Test123: 1 revision imported

2018-03-18T16:32:45Z

1 revision imported

Shumulibshi: /* Period scholarship */

2017-04-19T18:44:21Z

‎Period scholarship

New page

{{Infobox monarch
| name = Adad-apla-iddina
| title = [[List of kings of Babylon|King of Babylon]]
| image=
| caption =
| reign = 1067–1046 BC
| coronation =
| predecessor = [[Marduk-shapik-zeri|Marduk-šapik-zeri]]
| successor = [[Marduk-ahhe-eriba|Marduk-aḫḫe-eriba]]
| spouse =
| royal house = 2nd Dynasty of [[Isin]]
| father =
| mother =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| buried =}}

'''Adad-apla-iddina''', typically inscribed in [[cuneiform]] mdIM-[[DUMU (son Sumerogram)|DUMU]].UŠ-SUM''-na'', mdIM-A-SUM''-na''<ref group=nb>''mdAdad-àpla-idinnana''.</ref> or dIM''-ap-lam-i-din-''[''nam'']<ref>{{ cite journal | title = A Cylinder Fragment of Adad-apla-iddina | author = J. A. Brinkman, V. Donbaz | journal = Journal of Cuneiform Studies | volume = 26 | number = 3 | year = 1974 | jstor = 1359270 | page = 157 }}</ref> meaning the storm god “Adad has given me an heir”,<ref>{{ cite book | title = The prosopography of the Neo-Assyrian empire, vol. 1, part 1: A | chapter = Adad-apla-iddina | author = J. A. Brinkman | editor = K. Radner | publisher = Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project | year = 1998 | page = 22 }}</ref> was the 8th king of the 2nd Dynasty of [[Isin]] and the 4th Dynasty of [[Babylon]] and ruled 1067–1046 BC. He was a contemporary of the [[Assyria]]n King [[Ashur-bel-kala|Aššur-bêl-kala]] and his reign was a golden age for scholarship.

==Biography==

===Provenance===

The broken obelisk of Aššur-bêl-kala relates that the Assyrians raided Babylonia, early<ref group=nb>Year 4 or 5, suggested to be 1070/69 (K. Lawson Younger).</ref> in his reign:

{{ quote|In that year (the eponomy of Aššur-rēm-nišēšu), in the month of Shebat, (11th month, Jan.-Feb.), the chariots and […] went from the Inner City ([[Assur]]) (and) conquered the cities of [x-x]indišulu and […]sandû, cities which are in the district of the city of [[Dur-Kurigalzu|Dūr-Kurigalzu]]. They captured [[Kadašman-Buriaš]], the son of Itti-Marduk-Balāṭu, governor of their land.<ref>{{ cite book | title = Ugarit at Seventy-Five | author = K. Lawson Younger | publisher = Eisenbrauns | year = 2007 | page = 156 }}</ref>|Aššur-bêl-kala|From column iii lines 1 to 32.<ref group=i>Broken Obelisk excavation ref. 11.2.467,480.</ref> }}

Depending on the exact synchronization of the Assyrian and Babylonian chronologies, this would have been shortly before, or at the very beginning of Adad-apla-iddina’s reign.

His ancestor ''Esagil-Šaduni'' is named in the ''Synchronistic History''<ref group=i name=sync>The ''Synchronistic History'' (ABC 21) column 2 lines 31 to 37.</ref> as his “father”, but he was actually ”a son of a nobody,” i.e. without a royal parent.<ref>{{ cite book | title = Assyrian and Babylonian chronicles | author = Albert Kirk Grayson | publisher = J. J. Augustin | year = 1975 | pages = 203–204 }}</ref> This chronicle recounts that he was appointed by the Assyrian king Aššur-bêl-kala, who took his daughter for a wife and “took her with a vast dowry to Assyria,” suggesting Babylon had become a vassal of Assyria. He names ''Nin-Duginna'' as his father in one of his own inscriptions, but this is indicative of divine provenance.<ref>{{ cite book | title = Fictional Akkadian autobiography: a generic and comparative study | author = Tremper Longman | publisher = Eisenbrauns | date = July 1, 1990 | pages = 158–161 }}</ref> Adad-apla-iddina who was “son” of Itti-Marduk-balaṭu, recorded in the Chronicle 24: 8<ref group=i name=eclectic>The ''[[Eclectic Chronicle]]'' (ABC 24) tablet, BM 27859, lines 8 to 11.</ref> and also duplicated in the ''Walker Chronicle''<ref group=i>The ''Walker Chronicle'' (ABC 25), BM 27796.</ref> possibly meaning a descendant of the early 2nd Dynasty of Isin king, by a collateral line,<ref>{{ cite book | title = The Aramaeans: their ancient history, culture, religion | author = Edward Lipiński | publisher = Peeters | year = 2000 | pages = 409–411 }}</ref> or speculatively the aforementioned father of Kadašman-Buriaš.

His reign was apparently marked by an invasion of [[Arameans]] led by a usurper.<ref group=nb>''kurA-ra-mu u šarru ḫammā’u''.</ref> “[[Der (Sumer)|Der]], Dur-Anki ([[Nippur]]). [[Sippar]], Parsa (Dur-Kurigalzu) they demolished. The Suteans attacked and the booty of Sumer and Akkad they took home.”<ref group=i name=eclectic/> These attacks were confirmed in an inscription of a later king of the following dynasty, Simbar-šihu, which relates

{{ quote|The throne of Ellil in the E-kur-igi-gal which Nabū-kudurri-uṣur, a former king, had fashioned – during the reign of Adad-apla-iddina, king of Bābil, hostile Arameans and Suteans,<ref group=nb>''lúnakru A-ra-mu ù Su-tu-ú''.</ref> enemies of the E-kur and of Nippur, they who laid hands on the Duranki, (who) upset in Sippar, the pristine town, the seat of the high judge of the gods, their rites, (who) sacked the land of the Sumerians and the Akkadians, leveled all temples – the goods and the property of Ellil which the Arameans carried off and which the Suteans had appropriated…<ref>{{ cite journal | title = An Inscription of Simbar-šihu | author = A. Goetze | journal = JCS | volume = 19 | year = 1965 | pages = 121–135 | doi=10.2307/1359115}}</ref>|Simbar-šihu|Inscription }}

The ''Epic of the plague-god [[Erra (god)|Erra]]'', a politico-religious composition from the time of [[Nabu-apla-iddina]], ca. 887-855, which endeavors to provide a theological explanation for the resurgence of Babylonia following years of paralysis, begins its tale of distress with the reign of Adad-apla-iddina. The god Erra, whose name means “scorched (earth),” is accompanied by Išum, "fire," and disease-causing demons called Sibitti.<ref>{{ cite journal | title = Climatic Change and the Eleventh-Tenth-Century Eclipse of Assyria and Babylonia | author = J. Neumann, S. Parpola |journal = Journal of Near Eastern Studies | volume = 46 | issue = 3 | date = Jul 1987 | jstor = 544526 | pages = 179–180 | doi=10.1086/373244}}</ref>

===Period scholarship===

His reign was celebrated in the first millennium BCE as a golden age for scholarship and he appears twice in the Uruk ''List of Sages and Scholars''<ref group=i>W 20030,7:17 the Seleucid ''List of Sages and Scholars,'' recovered from Anu’s Bīt Rēš temple during the 1959/60 excavation.</ref> alongside Šaggil-kīnam-ubbib and [[Esagil-kin-apli]].<ref>{{ cite journal | title = The Uruk List of Kings and Sages and Late Mesopotamian Scholarship | author = Alan Lenzi | journal = Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions | volume = 8 | number = 2 | year = 2008 | pages = 137–169 | doi=10.1163/156921208786611764}}</ref>

The ''Babylonian Theodicy'' was attributed to the scholar Šaggil-kīnam-ubbib and believed to have been composed during his reign<ref>{{ cite book | title = The Oxford Handbook of Cuneiform Culture | author = Eckart Frahm | editor = Karen Radner, Eleanor Robson | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2011 | page = 522 }}</ref> according to a later literary catalogue.<ref group=i>K. 10802 r 2.</ref> It is a dialogue where the protagonist bemoans the state of contemporary social justice and his friend reconciles this with theology. Originally with 27 stanzas each of 11 lines, an acrostic has been restored which reads, “I, Šaggil-kīnam-ubbib, the incantation priest, am adorant of the god and the king.”<ref group=nb>''a-na-ku sa-ag-gi-il-ki-[i-na-am-u]b-bi-ib ma-àš-ma-šu ka-ri-bu ša i-li ú šar-ri''.</ref> It is extant in multiple copies from the [[Library of Ashurbanipal]] in Nineveh, Assur, Babylon and Sippur.<ref>{{ cite book | title = Babylonian Wisdom Literature | author = W. G. Lambert | publisher = Eisenbrauns | year = 1960 | pages = 63–67 }}</ref> His career was believed to have spanned the reigns of [[Nebuchadnezzar I|Nabū-kudurri-uṣur]] to Adad-apla-iddina, or five reigns if the latter king’s name can be restored in context.

[[Esagil-kin-apli]],<ref group=nb>m''é-sag-giI-ki-in-ap-li''.</ref> the ''ummânu'' (chief scholar) and a “prominent citizen” of [[Borsippa]], gathered together the many extant tablets of diagnostic omens and produced the edition that became the received text of the first millennium.<ref group=i>Tablets BM 41237, 46607 and 47163 and ND (Nimrud excavation numbers) 4358+4366 in the British Museum.</ref> In the introduction he warned, “Do not neglect your knowledge! He who does not attain(?) knowledge must not speak aloud the SA.GIG omens, nor must he pronounce out loud Alamdimmû SA.GIG (concerns) all diseases and all (forms of) distress.” Referred to as SA.GIG, the omen series continued on a series of 40 tablets grouped under six chapters. He may also have been responsible for editing other physiognomic omen works including the Alamdimmû, Nigdimdimmû, Kataduggû, Šumma Sinništu, and Šumma Liptu.<ref>{{ cite book | title = A Scientific Humanist: Studies in Memory of Abraham Sachs.| chapter = Adad-apla-iddina, Esagil-kin-apli, and the series SA.GIG | author = Irving L. Finkel | editor = Erle Leichty, Maria Dej Ellis | location = Philadelphia | publisher = University Museum | year = 1988 | pages = 143–59 }}</ref>

There is also a late copy of an astrological text originally dated to his eleventh year.<ref group=i>Tablet K. 6156 + 6141 + 6148 + 9108.</ref>

===Contemporary evidence===

He rebuilt extensively, including the Imgur-Enlil, city wall of Babylon, which had collapsed from old age according to a cylinder inscription, and the Nīmit-Marduk, rampart of the wall of Nippur, commemorated on a cone.<ref>{{ cite book | title = Babylonian topographical texts | author = A. R. George | publisher = Peeters | year = 1992 | pages = 344, 350 }}</ref> He made a votive offering of an engraved gold belt to the statue of [[Nabu|Nabû]] at the E-zida temple at [[Borsippa]].<ref group=i>BM 79503 clay tablet copy of inscription by Arad-Gula during the reign of [[Esarhaddon]].</ref> The ramp leading up to the temple of Nin-ezena in [[Isin]] bears his inscriptions recording his repairs. In [[Larsa]], he repaired the Ebabbar temple and in [[Kish (Sumer)|Kiš]] he reconstructed the Emete’ursag for [[Zababa]].<ref>{{ cite book | title = Reallexikon Der Assyriologie Und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie: Ia – Kizzuwatna | author = J. A. Brinkman | volume = 5 | editor = Dietz Otto Edzard | publisher = Walter De Gruyter | year = 1999 | pages = 188–189 }}</ref> Stamped bricks witness his construction efforts in Babylon<ref group=i>Brick, Bab. 59431.</ref> and to the great Nanna courtyard and in the pavement against the northeast face of the ziggurat at [[Ur]].<ref group=i>Bricks, BM 116989 and CBS 16482.</ref>

There are seven extant economic texts<ref group=i>Tablets: L74.100 (administrative, 5th year), UM 29-15-598 (legal 5th or 15th year), N 4512 (legal, 8th year), HS 156 no. 8.2.8 (economic 10th year), CBS 8074 (economic 13th year), NBC 11468 (grain account, 18th year), and NBC 11469 (grain account, 19th year).</ref> ranging in date from his fifth to his nineteenth year.<ref>{{ cite journal | title = A Second Isin Dynasty Economic Text | author = J. A. Brinkman | journal = NABU | issue = 2 | year = 1996 | pages = 58–59 }}</ref> A stone tablet records a legal transaction and is dated to his first year.<ref group=i>Stone tablet, VA 5937.</ref> A fragment of a [[kudurru]]<ref group=i>Fragment of basalt boundary-stone, BM 90940.</ref> records his gift of an estate to Mušallimu and another<ref group=i>Fragment of limestone tablet, BM 103215.</ref> records a deed of land to Marduk-akhu-[.....].

He may well have connived to replace Aššur-bêl-kala’s son and successor, [[Eriba-Adad II]], with his uncle, [[Shamshi-Adad IV|Šamši-Adad IV]], who had been in exile in Babylonia.<ref>{{ cite book | title = A Political History of Post-Kassite Babylonia (AnOr. 43) | author = J. A. Brinkman | publisher = Pontificium Institutum Bilicum | year = 1968 | pages = 135–144, 335–338 }}</ref>

==Inscriptions==

<references group="i"/>

==Notes==

<references group="nb"/>

==References==

{{Reflist}}

{{Babylonian kings}}

[[Category:Babylonian kings]]
[[Category:11th-century BC rulers]]

← Older revision	Revision as of 16:32, 18 March 2018
(No difference)

Adad-apla-iddina - Revision history

Test123: 1 revision imported

Shumulibshi: /* Period scholarship */