Chaldean Neo-Aramaic - Revision history

Chaldean at 14:57, 19 November 2023

2023-11-19T14:57:52Z

Chaldean at 18:32, 3 May 2019

2019-05-03T18:32:45Z

Chaldean at 05:08, 8 June 2015

2015-06-08T05:08:37Z

Chaldean at 05:07, 8 June 2015

2015-06-08T05:07:33Z

Chaldean: /* See also */

2015-05-10T13:37:24Z

‎See also

Chaldean at 13:36, 10 May 2015

2015-05-10T13:36:26Z

Chaldean: /* History */

2015-05-10T13:34:02Z

‎History

Chaldean at 13:26, 10 May 2015

2015-05-10T13:26:01Z

Chaldean at 00:23, 4 May 2015

2015-05-04T00:23:44Z

Ian: assyrian clean up, replaced: Assyria → Chaldea (2)

2015-05-03T15:45:33Z

assyrian clean up, replaced: Assyria → Chaldea (2)

@@ Line 30: / Line 30: @@
 It is extremely [[mutual intelligibility|closely related]] to [[Chaldean Neo-Aramaic]], both evolving from the same [[Aramaic language]], a distinct dialect which evolved in [[Mesopotamia]]<ref>Khan 2008, pp. 6</ref> between the 5th century BC and 1st century AD. The terms ''Syrian'' and thus ''Syriac'' were originally 9th century BC [[Indo-Anatolian]] .<ref>Tekoglu, R. & Lemaire, A. (2000). La bilingue royale louvito-phénicienne de Çineköy. Comptes rendus de l’Académie des inscriptions, et belleslettres, année 2000, 960-1006.</ref>
-Despite the terms ''Chaldean Neo-Aramaic'' and ''Assyrian Neo-Aramaic'' indicating a separate religious or even ethnic identity, both languages and their native speakers originate from and are indigenous to the same [[Upper Mesopotamia]]n region (between the 9th century BC and 7th century BC), and both originate directly from Aramaic, which was founded in that same region near Syria and Palestine.
+Despite the terms ''Chaldean Neo-Aramaic'' indicating a separate religious or even ethnic identity, both languages and their native speakers originate from and are indigenous to the same [[Upper Mesopotamia]]n region (between the 9th century BC and 7th century BC), and both originate directly from Aramaic, which was founded in that same region near Syria and Palestine.
 == History ==

@@ Line 28: / Line 28: @@
 As of the 1990s, the NENA group had an estimated number of speakers just below 1,500,000, spread throughout the Middle East and the Chaldean diaspora. More than 90% of these speak either the Chaldean Neo-Aramaic or Chaldean Neo-Aramaic variety, two varieties of Christian Neo-Aramaic or ''Sureth'' which, contrary to what their names suggest, are ''not'' divided among denominational Chaldean church/Chaldean church lines.<ref>Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Northeastern Neo-Aramaic". Glottolog 2.2. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.</ref><ref>Blench, 2006. The Afro-Asiatic Languages: Classification and Reference List</ref><ref>Khan 2008, pp. 6</ref> A further number speak [[Central Neo-Aramaic]] dialects, with figures for these ranging from 112,000 to 450,000 speakers.<ref>Turoyo at Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013)</ref> Mutual intelligibility with Chaldean Neo-Aramaic and Chaldean Neo-Aramaic is considerable, but to a limited degree in some dialects.
-It is extremely [[mutual intelligibility|closely related]] to [[Assyrian Neo-Aramaic]], both evolving from the same [[Syriac language]], a distinct dialect which evolved in [[Assyria]]<ref>Khan 2008, pp. 6</ref> between the 5th century BC and 1st century AD. The terms ''Syrian'' and thus ''Syriac'' were originally 9th century BC [[Indo-Anatolian]] derivatives of ''Assyrian''.<ref>Tekoglu, R. & Lemaire, A. (2000). La bilingue royale louvito-phénicienne de Çineköy. Comptes rendus de l’Académie des inscriptions, et belleslettres, année 2000, 960-1006.</ref>
+It is extremely [[mutual intelligibility|closely related]] to [[Chaldean Neo-Aramaic]], both evolving from the same [[Aramaic language]], a distinct dialect which evolved in [[Mesopotamia]]<ref>Khan 2008, pp. 6</ref> between the 5th century BC and 1st century AD. The terms ''Syrian'' and thus ''Syriac'' were originally 9th century BC [[Indo-Anatolian]] .<ref>Tekoglu, R. & Lemaire, A. (2000). La bilingue royale louvito-phénicienne de Çineköy. Comptes rendus de l’Académie des inscriptions, et belleslettres, année 2000, 960-1006.</ref>
-Despite the terms ''Chaldean Neo-Aramaic'' and ''Assyrian Neo-Aramaic'' indicating a separate religious or even ethnic identity, both languages and their native speakers originate from and are indigenous to the same [[Upper Mesopotamia]]n region (what was [[Assyria]] between the 9th century BC and 7th century BC), and both originate directly from Syriac, which was founded in that same region.
+Despite the terms ''Chaldean Neo-Aramaic'' and ''Assyrian Neo-Aramaic'' indicating a separate religious or even ethnic identity, both languages and their native speakers originate from and are indigenous to the same [[Upper Mesopotamia]]n region (between the 9th century BC and 7th century BC), and both originate directly from Aramaic, which was founded in that same region near Syria and Palestine.
 == History ==
-The Syriac language in turn, had evolved from [[Imperial Aramaic]], an [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] infused dialect introduced as the [[lingua franca]] of Chaldea and the [[Neo-Babylonian Empire]] by [[Chaldean Kings]] in the 10th century BC. The term ''Syrian'' and thus its derivative ''Syriac'', had originally been 9th century BC [[Indo-Anatolian]] and [[Greek language|Greek]] corruptions of ''Nenivah".<ref>Rollinger, Robert (2006). "The terms "" (PDF). Journal of Near Eastern Studies 65 (4): 284–287. doi:10.1086/511103.</ref>
+The Syriac language in turn, had evolved from [[Imperial Chaldean]], an [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] infused dialect introduced as the [[lingua franca]] of Chaldea and the [[Neo-Babylonian Empire]] by [[Chaldean Kings]] in the 10th century BC. The term ''Syrian'' and thus its derivative ''Syriac'', had originally been 9th century BC [[Indo-Anatolian]] and [[Greek language|Greek]] corruptions of ''Nenivah".<ref>Rollinger, Robert (2006). "The terms "" (PDF). Journal of Near Eastern Studies 65 (4): 284–287. doi:10.1086/511103.</ref>
-Chaldean Language is one of a number of modern [[Northeastern Aramaic languages]] spoken by the [[Chaldean people]], native to the northern region of [[Iraq]] from [[Kirkuk]] through the [[Nineveh plains]], [[Irbil]] and [[Mosul]] to [[Dohuk]], [[Urmia]] in northwestern [[Iran]], northeastern [[Syria]] (particularly the [[Al Hasakah]] region) and in southeast [[Turkey]], particularly [[Hakkari]], [[Bohtan]], [[Harran]], [[Tur Abdin]], [[Mardin]] and [[Diyarbakir]]. The [[Chaldean Christian]] dialects have been heavily influenced by  [[Classical Syriac]], the literary language of the [[Chaldean Church]] and [[Syriac Christianity]] in antiquity.
+Chaldean Language is one or original languages also called the [[Babylonian language]] spoken by the [[Chaldean people]], native to the northern region of [[Iraq]] from [[Kirkuk]] through the [[Nineveh plains]], [[Irbil]] and [[Mosul]] to [[Dohuk]], [[Urmia]] in northwestern [[Iran]], northeastern [[Syria]] (particularly the [[Al Hasakah]] region) and in southeast [[Turkey]], particularly [[Hakkari]], [[Bohtan]], [[Harran]], [[Tur Abdin]], [[Mardin]] and [[Diyarbakir]]. The [[Chaldean Christian]] dialects have been heavily influenced by  [[Classical Babylonian]], the literary language of the [[Chaldean Church]] and Church of the EAST [[Christianity]] in antiquity.
-Therefore, Christian Neo-Aramaic has a dual heritage: literary [[Syriac]] and colloquial [[Chaldean]] [[Eastern Aramaic]]. The closely related dialects are often collectively called ''Soureth'', or ''Syriac ''in [[Iraqi Arabic]].
+Therefore, Christian Neo-Aramaic has a dual heritage: literary [[Chaldean]] and colloquial [[Chaldean]] [[Eastern Aramaic]]. The closely related dialects are often collectively called ''Soureth'', or ''Syriac ''in [[Iraqi Arabic]] which is inaccurate naming.
 [[Jews]], [[Mandeans]] and [[Syriac]]-[[Aramean]] Christians speak different dialects of Aramaic that are often mutually unintelligible.
 ==Dialects==
-Chaldean Neo-Aramaic and Chaldean Neo-Aramaic are dialects originating in the [[Nineveh Plains]] and [[Upper Mesopotamia]]{{citation needed|date=March 2015}}, a region which was an integral part of ancient Chaldea between the 9th century BC and 7th century BC. They have a number of identifiable dialects, each corresponding to one of the Chaldo-Chaldean Christian villages where the language is spoken. The village/dialects are: [[Ankawa]], [[Alqosh]], [[Aqrah]], Mangesh, [[Tel Kaif|Tel Keppe]], [[Bakhdida|Baghdeda]], [[Tel Skuf]], [[Baqofah]], [[Batnaya]], [[Bartella]], Sirnak-Cizre (Bohtan), [[Araden]] and [[Duhok, Iraq|Dahuk]]. {{citation needed|date=March 2015}}
+Chaldean Neo-Aramaic and Soureth are dialects originating in the [[Nineveh Plains]] and [[Upper Mesopotamia]]{{citation needed|date=March 2015}}, a region which was an integral part of ancient Chaldea between the 9th century BC and 7th century BC. They have a number of identifiable dialects, each corresponding to one of the Chaldo-Chaldean Christian villages where the language is spoken. The village/dialects are: [[Ankawa]], [[Alqosh]], [[Aqrah]], Mangesh, [[Tel Kaif|Tel Keppe]], [[Bakhdida|Baghdeda]], [[Tel Skuf]], [[Baqofah]], [[Batnaya]], [[Bartella]], Sirnak-Cizre (Bohtan), [[Araden]] and [[Duhok, Iraq|Dahuk]]. {{citation needed|date=March 2015}}
 ==Phonology==

@@ Line 26: / Line 26: @@
 '''Chaldean Neo-Aramaic''' is a [[Northeastern Neo-Aramaic]] language<ref>[[Arthur John Maclean|Maclean, Arthur John]] (1895). ''Grammar of the dialects of vernacular Syriac: as spoken by the Eastern Syrians of Kurdistan, north-west Persia, and the Plain of Mosul: with notices of the vernacular of the Jews of Azerbaijan and of Zakhu near Mosul''. Cambridge University Press, London.</ref> spoken throughout a large region stretching from the plain of [[Urmia]], in northwestern Iran, to the [[Nineveh plains]], in northern Iraq, together with parts of southeastern Turkey.<ref>Beyer, Klaus; John F. Healey (trans.) (1986). The Aramaic Language: its distribution and subdivisions. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht. p. 44. ISBN 3-525-53573-2.</ref>
-As of the 1990s, the NENA group had an estimated number of speakers just below 500,000, spread throughout the Middle East and the Chaldean diaspora. More than 90% of these speak either the Chaldean Neo-Aramaic or Chaldean Neo-Aramaic variety, two varieties of Christian Neo-Aramaic or ''Sureth'' which, contrary to what their names suggest, are ''not'' divided among denominational Chaldean church/Chaldean church lines.<ref>Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Northeastern Neo-Aramaic". Glottolog 2.2. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.</ref><ref>Blench, 2006. The Afro-Asiatic Languages: Classification and Reference List</ref><ref>Khan 2008, pp. 6</ref> A further number speak [[Central Neo-Aramaic]] dialects, with figures for these ranging from 112,000 to 450,000 speakers.<ref>Turoyo at Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013)</ref> Mutual intelligibility with Chaldean Neo-Aramaic and Chaldean Neo-Aramaic is considerable, but to a limited degree in some dialects.
+As of the 1990s, the NENA group had an estimated number of speakers just below 1,500,000, spread throughout the Middle East and the Chaldean diaspora. More than 90% of these speak either the Chaldean Neo-Aramaic or Chaldean Neo-Aramaic variety, two varieties of Christian Neo-Aramaic or ''Sureth'' which, contrary to what their names suggest, are ''not'' divided among denominational Chaldean church/Chaldean church lines.<ref>Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Northeastern Neo-Aramaic". Glottolog 2.2. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.</ref><ref>Blench, 2006. The Afro-Asiatic Languages: Classification and Reference List</ref><ref>Khan 2008, pp. 6</ref> A further number speak [[Central Neo-Aramaic]] dialects, with figures for these ranging from 112,000 to 450,000 speakers.<ref>Turoyo at Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013)</ref> Mutual intelligibility with Chaldean Neo-Aramaic and Chaldean Neo-Aramaic is considerable, but to a limited degree in some dialects.
 It is extremely [[mutual intelligibility|closely related]] to [[Assyrian Neo-Aramaic]], both evolving from the same [[Syriac language]], a distinct dialect which evolved in [[Assyria]]<ref>Khan 2008, pp. 6</ref> between the 5th century BC and 1st century AD. The terms ''Syrian'' and thus ''Syriac'' were originally 9th century BC [[Indo-Anatolian]] derivatives of ''Assyrian''.<ref>Tekoglu, R. & Lemaire, A. (2000). La bilingue royale louvito-phénicienne de Çineköy. Comptes rendus de l’Académie des inscriptions, et belleslettres, année 2000, 960-1006.</ref>

@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 |imagecaption= '''Sûret''' in written Syriac <br>(Madnkhaya script)
 |imagesize=150px
-|states=[[Iraq]], [[Iran]], [[Turkey]]
+|states=[[Iraq]], [[Iran]], [[Turkey]], [[Syria]]
-|region=[[Iraq]]; [[Mosul]], [[Ninawa]], now also [[Baghdad]] and [[Basra]].
+|region=[[Iraq]]; [[Mosul]], [[Ninawa]],  also [[Baghdad]] and [[Basra]].
 |speakers=3,100,000
 |date=no date

@@ Line 161: / Line 161: @@
 *[[Aramaic language]]
 *[[Eastern Aramaic languages]]
-*[[Syriac language]]
+*[[Chaldean language]]
-*[[Assyrian Neo-Aramaic]]
+*[[Chaldean Neo-Aramaic]]
 *[[Chaldean Catholic Church]]
 *[[Syriac Orthodox Church]]

@@ Line 178: / Line 178: @@
 * [[Wolfhart Heinrichs|Heinrichs, Wolfhart]] (ed.) (1990). ''Studies in Neo-Aramaic''. Scholars Press: Atlanta, Georgia. ISBN 1-55540-430-8.
 * [[Arthur John Maclean|Maclean, Arthur John]] (1895). ''Grammar of the dialects of vernacular Syriac: as spoken by the Eastern Syrians of Kurdistan, north-west Persia, and the Plain of Mosul: with notices of the vernacular of the Jews of Azerbaijan and of Zakhu near Mosul''. Cambridge University Press, London.
 ==External links==

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Infobox language
-|name=Chaldean Neo-Aramaic
+|name=Chaldean Language
 |nativename=<span dir="rtl">ܟܠܕܝܐ</span> ''Kaldāyâ'', <span dir="rtl">ܣܘܼܪܲܝܬ</span>&nbsp;''Sōreth''
 |pronunciation={{IPA-sem|kalˈdɑjɑ], [sorɛθ|}}

@@ Line 8: / Line 8: @@
 |states=[[Iraq]], [[Iran]], [[Turkey]]
 |region=[[Iraq]]; [[Mosul]], [[Ninawa]], now also [[Baghdad]] and [[Basra]].
-|speakers=220,000
+|speakers=3,100,000
 |date=no date
 |ref=e18
-|speakers2=(110,000 in Iraq in 1994)
+|speakers2=(300,000 in Iraq in 2015)
 |familycolor=Afro-Asiatic
 |fam2=[[Semitic languages|Semitic]]

@@ Line 33: / Line 33: @@
 == History ==
-The Syriac language in turn, had evolved from [[Imperial Aramaic]], an [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] infused dialect introduced as the [[lingua franca]] of Assyria and the [[Neo-Assyrian Empire]] by [[Tiglath-Pileser III]] in the 8th century BC. The term ''Syrian'' and thus its derivative ''Syriac'', had originally been 9th century BC [[Indo-Anatolian]] and [[Greek language|Greek]] corruptions of ''Assyria''.<ref>Rollinger, Robert (2006). "The terms "Assyria" and "Syria" again" (PDF). Journal of Near Eastern Studies 65 (4): 284–287. doi:10.1086/511103.</ref>
+The Syriac language in turn, had evolved from [[Imperial Aramaic]], an [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] infused dialect introduced as the [[lingua franca]] of Chaldea and the [[Neo-Assyrian Empire]] by [[Tiglath-Pileser III]] in the 8th century BC. The term ''Syrian'' and thus its derivative ''Syriac'', had originally been 9th century BC [[Indo-Anatolian]] and [[Greek language|Greek]] corruptions of ''Assyria''.<ref>Rollinger, Robert (2006). "The terms "Assyria" and "Syria" again" (PDF). Journal of Near Eastern Studies 65 (4): 284–287. doi:10.1086/511103.</ref>
 Chaldean Neo-Aramaic is one of a number of modern [[Northeastern Aramaic languages]] spoken by the [[Assyrian people]],<ref>Parpola, Simo (2004). "National and Ethnic Identity in the Neo-Assyrian Empire and Assyrian Identity in Post-Empire Times" (PDF). Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies (in English) (JAAS). Vol. 18 (No. 2): pp. 22.</ref><ref>Mar Raphael J Bidawid. The Assyrian Star. September–October, 1974:5</ref> native to the northern region of [[Iraq]] from [[Kirkuk]] through the [[Nineveh plains]], [[Irbil]] and [[Mosul]] to [[Dohuk]], [[Urmia]] in northwestern [[Iran]], northeastern [[Syria]] (particularly the [[Al Hasakah]] region) and in southeast [[Turkey]], particularly [[Hakkari]], [[Bohtan]], [[Harran]], [[Tur Abdin]], [[Mardin]] and [[Diyarbakir]]. The [[Assyrian Christian]] dialects have been heavily influenced by  [[Classical Syriac]], the literary language of the [[Assyrian Church]] and [[Syriac Christianity]] in antiquity.
@@ Line 42: / Line 42: @@
 ==Dialects==
-Chaldean Neo-Aramaic and Chaldean Neo-Aramaic are dialects originating in the [[Nineveh Plains]] and [[Upper Mesopotamia]]{{citation needed|date=March 2015}}, a region which was an integral part of ancient Assyria between the 9th century BC and 7th century BC. They have a number of identifiable dialects, each corresponding to one of the Chaldo-Chaldean Christian villages where the language is spoken. The village/dialects are: [[Ankawa]], [[Alqosh]], [[Aqrah]], Mangesh, [[Tel Kaif|Tel Keppe]], [[Bakhdida|Baghdeda]], [[Tel Skuf]], [[Baqofah]], [[Batnaya]], [[Bartella]], Sirnak-Cizre (Bohtan), [[Araden]] and [[Duhok, Iraq|Dahuk]]. {{citation needed|date=March 2015}}
+Chaldean Neo-Aramaic and Chaldean Neo-Aramaic are dialects originating in the [[Nineveh Plains]] and [[Upper Mesopotamia]]{{citation needed|date=March 2015}}, a region which was an integral part of ancient Chaldea between the 9th century BC and 7th century BC. They have a number of identifiable dialects, each corresponding to one of the Chaldo-Chaldean Christian villages where the language is spoken. The village/dialects are: [[Ankawa]], [[Alqosh]], [[Aqrah]], Mangesh, [[Tel Kaif|Tel Keppe]], [[Bakhdida|Baghdeda]], [[Tel Skuf]], [[Baqofah]], [[Batnaya]], [[Bartella]], Sirnak-Cizre (Bohtan), [[Araden]] and [[Duhok, Iraq|Dahuk]]. {{citation needed|date=March 2015}}
 ==Phonology==