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BigEars42: /* Campaigns Against the Sealand and in Dilmun */ Link to Chronicle of Early Kings

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‎Campaigns Against the Sealand and in Dilmun: Link to Chronicle of Early Kings

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{{Infobox monarch
| name = Agum III
| title =
| image=
| caption =
| reign = ca. 1470 BC
| coronation =
| predecessor = [[Kashtiliash III|Kaštiliyåš III]] or [[Ulamburiash|Ulam-Buriyåš]]
| successor = Unknown
| spouse =
| royal house = [[Kassites|Kassite]]
| father =
| mother =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| buried =}}

'''Agum III'''<ref group=nb>Inscribed <sup>m</sup>A-gu-um in the ''Chronicle of Early Kings''.</ref> was a [[Kassites|Kassite]] king of [[Babylon]] ca. mid-15th century BC. Speculatively, he might figure around the 13th position in the dynastic sequence; however, this part of the ''Kingslist A''<ref group=i>''Kingslist A'', tablet BM 33332 in the British Museum.</ref> has a [[Lacuna (manuscripts)|lacuna]], shared with the ''Assyrian Synchronistic Kinglist''.<ref group=i>''Kinglist A.117'', Assur 14616c, in the İstanbul Arkeoloji Műzeleri.</ref>

Agum (usually called Agum III), son of [[Kashtiliash III|Kaštiliyåš]], appears to have been one of the successors to [[Burnaburiash I|Burna-Buriyåš I]], because he is mentioned in the ''Chronicle of Early Kings''<ref group=i name=early>''Chronicle of Early Kings'' (ABC 20) tablet BM 96152 in the British Museum, copy B, lines 16 through 18.</ref> after [[Ulamburiash|Ulam-Buriyåš]], who was a son of a Burna-Buriyåš.<ref>{{ cite book | title = Mesopotamian Dark Age Revisited | chapter = Babylonian Chronology of the 2nd Half of the 2nd Millennium B.C. | author = Leonhard Sassmannshausen | editor = H. Hunger and R. Pruzsinszky | url = http://www.austriaca.at/0xc1aa500d_0x00160e42.pdf | publisher = Verlag Der Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften | location = Vienna | year = 2004 | pages = 157–177 }}</ref> Although this source does not give him a royal title, it is inconsistent in this regard and does say he called up his own army, ''ummānšu idkēma''.<ref name=brinkman>{{ cite book | title = Materials for the Study of Kassite History, Vol. I (MSKH I) | chapter = Agum | author = J. A. Brinkman | publisher = Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago | year = 1976 | pages = 98–99 }}</ref>

==Campaigns Against the Sealand and in Dilmun==

Little is known about the king, with the only Babylonian reference to him from an expedition he led against "the Sealand", a region synonymous with [[Sumer]], ca. 1465 BC,<ref>{{ cite journal | title = Foreign Relations of Babylonia from 1600 to 625 B. C.: The Documentary Evidence | author = J. A. Brinkman | journal = American Journal of Archaeology | volume = 76 | issue = 3 | date = Jul 1972 | pages = 271–281 }}</ref> which is described in the ''[[Chronicle of Early Kings]]''.<ref group=i name=early/> His invasion followed that of his uncle, Ulam-Buriyåš, described in the preceding lines of the chronicle, who had previously made himself “master of the land”, i.e. Sealand. Whether the campaign was against a competing Kassite kingdom, a restive province or a resurgent Sealand dynasty is not disclosed. He reputedly conquered the city of Dur-Enlil which is otherwise unknown and destroyed its temple of Egalgašešna, leaving him in control of all of southern [[Mesopotamia]].<ref>{{ cite book | title = The Cambridge Ancient History | editor = I. E. S. Edwards | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 1978 | page = 433 }}</ref>

The excavation conducted by Béatrice André-Salvini (1995) in Bahrain, ancient [[Dilmun]], yielded around 50 tablets some of which dated to Agum III, whose 3rd and 4th years are attested in the dates of texts found in the area of Qal’at al-Bahrain, when Kassite rule may have extended to the island.<ref>{{ cite journal | title = Kassite Exercises: Literary and Lexical Extracts | author = Niek Veldhuis | journal = Journal of Cuneiform Studies | issue = 52 | year = 2000 | pages = 67–94 }}</ref> It has been suggested that following on from his successes conquering the Sealand, he crossed over to Bahrain, constructed a new palace and installed a local bureaucracy and by his 3rd and 4th years administrative documents began being dated to his reign.<ref>{{ cite journal | title = Elamites and Kassites in the Persian Gulf | author = D. T. Potts | journal = Journal of Near Eastern Studies | volume = 65 | issue = 2 | date = April 2006 | pages =111–119 | doi=10.1086/504986}}</ref> A problem arises with this theory due to the date formula.<ref group=nb>For example, month of Ajaru, 19th day, 4th year of Agum, in tablet QA94-49, a record of delivery of condiments, sesame and black cumin.</ref> The later kings [[Kadashman-harbe I|Kadašman-Ḫarbe I]] and [[Kurigalzu I]] each have texts dated using the archaic “year name” style<ref group=nb>Tablet Ni 3199: “The year Kadašman-Ḫarbe, the king, dug the canal of [[Diniktum]]; Tablet D85: “19th day of Šabatu, the year Kurigalzu built the Ekurigibara.”</ref> and it is not until their successors, [[Kadashman-Enlil I|Kadašman-Enlil I]] and [[Burna-Buriash II|Burna-Buriaš II]] that regnal years count from the accession of a king.

==Inscriptions==

<references group="i"/>

==Notes==

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==References==

{{Reflist}}

{{Babylonian kings}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Agum Iii}}
[[Category:Babylonian kings]]
[[Category:Kassite kings]]

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