon Pontifical Babel College For Philosophy and Theology http://www.kaldu.org/1_chandean_church/babel_college.htm</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://syrcom.cua.edu/Hugoye/Vol7No1/HV7N1OBBidawid.html|title=Mar Raphael Bidawid (1922-2003)|publisher=Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies |first=George A.|last= Kiraz| authorlink=George Kiraz|accessdate=2009-05-30}}</ref> Patriarch Bidawid could speak 13 languages. He died in Beirut, Lebanon on July 7, 2003, at the age of 81.

== Pastoral Work ==

Patriarch Bidawid was known as a champion of the unification of the Assyrian Church of the East (formerly the Church of the East) and the Chaldean Catholic Church, which split in 1552 AD. In November 1996 Mar Dinkha IV of the Assyrian Church of the East and Chaldean Patriarch Raphael I Bidawid met in Southfield, Michigan, and signed a Joint Patriarchal Statement that committed their two churches to working towards reintegration and pledged cooperation on pastoral questions such as the drafting of a common catechism, the setting up of a common seminary in the Chicago-Detroit area, the preservation of the Aramaic language, and other common pastoral programs between parishes and dioceses around the world.

On August 15, 1997, the two Patriarchs met again, in Roselle, Illinois, and ratified a “Joint Synodal Decree for Promoting Unity,” that had been signed by the members of both Holy Synods. It restated the areas of pastoral cooperation envisaged in the Joint Patriarchal Statement, recognized that Assyrians and Chaldeans should come to accept each other’s diverse practices as legitimate, formally implemented the establishment of an Assyrian-Chaldean “Joint Commission for Unity,” and declared that each side recognized the apostolic succession, sacraments and Christian witness of the other. The text also spelled out the central concerns of both sides in the dialogue. While both churches wanted to preserve the Aramaic language and culture, the Assyrians were intent on retaining their freedom and self-governance, and the Chaldeans affirmed the necessity of maintaining full communion with Rome. <ref>CNEWA page on The Assyrian Church of the East. http://www.cnewa.org/default.aspx?ID=1&pagetypeID=9&sitecode=HQ&pageno=3</ref>

In an interview with Bidawid, published in 2003, he commented on the [[Assyrian name dispute]] and declared his ethnic point of view:

:“''I personally think that these different names serve to add confusion. The original name of our Church was the ‘Church of the East’ ... When a portion of the Church of the East became Catholic, the name given was ‘Chaldean’ based on the Magi kings who came from the land of the Chaldean, to Bethlehem. The name ‘Chaldean’ does not represent an ethnicity... We have to separate what is ethnicity and what is religion... I myself, my sect is Chaldean, but ethnically, I am Assyrian.''”<ref name="Parpola">{{cite journal | author = Parpola, Simo | year = 2004 | title = National and Ethnic Identity in the Neo-Assyrian Empire and Assyrian Identity in Post-Empire Times | journal = [[Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies]] | volume = Vol. 18
| issue = No. 2 | pages = pp. 22 | publisher = JAAS | url = http://www.jaas.org/edocs/v18n2/Parpola-identity_Article%20-Final.pdf | language = English | format = PDF | authorlink = Simo Parpola }}</ref>

In an interview with the Assyrian Star in the September-October 1974 issue, he was quoted as saying:
:“''Before I became a priest I was an Assyrian, before I became a bishop I was an Assyrian, I am an Assyrian today, tomorrow, forever, and I am proud of it''.''”<ref>Mar Raphael J Bidawid. The Assyrian Star. September-October, 1974:5.</ref>

{{s-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Paul II Cheikho]] (1958–1989)}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon|Patriarch of Babylon of the Chaldean Catholic Church]]|years=1989–2003}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Emmanuel III Delly]] (2003–2012)}}
{{end}}

== Bibliography ==

* Raphael J. Bidawid, ''Les lettres du patriarche nestorien [[Mar Timothee I|Timothee I]]'', ''Studi e Testi'' 187, Vatican City (1956)

== External links ==
* [http://www.aina.org/releases/marraphael.html Assyrians Mourn the Passing of Patriarch Raphael]
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/baby0.htm GCatholic.org Website]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Bidawid, Raphael I
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Bidawid, Raphael J.
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Patriarch of the Chaldean Catholic Church
| DATE OF BIRTH = April 17, 1922
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Mosul]]
| DATE OF DEATH = July 7, 2003
| PLACE OF DEATH = [[Beirut]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bidawid, Raphael I}}
[[Category:Assyrian people]]
[[Category:Iraqi archbishops]]
[[Category:Eastern Catholic bishops]]
[[Category:Participants in the Second Vatican Council]]
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Mosul]]
[[Category:Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon]]
[[Category:Iraqi Eastern Catholics]]

Joseph VI Audo

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{{Infobox Patriarch
|image=Joseph Audo Patriarch BabylonJS.jpg
|name=Joseph VI Audo
|birth_name=Joseph Audo
|church=[[Chaldean Catholic Church]]
|see=[[Patriarchial See of Babylon of the Chaldeans|Babylon of the Chaldeans]]
|patriarch_of=[[Patriarch of Babylon of the Chaldeans]]
|residence=[[Iraq]]
|enthroned=July 28, 1847
|ended=March 14, 1878
|predecessor=[[Nicholas I Zaya]]
|successor=[[Eliya Abulyonan|Eliya XIV [XIII] Abulyonan]]
|birth_date=1790
|birth_place=[[Alqosh]]
|death_date={{BirthDeathAge||1790|||1878|3|14}}
|death_place=[[Mossul]]
|ordination= 1818 ([[Priesthood (Catholic Church)|Priest]])
|consecration = March 25, 1825 ([[Bishop (Catholic Church)|Bishop]])
|consecrated_by=[[Augustine Hindi]]
}}
Mar '''Joseph VI Audo''' (or ''Audu'' or ''Oddo'') (1790 – 1878), was the Patriarch of the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]] from 1847 to 1878.

==Early life==
Joseph VI Audo was born in [[Alqosh]] in 1790 and in 1814 he became a monk of the monastery of [[Rabban Hormizd Monastery|Rabban Hormizd]]. He was ordained [[Priesthood (Catholic Church)|priest]] in 1818 and consecrated [[bishop]] of [[Mosul]] on the March 25, 1825 by the patriarchal administrator [[Augustine Hindi]] in [[Amid]]. From 1830 to 1847 he served as [[metropolitan bishop]] of [[Amadiya (Chaldean Diocese)|Amadiya]].

In the early 19th century there was not yet a formal union between the two patriarchal lines that professed to be in communion with the [[Holy See]]. The ancient monastery of Rabban Hormizd, that for many centuries was the see of the Mama patriarchal family supported by most of the [[Church of the East|East Syrian Christians]], in 1808 recognized as own patriarch Mar [[Augustine Hindi]], the leader of patriarchal line started by [[Joseph I (Chaldean Patriarch)|Mar Joseph I]] in 1681 in union with [[papacy|Rome]]. This was fiercely opposed by the last descended of the Mama family, [[Yohannan Hormizd]], he too in communion with Rome. Joseph Audo was a partisan of Mar Augustine Hindi and thus became an active opponent of Yohannan Hormizd: the strong conflict came to an end only for the direct intervention of two apostolic delegates sent by [[Rome]] in 1828-1829.<ref name="Frazee">Charles A. Frazee, ''Catholics and Sultans: The Church and the Ottoman Empire 1453-1923'', Cambridge University Press, 2006 ISBN 0-521-02700-4</ref>{{rp|297}}

After the death of Augustine Hindi the Chaldean Church was finally united under the aged Yohannan Hormizd in 1830, even if he, and his successor [[Nicholas I Zaya|Nicholas I Zay{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}a]], had to deal an internal opposition of several bishops led by Audo that lasted up to the resignation of patriarch Nicholas Zaya in 1846.

==Patriarch (1848–78)==
Joseph Audo was elected Patriarch of the Chaldean Church on July 28, 1847 and confirmed by the [[pope Pius IX]] on September 11, 1848. He is also remembered as Joseph VI, considering Mar Augustine Hindi with the name of Joseph V.

Joseph showed himself to be as energetic and combative a patriarch as he had been a bishop. During his reign he took measures to improve the calibre of the Chaldean clergy and strengthen the episcopate and the monastic order, and mounted a successful campaign to strengthen the spread the Catholic faith into the Nestorian districts. A sincere Catholic, who had been brought to the Catholic faith after reading [[Joseph II (Chaldean Patriarch)|Joseph II]]'s ''Book of the Pure Mirror'', he clashed on a number of occasions with the [[Holy See|Vatican]] on questions of jurisdiction.

Audo laid the foundations, with help from the Vatican, for the Chaldean Church to grow and flourish remarkably in the last decades before the [[First World War]]. From his early days as bishop of {{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}Amadiya, competing with the Nestorian church for the allegiance of the villages of the Sapna valley, he had appreciated the crucial role an educated clergy could play both in consolidating the Catholic faith where it already existed and in bringing it to new hearers. Hitherto many of the Chaldean Church's bishops had been educated at the [[College of the Propaganda]] at Rome, and its priests had picked up what education they could from their bishops. Audo worked to reduce the Chaldean Church's dependence on Rome, and to ensure that it was able to train and educate its own clergy.

In doing so he was following in the footsteps of Gabriel Dambo, whose revival of monasticism in the monastery of [[Rabban Hormizd Monastery|Rabban Hormizd]] in 1808 had been partly intended to supply the church with a well-educated and disciplined clergy. To a certain extent it did; monks from the monastery were sent out as priests and deacons to [[Baghdad]], [[Basra]], and a number of Chaldean villages in the Mosul and {{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}Amadiya districts in the 1820s, and no doubt served their congregations well. Audo himself and other monks later became bishops. But the first Rabban Hormizd superiors, Gabriel Dambo and Yohannan Gwera, also spent much of their energies quarreling with the patriarchs Yohannan VIII Hormizd and Nicholas I Zay{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}a, with damaging consequences for the morale of the church.

=== Establishment of seminaries ===
These internal feuds came to an end with Audo's accession, as he had taken the side of the monastery in its struggles with his predecessors. With the co-operation of the monks assured, the new patriarch did his best to ensure that Dambo's original vision was at last realized. The Monastery of [[Rabban Hormizd Monastery|Rabban Hormizd]] was too remote and exposed to attack to remain a functioning monastery, and was also a symbol of a turbulent time best forgotten. Audo decided to replace it and in 1859, with financial assistance from the Vatican, built a new monastery of Notre Dame des Semences in a safer and more convenient site near [[Alqosh]]. The new monastery quickly replaced Rabban Hormizd as the principal monastery of the Chaldean church. Two other important centres for the education of Chaldean clergy were also established at Mosul during Audo's reign, the patriarchal [[seminary]] of Saint Peter in 1866 and the Syro-Chaldean seminary of Saint John, completed shortly after Audo's death in 1878. The Syro-Chaldean seminary, which trained priests for both the Chaldean and [[Syriac Catholic Church|Syriac Catholic]] churches, was under the direction of the [[Dominican Order|Dominicans]], while the patriarchal seminary was directed entirely by Chaldean clergy. Although a number of Chaldean priests continued to be trained at Rome or elsewhere, most of the bishops and priests of the Chaldean church in the decades before the [[First World War]] came from one or other of these three centers founded in Audo's reign.

=== The Rokos affair ===
Despite Audo's energetic investment in the future of the Chaldean church, his relations with the Vatican were often strained. An early sign of the patriarch's independent attitude was given in 1858, when he held a synod from 7 June to 21 June in the monastery of Rabban Hormizd, whose validity was not recognized by Rome. In 1860 a far more serious clash occurred when the [[Saint Thomas Christians|Malabar]] Catholics sent a delegation to [[Mosul]] to ask the patriarch to consecrate a bishop of their own rite for them. Despite the protests of the apostolic delegate at Mosul, Henri Amanton, Audo consecrated Thomas Rokos bishop of [[Basra]] and dispatched him to visit the Malabar Christians. Amanton thereupon censured the patriarch and his bishops, and Audo responded with two [[encyclical]]s to the priests and people of his church, the first on 21 December 1860 and the second on 4 January 1861. Shortly afterwards he departed to Rome to give an account of his actions, arriving at the end of June. He was there invited to recall Rokos, to write a letter of apology to the [[Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples|Propaganda]] and to make an act of submission to the [[pope]]. He complied with the first and third demands, and was received by the pope on 14 September. On 23 September he issued a third encyclical to his church, in which he admitted his mistakes and revoked measures he had taken against the apostolic delegation and the [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] missionaries. He returned to Mosul on 2 December. Meanwhile Rokos, who had been excommunicated on the Vatican’s orders by the vicar apostolic of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Verapoly|Verapoly]] on his arrival in [[India]], returned in failure to Baghdad in June 1862.<ref>Giacomo Martina ''Pio IX (1851-1866)'' (1986) ISBN 88-7652-543-2, 372-4</ref>

The affair did not end there. One of the members of the reunion which had given Rokos his mission, the metropolitan of [[Seert]] Peter Bar Tatar, refused to accept the censures carried by the delegate. The patriarch was again embroiled with the Dominicans, and issued an interdict on all the places where he arrived to celebrate in the presence of the Chaldeans. There was another incident on 5 June 1864. Audo consecrated [[Elias Mellus]] bishop of {{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}Aqra, but the new bishop omitted from his profession of faith passages relating to the [[Council of Florence]] and the [[Council of Trent]]. This was reported to Rome, and although Audo spoke up for his subordinate and the affair was resolved, animosity grew on both sides.

=== First Vatican Council ===
[[File:Joseph Audo.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Joseph Audo]]
The [[Holy See|Vatican]] seems to have decided thereafter to seek every opportunity to remind Audo of his position. In 1867 Gregory Peter di Natale, metropolitan of [[Amid]], died at Rome. The Propaganda invoked the papacy's old privilege in such cases of directly appointing his successor, and asked the patriarch to submit three suitable names after discussion with his bishops. Shortly afterwards the diocese of Mardin also fell vacant with the death of Ignatius Dashto in 1868, and the [[Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples|Propaganda]] insisted on appointing his successor too. Audo duly submitted a list of seven names, and was directed to consecrate Peter Timothy {{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}Attar metropolitan of Amid and Gabriel Farso metropolitan of [[Mardin]]. He was also informed that the provisions of the ecclesiastical constitution ''Reversurus'' promulgated on 12 July 1867 for the [[Armenian Catholic Church]] would in due course be applied to all the [[Eastern Catholic Churches]], and on 31 August 1869 its rules for the election of bishops were applied to the Chaldean Church in the bull ''Cum ecclesiastica disciplina''.

This was too much for Audo, and he refused to consecrate the bishops-designate of Amid and Mardin. He was summoned to Rome and in January 1870 forced to consecrate them. He complained that Rome was infringing the rights of the [[Patriarchs of the east|Eastern patriarchs]], and was particularly aggrieved that the [[Syriac Catholic Church|Syriac]], [[Maronite Catholic Church|Maronite]] and [[Melkite Greek Catholic Church|Melkite]] patriarchs had not yet agreed to accept the provisions of the 1867 constitution. As a result, in the 1870 [[First Vatican Council]] he was warmly welcomed as a member of the Church party opposed to the doctrine of [[papal infallibility]], and joined in the opposition to the controversial constitution ''[[Pastor aeternus]]'', absenting himself from the session at which it was promulgated. He then refused to adhere to it, giving the excuse that he could only take such a solemn step back home, among his own flock. He met the [[Abdülaziz|Sultan]] in [[Constantinople]] on 16 September 1870, and denounced the constitution as infringing the traditional customs of the church and damaging the interests of the [[Ottoman empire]]. He declared that he had not accepted its provisions and never would. At the same time he celebrated mass with the [[Armenian Catholic Church|Armenian]] priests who had separated themselves from the patriarch Hassoun, and refused to reply to letters from the [[Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples|Propaganda]]. The Vatican, alarmed, used every means at its disposal to recall him to obedience and head off a threatened schism.<ref name="angold"/> Finally, on 29 July 1872, last of all the eastern patriarchs, Audo wrote a letter accepting the decisions of the council. The Vatican decided to teach him a lesson. In ''Quae in patriarchatu'', a stinging encyclical of 16 November 1872 addressed to the bishops, clergy and faithful of the Chaldean Church, Pope Pius IX rehearsed the many examples of Audo's intransigence, deplored his disobedience and welcomed his eventual submission. Audo's flock was left in little doubt as to who, in the Vatican's eyes, had been in the wrong.<ref>[http://www.papalencyclicals.net/Pius09/p9quaein.htm The papal encyclical ''Quae in patriarchatu'', 16 November 1872]</ref>

=== The Mellusian schism ===
Audo clashed with the [[Holy See|Vatican]] again in 1874. He asked [[pope Pius IX]] to restore to the [[Chaldean Catholic Church|Chaldean Church]] the traditional jurisdiction of the [[Church of the East]] over the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church|Syrian Catholics]] of [[India]]. The Vatican delayed its response to this request and Audo decided not to wait. He sent [[Eliya Mellus]], bishop of {{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}Aqra, to [[India]] as a [[metropolitan bishop|metropolitan]], where he was promptly excommunicated by the Vatican. On 24 May 1874, without prior consultation with the Vatican, he consecrated [[Eliya Abulyonan|Eliya Peter {{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}Abulyonan]] metropolitan of [[Gazarta]] and Mattai Paul Shamina metropolitan of {{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}Amadiya. On 1 May 1875 he consecrated Quriaqos Giwargis Goga metropolitan of Zakho and Philip Ya{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}qob Abraham metropolitan for India, to assist Elıya Mellus. The pope threatened in an encyclical letter of 1 September 1876 to excommunicate both the patriarch and the bishops whom he had consecrated unless they returned to obedience within 40 days. Audo yielded in March 1877 and wrote to recall Eliya Mellus and Philip Abraham from India. He was absolved from censure and commended for his compliance in the papal letters ''Solatio nobis fuit'' (9 June 1877) and ''Iucundum nobis'' (11 July 1877), and his episcopal appointments outside India were recognized.<ref name="angold">Michael Angold ''Eastern Christianity'', Cambridge University Press, 2006 ISBN 0-521-81113-9 pag 528-529</ref> Nevertheless, Audo's surrender came too late to prevent a [[schism (religion)|schism]] in the Syro-Chaldean Church, the so-called ''Mellusian schism''.<ref>''The Cambridge History of Christianity'', Cambridge University Press: 2006 ISBN 0-521-81456-1, pag 422</ref>

=== Final years ===
Joseph Audo died reconciled with the Vatican in [[Mosul]] on March 14, 1878.<ref name="Wilm">David Wilmshurst, ''The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318-1913'', Peeters Publishers, 2000 ISBN 90-429-0876-9</ref>{{rp|740}} His obituary was pronounced in a consistory held on 28 February 1879 by Pope Leo XIII, who praised him as 'a man adorned with a fine sense of faith and belief' (''quem eximius pietatis et religionis sensus ornabat''). Although there are no lack of sources for his eventful career, he has not yet found his biographer.

Audo was succeeded as patriarch of Babylon by [[Eliya Abulyonan|Eliya Peter {{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}Abulyonan]], metropolitan of [[Gazarta]], who was elected in 1878 in the monastery of Notre Dame des Semences and confirmed on 28 February 1879 under the title Eliya XII.

==See also==
*[[Toma Audo]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
*{{cite web|url=http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/baby0.htm|title=Patriarchal See of Babylon|publisher=GCatholic.org|accessdate=2009-01-24}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/baudug.html|title=Archbishop Giuseppe Audu|publisher=Catholic-Hierarchy.org|accessdate=2009-01-16}}
* {{cite book |last=Frazee |first=Charles A. | title=Catholics and Sultans: The Church and the Ottoman Empire 1453-1923 |year=2006 | publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn= 0-521-02700-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Wilmshurst |first=David |title=The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318-1913 |publisher=Peeters Publishers |year=2000 |isbn=978-90-429-0876-5}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Nicholas I Zaya]] (1839–1846)}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon|Patriarch of Babylon of the Chaldean Catholic Church]]|years=1847–1878}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Eliya Abulyonan|Eliya XIV Abulyonan]] (1878–1894)}}
{{end}}


{{Persondata
|NAME= Audo, Joseph VI
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES= Audo, Joseph
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=Patriarch of the Chaldean Catholic Church
|DATE OF BIRTH=1790
|PLACE OF BIRTH=Alqosh, Iraq
|DATE OF DEATH=March 14, 1878
|PLACE OF DEATH=Mosul, Iraq
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Audo, Joseph VI}}
[[Category:Assyrian people]]
[[Category:Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon]]
[[Category:1790 births]]
[[Category:1878 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Alqosh]]

Eliya Abulyonan

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{{Infobox Patriarch
|image=Eliya-Abulyonan.jpg
|name=Eliya XIV [XIII] Abulyonan
|birth_name=Eliya Peter Abulyonan
|church=[[Chaldean Catholic Church]]
|see=[[Patriarchial See of Babylon of the Chaldeans|Babylon of the Chaldeans]]
|patriarch_of=[[Patriarch of Babylon of the Chaldeans]]
|residence=[[Iraq]]
|enthroned=July 26, 1878
|ended=June 27, 1894
|predecessor=[[Joseph Audo]]
|successor=[[Audishu V Khayyath]]
|birth_date=1840
|birth_place=[[Mosul]]
|death_date={{BirthDeathAge||1840|||1894|6|27}}
|death_place=[[Mosul]]
|ordination= 1865 ([[Priesthood (Catholic Church)|Priest]])
|consecration = May 24, 1874 ([[Bishop (Catholic Church)|Bishop]])
|consecrated_by=[[Joseph Audo]]
}}
Mar '''Eliya XIV [XIII] Abulyonan''' † (or ''Abolionan'') was the Patriarch of the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]] from 1878 to 1894.

==Life==
Eliya Peter Abulyonan was born in 1840 in [[Mosul]] to an [[Assyrian people|Assyrian]] family. He studied three years in the [[College of the Propaganda]] in [[Rome]] and was ordained priest in 1865. On May 24, 1874, in [[Alqosh]], he was ordained bishop of Gazireh by Patriarch [[Joseph Audo]]. He was appointed Patriarch of the Chaldean Church on July 26, 1878 and confirmed by the [[pope]] on February 28, 1879.

During his patriarchate he spare no effort to improve the relations both with the [[Holy See]] and within the Chaldean Church, after the eventful reign of his predecessor Joseph Audo. He died in [[Mosul]] at the age of 54 on June 27, 1894.

The [[regnal number|ordinal number]] of his title is sometime XIV, sometime XIII, while among scholars Eliya XII is often preferred. This is due to the uncertain list of the Patriarchal line of Alqosh in the 16th and 17th century.<ref>see H.Murre, {{cite web|url=http://syrcom.cua.edu/Hugoye/Vol2No2/HV2N2Murre.html|title=The Patriarchs of the Church of the East from the Fifteenth to Eighteenth Centuries|publisher=Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies|accessdate=2009-01-05}}, who for example uses XII, as D.Wilmshurst (ISBN 90-429-0876-9)</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|1}}

==References==
*{{cite web|url=http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/baby0.htm|title=Patriarchal See of Babylon|publisher=GCatholic.org|accessdate=2009-01-24}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/babol.html|title=Archbishop Pietro Elia Abolionan|publisher=Catholic-Hierarchy.org|accessdate=2009-01-16}}
*David Wilmshurst, ''The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318-1913'', Peeters Publishers, 2000 ISBN 90-429-0876-9, pag 35, 742

{{s-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Joseph Audo|Joseph VI Audo]] (1847–1878)}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon|Patriarch of Babylon of the Chaldean Catholic Church]]|years=1878–1894}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Audishu V Khayyath]] (1894–1899)}}
{{end}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Abulyonan, Eliya 13
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Chaldean Catholic Patriarch of Babylon
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1840
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Mosul]]
| DATE OF DEATH = June 27, 1894
| PLACE OF DEATH = [[Mosul]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Abulyonan, Eliya 13}}
[[Category:Ottoman Assyrians]]
[[Category:Iraqi Assyrian people]]
[[Category:Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon]]
[[Category:1840 births]]
[[Category:1894 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Mosul]]

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List of Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon

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:''Patriarch of Babylon redirects here. For ''earlier'' [[Catholicos|Catholicoi]] of the [[Assyrian Church of the East]], see [[List of Patriarchs of the Church of the East]]. In particular and for legal line of accession prior to 1553, see [[List of Patriarchs of the Church of the East#List of Catholicoi of Seleucia-Ctesiphon and Patriarchs of the East until 1552|List of Catholicoi of Seleucia-Ctesiphon and Patriarchs of the East until 1552]]''

This is a list of The '''Chaldean [[Catholicos]]-Patriarchs of Babylon''', the leaders of the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]] and one of the [[Patriarchs of the east]] of the [[Catholic Church]] starting from 1553 following the [[Schism of 1552]] which caused a break from the [[Assyrian Church]] and the subsequent founding of the ''Church of Assyria and Mosul'', later called the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]].

This list continues from the [[List of Patriarchs of the Church of the East]] that traces itself back from the Church founded in [[Assyria]] first mentioned in the 1st century under Simon Peter in 1 Peter 5:13 out of which grew the Church of the East. It was Catholicos Timothy I Al-Baghdadi incorporated the numerically dominant [[St. Thomas Christians]] under the Apostolic See of the Catholicos-Patriarch of Babylon, which is often wrongly attributed to St. Thomas as a result.

The term ''Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon'' is somewhat inaccurate in a geographical and historical context, as the Church was an offshoot of the Assyrian Church, and founded by priests from [[Upper Mesopotamia]], a region which had been [[Assyria]], rather than in southern Mesopotamia where Babylonia and Chaldea had once been.

==Catholicoi and Patriarchs of Babylon for the Chaldeans==
===The Shimun line===
In 1553, Mar Yohannan Sulaqa, willing to separate from the [[List of Patriarchs of the Church of the East|Church of the East]]'s [[episcopal see|Patriarchal See]] of [[Alqosh]], an Assyrian town in the [[Assyrian homeland]] in northern Iraq, went to Rome asking for his appointment as Patriarch. He was consecrated in [[St. Peter's Basilica]] on 9 April 1553.

* 90 [[Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa]] (1553–1555) — fixed the See in [[Amid]]
* 91 [[Abdisho IV Maron]] (1555–1570) — moved the See near [[Siirt]]
* Vacant (1570–1572)
* 92 [[Yahballaha V]] (1572–1580)
* 93 [[Shimun IX Dinkha]] (1580–1600) — moved the See in [[Urmia]], was the last patriarch of the Shimun line to be formally recognized by Rome, reintroduced the hereditary succession
* 94 [[Shimun X Eliyah]] (1600–1638) — moved the See in [[Salmas]]
* 95 [[Shimun XI Eshuyow]] (1638–1656)
* 96 [[Shimun XII Yoalaha]] (1656–1662)
* 97 [[Shimun XIII Dinkha]] (1662–1692) — moved the See in [[Qochanis]], formally broke [[full communion]] with Rome in 1692, moved back to the Assyrian church, continued to be Patriarch of the [[Assyrian Church of the East]] until c. 1700, the Shimun line of successors continued in the Assyrian Church of the East

===The Josephite line of Amid===
The Catholic Patriarchs based in [[Amid]], now [[Diyarbakır]] in southeastern [[Turkey]], began with Joseph I who in 1681 separated from the Assyrian Patriarchal See of Alqosh entering into full communion with Rome.

* 98 [[Joseph I (Chaldean Patriarch)|Joseph I]] (1681–1696)
* 99 [[Joseph II (Chaldean Patriarch)|Joseph II Sliba Maruf]] (1696–1713)
* 100 [[Joseph III (Chaldean Patriarch)|Joseph III Timothy Maroge]] (1713–1757)
* 101 [[Joseph IV (Chaldean Patriarch)|Joseph IV Lazare Hindi]] (1757–1780)
* 102 [[Joseph V Augustine Hindi]] (1780–1827), patriarchal administrator from 1802, apostolic delegate for the Patriarchate of Babylon from 1812, never formally recognized as patriarch by Rome.
* Vacant (1827–1830)

At the death of [[Augustine Hindi]], this See remained vacant until 1830 upon the merging of the Alqosh line in the person of [[Mar Yohannan Hormizd]] thus forming the modern [[Chaldean Catholic Church]].

===The Alqosh/Mosul line===
The patriarchal See of [[Alqosh]], also known during the 17th and 18th centuries as Eliya line, was the oldest and largest patriarchal See of the Assyrian Church of the East, the only one existing patriarchal line before the 1553 split, and traces itself back from [[Thomas (Apostle)|St. Thomas]] in the 1st century. In 1610, Mar Eliyya VIII (1591–1617), Patriarch of the See of Alqosh, entered communion with the Catholic Church. Eliyya VIII, however died in 1617, and his successor quickly repudiated the union, returning to the Assyrian church.

In 1778, with the death of Eliya XII (or XI) Denkha, the See of Alqosh divided between Mar Eliyya XIII Isho-Yab, who was not in communion with Rome, and his cousin Mar Yohannan VIII Eliyya Hormizd, who professed to be Catholic. In 1804, with the death of Eliyya Isho-Yab, Yohannan Hormizd remained the only incumbent of this ancient See. He was recognized patriarch by Rome only in 1830, after the merging of the see of Amid, thus forming the modern [[Chaldean Catholic Church]].

* 103 [[Yohannan Hormizd|Yohannan VIII Hormizd]] (1830–1838) — moved the See in [[Mosul]]
* 104 [[Nicholas I Zaya]] (1839–1846)
* 105 [[Joseph Audo|Joseph VI Audo]] (1847–1878)
* 106 [[Eliya Abulyonan|Eliya XIV Abulyonan]] (1878–1894)
* 107 [[Audishu V Khayyath]] (1894–1899) (Georges Ebed-Iesu)
* 108 Yousef Emmanuel II Thomas (1900–1946)
* 109 [[Yousef VII Ghanima]] (1946–1958) — moved the See in [[Baghdad]]
* 110 [[Paul II Cheikho]] (1958–1989)
* 111 [[Raphael I Bidawid]] (1989–2003)
** [[Shlemon Warduni]] (2003) (Locum Tenens)
* 112 [[Emmanuel III Delly]] (2003–2012) (retired on 19 December 2012)
** [[Jacques Ishaq]] (2012–2013) (Locum Tenens)
* 113 [[Louis Raphaël I Sako]] (31 January 2013–present)

==See also==
* [[Chaldean Catholic Patriarchate of Babylon]]
* [[List of Patriarchs of the Church of the East]]
*[[Assyrian Church of the East]]
*[[Assyria]]
*[[Assyrian people]]

==External links==
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/baby0.htm Chaldean Patriarchate of Babylon] by GCatholic.org
* Eastern Uniate Patriarchs from World Statesmen.org [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Religious_Organizations.html#Uniate]

{{Chaldean Catholic Hierarchy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs Of Babylon}}
[[Category:Church patriarchs|Babylon]]
[[Category:Chaldean Catholic Church]]
[[Category:Eastern Catholicism in Iraq]]
[[Category:Eastern Catholicism-related lists]]
[[Category:Christianity in Iraq]]
[[Category:Eastern Catholic dioceses|Chaldean Patriarchate of Babylon]]
[[Category:Iraq-related lists]]
[[Category:Lists of patriarchs|Chaldean]]

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Yousef VI Emmanuel II Thomas

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{{Infobox Patriarch
|image=José VI Manuel II.jpg
|name=Yousef VI Emmanuel II Thomas
|birth_name=Yousef Emmanuel Thomas
|church=[[Chaldean Catholic Church]]
|see=[[Patriarchial See of Babylon of the Chaldeans|Babylon of the Chaldeans]]
|patriarch_of=[[Patriarch of Babylon of the Chaldeans]]
|residence=[[Iraq]]
|enthroned=July 9, 1900
|ended=July 21, 1947
|predecessor=[[Audishu V Khayyath]]
|successor=[[Yousef VII Ghanima]]
|birth_date=August 8, 1852
|birth_place=[[Alqosh]]
|death_date={{BirthDeathAge||1852|8|8|1947|7|21}}
|death_place=
|ordination= July 10, 1879 ([[Priesthood (Catholic Church)|Priest]])
|consecration = July 24, 1892 ([[Bishop (Catholic Church)|Bishop]])
|consecrated_by=[[Eliya Abulyonan]]
}}
'''Mar Yousef VI Emmanuel II Thomas''' † was the patriarch of the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]] 1900–1947.

==Life==

He was born on August 8, 1852 in [[Alqosh]], studied in the Ghazir Seminary in [[Beirut]] and was ordained priest on July 10, 1879. On July 24, 1892 he was ordained Bishop of [[Seert]], now in [[Turkey]], by patriarch [[Eliya Abulyonan|Eliya XIV [XIII] Abulyonan]]. He was appointed Patriarch of the Chaldean Church on the July 9, 1900 and confirmed by the [[Holy See]] on December 17 of the same year. He served as patriarch till his death on July 21, 1947. He replaced Patriarch [[Audishu V Khayyath]] † and was followed by [[Yousef VII Ghanima]] †.

==References==
* {{cite web|url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bthomg.html|title=Archbishop Yousef VI Emmanuel II Thomas|publisher=Catholic-Hierarchy.org|accessdate=2009-01-15}}{{Self-published source|date=April 2015}}
* David Wilmshurst, ''The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318–1913'', Peeters Publishers, 2000 ISBN 90-429-0876-9, p. 744.

{{s-start}}
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{{Persondata 
| NAME = Thomas, Yousef 06
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Chaldean Catholic Patriarch of Babylon
| DATE OF BIRTH = August 8, 1852
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Alqosh]]
| DATE OF DEATH = July 21, 1947
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Thomas, Yousef 06}}
[[Category:1852 births]]
[[Category:1947 deaths]]
[[Category:Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon]]
[[Category:Ottoman Assyrians]]
[[Category:People from Alqosh]]

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