Chaldean people - Revision history

Chaldean at 14:50, 19 November 2023

2023-11-19T14:50:17Z

Amytis at 02:41, 4 August 2015

2015-08-04T02:41:25Z

Chaldean at 10:51, 3 August 2015

2015-08-03T10:51:42Z

SunRise4ever at 10:22, 3 August 2015

2015-08-03T10:22:13Z

SunRise4ever at 09:58, 3 August 2015

2015-08-03T09:58:21Z

SunRise4ever at 09:57, 3 August 2015

2015-08-03T09:57:30Z

SunRise4ever at 09:55, 3 August 2015

2015-08-03T09:55:18Z

Brightstar at 01:34, 22 July 2015

2015-07-22T01:34:41Z

Brightstar at 03:35, 20 July 2015

2015-07-20T03:35:45Z

SunRise4ever at 16:20, 18 July 2015

2015-07-18T16:20:30Z

@@ Line 134: / Line 134: @@
 | ref28   = {{lower|<ref>{{ }}</ref>}}
 | languages  = [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]]: [[Neo-Aramaic languages|Neo-Aramaic]]<br />{{smaller|(also [[Chaldean people#Language|various Neo-Aramaic dialects]])}}
-| religions  = '''†''' [[Syriac Christianity]]
+| religions  = '''†''' [[Chaldean Christianity]]
 | related    = [[Mhallami]], [[Maronites]]
 }}
@@ Line 141: / Line 141: @@
 Today that ancient territory is part of several nations: the north of [[Iraq]], part of southeast [[Turkey]] and northeast [[Syria]]. They are indigenous to, and have traditionally lived all over what is now Iraq, northeast Syria, northwest [[Iran]], and southeastern Turkey.<ref name="MacDonald">*{{cite journal|author=MacDonald, Kevin |date=2004-07-29 |title=Socialization for Ingroup Identity in the United States |publisher=Paper presented at a symposium on socialization for ingroup identity at the meetings of the International Society for Human Ethology, [[Ghent, Belgium]]|url=http://evolution.anthro.univie.ac.at/ishe/conferences/past%20conferences/ghent.html |quote=Based on interviews with community informants, this paper explores socialization for ingroup identity and endogamy among Chaldeans in the United States. The Chaldeans descent from the population of ancient [[Mesopotamia]] (founded in the 24th century BC), and have lived as a [[linguistic]], political, religious, and [[ethnic minority]] in Iraq, Iran, Syria and Turkey since the fall of the [[Chaldean Empire]] in 645 BC. Practices that maintain ethnic and cultural continuity in the [[Near East]], the United States and elsewhere include language and residential patterns, ethnically based [[Christian]] [[local church|churches]] characterized by unique holidays and [[rite]]s, and culturally specific practices related to life-cycle events and [[food preparation]]. The interviews probe parental attitudes and practices related to ethnic [[Cultural identity|identity]] and encouragement of [[endogamy]]. Results are being analyzed. |authorlink=Kevin B. MacDonald}}</ref>{{Better source|reason=Kevin is a white supremacist, not an ethnologist, there must be more objective sources for this|date=January 2015}} Most Chaldeans speak an [[Aramaic language#Modern Eastern Aramaic|Eastern Aramaic language]] whose subdivisions include [[Chaldean Neo-Aramaic]], [[Chaldean Neo-Aramaic|Chaldean]] and [[Kaldya language|Kaldeya]].<ref>The British Survey, By British Society for International Understanding, 1968, page 3</ref>
-The Chaldeans are a Christian people, most of them following various [[East Syrian Rite|Eastern Rite]] Churches. Divisions exist between the speakers of [[Northeastern Neo-Aramaic]], who mostly belong to the [[Chaldean Church of the East]], [[Ancient Church of the East]] and [[Chaldean Catholic Church]] and have been historically concentrated in what is now northern Iraq, northwestern Iran, and southeastern Turkey, and speakers of [[Central Neo-Aramaic]], who traditionally belong to the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]] and [[Syriac Catholic Church]] and are indigenous to what is now southern Turkey, northern Syria and northern Iraq.
+The Chaldeans are a Christian people, most of them following various [[Chaldean Catholic Rite|Eastern Rite]] Churches. Divisions exist between the speakers of [[Northeastern Neo-Aramaic]], who mostly belong to the [[Chaldean Church of the East]], [[Ancient Church of the East]] and [[Chaldean Catholic Church]] and have been historically concentrated in what is now northern Iraq, northwestern Iran, and southeastern Turkey, and speakers of [[Central Neo-Aramaic]], who traditionally belong to the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]] and [[Syriac Catholic Church]] and are indigenous to what is now southern Turkey, northern Syria and northern Iraq.
 Many have migrated to the [[Caucasus]], North America, Australia and Europe during the past century or so. [[Chaldean–Syriac diaspora|Diaspora]] and refugee communities are based in Europe (particularly Sweden, Germany, Netherlands, and France), North America, New Zealand, Lebanon, [[Armenia]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.joshuaproject.net/people-profile.php?peo3=10464&rog3=GG|title=Chaldean in Georgia|author=Joshua Project|publisher=|accessdate=18 February 2015}}</ref> southern Russia, Israel, [[Azerbaijan]] and [[Jordan]].
@@ Line 156: / Line 156: @@
 === Arab conquest ===
-The Chaldeans initially experienced some periods of religious and cultural freedom interspersed with periods of severe religious and ethnic persecution after Arab Islamic invasion and conquest of the 7th century AD. As heirs to ancient Mesopotamian civilisation, they also contributed hugely to the Arab Islamic Civilization during the [[Ummayad Caliphate|Umayyads]] and the [[Abbasids]] by translating works of [[Greek philosophers]] to Syriac and afterwards to [[Arabic language|Arabic]]. They also excelled in [[philosophy]], [[science]] and [[theology]] (such as [[Tatian]], [[Bar Daisan]], [[Babai the Great]], [[Nestorius]], [[Toma bar Yacoub]] etc.) and the personal [[physicians]] of the Abbasid Caliphs were often Chaldean [[Christians]] such as the long serving [[Bukhtishu]] dynasty.<ref>Rémi Brague, [https://web.archive.org/web/20130927015958/http://www.christiansofiraq.com Chaldean Contributions To The Islamic Civilization]. (Archived: 27 September 2013)</ref>
+The Chaldeans initially experienced some periods of religious and cultural freedom interspersed with periods of severe religious and ethnic persecution after Arab Islamic invasion and conquest of the 7th century AD. As heirs to ancient Mesopotamian civilisation, they also contributed hugely to the Arab Islamic Civilization during the [[Ummayad Caliphate|Umayyads]] and the [[Abbasids]] by translating works of [[Greek philosophers]] to Chaldean language and afterwards to [[Arabic language|Arabic]]. They also excelled in [[philosophy]], [[science]] and [[theology]] (such as [[Tatian]], [[Bar Daisan]], [[Babai the Great]], [[Nestorius]], [[Toma bar Yacoub]] etc.) and the personal [[physicians]] of the Abbasid Caliphs were often Chaldean [[Christians]] such as the long serving [[Bukhtishu]] dynasty.<ref>Rémi Brague, [https://web.archive.org/web/20130927015958/http://www.christiansofiraq.com Chaldean Contributions To The Islamic Civilization]. (Archived: 27 September 2013)</ref>
 However, despite this, indigenous Chaldeans became second class citizens in a greater Arab Islamic state, and those who resisted Arabization and conversion to Islam were subject to severe religious, ethnic and cultural discrimination, and had certain restrictions imposed upon them.<ref>Clinton Bennett (2005). ''Muslims and Modernity: An Introduction to the Issues and Debates''. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 163. ISBN 0-8264-5481-X. Retrieved 2012-07-07</ref> Chaldeans were excluded from specific duties and occupations reserved for Muslims, they did not enjoy the same political rights as Muslims, their word was not equal to that of a Muslim in legal and civil matters, as Christians they were subject to payment of a special tax (jizyah), they were banned from spreading their religion further or building new churches in Muslim ruled lands, but were also expected to adhere to the same laws of property, contract and obligation as the Muslim Arabs.<ref>H. Patrick Glenn, ''Legal Traditions of the World''. Oxford University Press, 2007, p. 219.</ref>
@@ Line 214: / Line 214: @@
 Islamic resentment over the United States' occupation of Iraq, and incidents such as the [[Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy|''Jyllands-Posten'' Muhammad cartoons]] and the [[Pope Benedict XVI Islam controversy]], have resulted in Muslims attacking Chaldean Christian communities. Since the start of the Iraq war, at least 46 churches and monasteries have been bombed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kaldaya.net/2011/News/08/Aug24_E2_BombersTargetKirkuk.html |title=Church Bombings in Iraq Since 2004 |publisher=Kaldaya.net|accessdate=2008-11-16}}</ref>
-The '''Syriac Military Council''' is an Chaldean/Syriac military organisation in Syria. The establishment of the organisation was announced on 8 January 2013. According to the Syriac Military Council the goal of the organisation is to stand up for the national rights of Syriacs and to protect the Syriac people in Syria. It intends to work together with the other communities in Syria to change the current government of [[Bashar al-Assad]]. The organisation will fight mostly in the densely populated Syriac areas of the Governorates of [[Aleppo Governorate|Aleppo]], [[Damascus]], [[Al-Hasakah Governorate|Al-Hasakah]], [[Latakia Governorate|Latakia]] and [[Homs Governorate|Homs]].<ref>[http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/syriacs-establish-military-council-in-syria.aspx?pageID=238&nid=40329 Syriacs establish military council in Syria], ''[[Hürriyet Daily News]]'', 2 February 2013</ref>
+The '''Syriac Military Council''' is a Chaldean/Syriac military organisation in Syria. The establishment of the organisation was announced on 8 January 2013. According to the Syriac Military Council the goal of the organisation is to stand up for the national rights of Syriacs and to protect the Syriac people in Syria. It intends to work together with the other communities in Syria to change the current government of [[Bashar al-Assad]]. The organisation will fight mostly in the densely populated Syriac areas of the Governorates of [[Aleppo Governorate|Aleppo]], [[Damascus]], [[Al-Hasakah Governorate|Al-Hasakah]], [[Latakia Governorate|Latakia]] and [[Homs Governorate|Homs]].<ref>[http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/syriacs-establish-military-council-in-syria.aspx?pageID=238&nid=40329 Syriacs establish military council in Syria], ''[[Hürriyet Daily News]]'', 2 February 2013</ref>
 == Demographics ==

@@ Line 49: / Line 49: @@
 }}
 | caption    =
-| population = 2–3.3 million<ref>[http://www.unpo.org/article/7859], [[UNPO]] estimates</ref>
+| population = [[Mesopotamia]] 2–3.3 million<ref>[http://www.unpo.org/article/7859], [[UNPO]] estimates</ref>
 | region1    = '''{{resize|120%|Traditional areas of Chaldean settlement}}'''
 | region2    = {{pad|0.6em}}{{flag|Iraq}}

@@ Line 17: / Line 17: @@
 | image12 = John sulaqa.gif| caption12 = [[Shimun Sulaqa]]
 | image13 = Maria Theresa Asmar.png| caption13 = [[Maria Theresa Asmar]]
-| image14 = Hormuzd.Rassam.reclined.jpg| caption14 = [[Hormuzd Rassam]]
+| image14 = Hormuzd.Rassam.reclined.jpg| caption14 = [[Hormuzd Rassam ]]
 | image15 =
 | image16 =
@@ Line 42: / Line 42: @@
 | image2 = MBashir.jpg | caption2 = [[Munir Bashir]]
 | image3 = Maria Theresa Asmar.png | caption3 = [[Maria Theresa Asmar]]
-| image4 = Hormuzd.Rassam.reclined.jpg | caption4 = [[Hormuz Rassam]]
+| image4 = Hormuzd.Rassam.reclined.jpg | caption4 = [[Hormuzd Rassam]]
 | image5 = Ammobabaold.jpg | caption5 = [[Ammo Baba]]
 | image6 = Archbishop Mar Paulos Faraj Rahho.jpg | caption6 = [[Archbishop Mar Paulos Faraj Rahho]]
 | image7 = Sister Cecilia Moshi Hanna.jpg | caption7 = [[Sister Cecilia Moshi Hanna]]
-| image8 = Her Ragheed Aziz Ganni.jpg | caption8 = [[Her Ragheed Aziz Ganni]]
+| image8 = Her Ragheed Aziz Ganni.jpg | caption8 = [[Ragheed Ganni]]
 }}
 | caption    =

@@ Line 72: / Line 72: @@
 | region8   = {{pad|0.6em}}{{flag|Jordan}}
 | pop8      = 100,000–150,000
-| ref8      = {{lower|<ref>[http://spectator.org/archives/2007/07/02/thrown-to-the-lions Thrown to the Lions], [[Doug Bandow]], The America Spectator</ref><ref>[ Jordan Should Legally Recognize Displaced Iraqis As Refugees], AINA.org. [http://www.crosswalk.com/news/religiontoday/11542438/ Chaldean Christians Flee Iraq to Neighboring Jordan], ASSIST News Service</ref>}}
+| ref8      = {{lower|<ref>[http://spectator.org/archives/2007/07/02/thrown-to-the-lions Thrown to the Lions], [[Doug Bandow]], The America Spectator</ref>}}
 | region9   = {{pad|0.6em}}{{flag|Germany}}
 | pop9      = 100,000
@@ Line 84: / Line 84: @@
 | region12   = {{pad|0.6em}}{{flag|Netherlands}}
 | pop12      = 20,000
-| ref12      = {{lower|<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=http://www.aina.org/news/20040620144321.htm |title=CNN Under-Estimates Iraqi Chaldean Population |publisher=Aina.org |accessdate=2013-09-18}}</ref>}}
+| ref12      = {{ }}
 | region13   = {{pad|0.6em}}{{flag|France}}
 | pop13      = 16,000
@@ Line 93: / Line 93: @@
 | region15   = {{pad|0.6em}}{{flag|Russia}}
 | pop15      = 10,911
-| ref15      = {{lower|<ref name="AINApop">{{cite web|url=http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?act=url&depth=1&hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=auto&tl=en&u=http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/Documents/Vol4/pub-04-04.xlsx&usg=ALkJrhgaxBAcNkW4GbQMayFRueaNMarhEA |title=Google Translate |publisher=Translate.googleusercontent.com |accessdate=2013-09-18}}</ref>}}
+| ref15      = {{lower|<ref name="CHALDEANpop">{{cite web|url=http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?act=url&depth=1&hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=auto&tl=en&u=http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/Documents/Vol4/pub-04-04.xlsx&usg=ALkJrhgaxBAcNkW4GbQMayFRueaNMarhEA |title=Google Translate |publisher=Translate.googleusercontent.com |accessdate=2013-09-18}}</ref>}}
 | region16   = {{pad|0.6em}}{{flag|Canada}}
 | pop16      = 10,810

@@ Line 270: / Line 270: @@
 In addition [[Western Media]] often makes no mention of any ethnic identity of the Christian people of the region and simply call them Christians, Iraqi Christians, Iranian Christians, Syrian Christians, Turkish Christians, etc. This label is rejected by Chaldeans/Chaldeans/Syriacs since it erroneously implies no difference other than theological with the Muslim Arabs, Kurds, Turks, Iranians and Azeris of the region.
-=== Chaldean are Syriac or Syrian are Same People ===
+=== Chaldean and Syriac or Syrian are Same People ===
 As early as the 8th century BC [[Luwian]] and [[Cilician]] subject rulers referred to their Chaldean overlords as ''Syrian'', a western [[Indo-European]] bastardisation of the true term ''Chaldean''.
 This corruption of the name took hold in the Hellenic lands to the west of the Chaldean Babylonian Empire, thus during [[Greeks|Greek]] [[Seleucid]] rule from 323 BC the name ''Chaldea'' was altered to ''Syria'', and this term was also applied to [[Aramea]] to the west which had been an Chaldean colony. When the Seleucids lost control of Chaldea to the Parthians they retained the corrupted term (Syria), applying it to ancient Aramea, while the Parthians called Chaldea, a Parthian form of the original name. It is from this period that the Syrian vs Chaldean controversy arises. Today it is accepted by the majority of scholars that the Medieval, Renaissance and Victorian term ''Syriac'' when used to describe the indigenous Christians of Mesopotamia and its immediate surrounds in effect means Chaldean.<ref>{{cite web|http://www.kaldaya.net/Articles/500/Atricle575_Sep12_07_Chaldean.html |title=Who are the Chaldeans |publisher=Kaldaya.net|date=2007-09-07 |accessdate=2013-09-18}}</ref>

@@ Line 242: / Line 242: @@
 More recent persecutions since the 19th century include the [[Massacres of Badr Khan]], the [[Massacres of Diyarbakır (1895)]], the [[Adana Massacre]], the [[Chaldean Genocide]], the [[Simele Massacre]], and the [[al-Anfal Campaign]].
-=== Diaspora ===
+=== Chaldean Diaspora ===
-Since the [[Chaldean Genocide | Chaldean genocide]], many Chaldeans have fled their homelands for a more safe and comfortable life in the West. Since the beginning of the 20th century, the Chaldean population in the Middle East has decreased dramatically. As of today there are more Chaldeans in Europe, North America, and Australia than in their former homeland.
+Since the [[Chaldean genocide | Chaldean genocide]], many Chaldeans have fled their homelands for a more safe and comfortable life in the West. Since the beginning of the 20th century, the Chaldean population in the Middle East has decreased dramatically. As of today there are more Chaldeans in Europe, North America, and Australia than in their naive homeland of [[Mesopotamia | Mesopotamia]], also known as Iraq, Syria and Southern Turkey. Read more about the [[Chaldean diaspora | Chaldean Diaspora]].
-A total of 550,000 Chaldeans live in Europe.<ref>http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=70134</ref> Large Chaldean and Syriac diaspora communities can be found in Germany, Sweden, the USA, and Australia. The largest Chaldean and Syriac diaspora communities are those of [[Södertälje]], [[Chicago]], and [[Detroit]].
+A total of 550,000 Chaldeans live in Europe.<ref>http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=70134</ref> Large Chaldean and Syriac diaspora communities can be found in Germany, France, Belgium, Sweden, the USA, and Australia. The largest Chaldean and Syriac diaspora communities are those of [[Michigan]] and [[California]].
 == Chaldean Identity ==

@@ Line 260: / Line 260: @@
 === Other Related Self-designation ===
 {{Main|Chaldean Names of Syriac Christians}}
-The communities of indigenous pre-Arab Chaldean Neo-Aramaic-speaking people of Iraq, Israel, Palestine, Syria, Iran, Turkey and [[Lebanon]] and the surrounding areas advocate different terms for ethnic self-designation.
+The communities of indigenous Chaldean Neo-Aramaic-speaking people of Iraq, Israel, Palestine, Syria, Iran, Turkey and [[Lebanon]] and the surrounding areas advocate different terms for ethnic self-designation.
-* "Chaldeans", after the ancient [[Mesopotamia]], advocated by followers of the [[Chaldean Church of the East]], the [[Ancient Church of the East]],  followers of the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]] and Chaldean [[non Catholics]]. ("Chaldeans"),<ref name="Catholic Encyclopaedia">[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05230a.htm "Eastern Churches"], ''[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]'', see "Eastern Syrians" and "Western Syrians" respectively. Modern terminology within the group is Western Chaldeans and Eastern Chaldeans respectively, while those who reject the Chaldean identity opt for Syriacs or Aramean rather than Chaldean.</ref> and some communities of the Syriac Orthodox Church and Syriac Catholic Church ("Chaldeans"). Those identifying with Chaldea, and with Mesopotamia in general, tend to be from Iraq, northeastern Syria; southeastern Turkey, Iran, Armenia, Georgia; southern Russia and [[Azerbaijan]]. It is likely that those from this region are indeed of Chaldean/Mesopotamian heritage as they are clearly of pre-Arab and pre-Islamic stock. Furthermore, there is no historical evidence or proof to suggest the indigenous Mesopotamians were wiped out; Chaldea existed as a specifically named region until the second half of the 7th century AD. Most speak Chaldean and the Mesopotamian dialects of Neo-Aramaic. [[Chaldean nationalism]] emphatically connects Modern Chaldeans to the population of ancient Mesopotamia and the Neo-Chaldean Empire. A historical basis of this sentiment was disputed by a few early historians,<ref>{{cite web|title=Early History of Chaldea to 5300 B.C.|url=http://www.kaldaya.net/Articles/500/Atricle575_Sep12_07_Chaldean.html|year=2005|quote=The survival of the Chaldean people will always remain a unique and striking phenomenon in ancient history. Other, similar kingdoms and empires have indeed passed away but the people have lived on. ... No other land seems to have been sacked and pillaged so completely as was Chaldea .}}</ref> but receives strong support from modern [[Sumeriologists]] like Robert D. Biggs and Giorgi Tsereteli <ref>{{cite journal |author=Biggs, Robert |year=2005 |title=My Career in Sumeriology and Near Eastern Archaeology |journal=[[Journal of Chaldean Academic Studies]] |volume=19 |issue=1 |publisher=<!-- Oriental Institute, University of Chicago† -->|url=http://www.kaldaya.net/2010/News/04/April01_2010_E3_Akitu7310_TripToElMontePark.html |format=HTML |authorlink=Kaldaya.net}} pp. 10, "Especially in view of the very early establishment of Christianity in Chaldea and its continuity to the present and the continuity of the population, I think there is every likelihood that ancient Chaldeans are among the ancestors of modern Chaldeans of the area." </ref>
+* "Chaldeans", after the ancient [[Mesopotamia]], are mostly followers of the [[Chaldean Church of the East]] or Chaldean Nestorian, the [[Ancient Church of the East]],  followers of the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]] and Chaldean [[non Catholics]]. ("Chaldeans"),<ref name="Catholic Encyclopaedia">[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05230a.htm "Eastern Churches"], ''[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]'', see "Eastern Syrians" and "Western Syrians" respectively. Modern terminology within the group is Western Chaldeans and Eastern Chaldeans respectively, while those who reject the Chaldean identity opt for Syriacs or Aramean rather than Chaldean.</ref> and some communities of the Syriac Orthodox Church and Syriac Catholic Church ("Chaldeans"). Those identifying with Chaldea, and with Mesopotamia in general, tend to be from Iraq, northeastern Syria; southeastern Turkey, Iran, Armenia, Georgia; southern Russia and [[Azerbaijan]]. They are indeed of Chaldean/Mesopotamian heritage as they are clearly of pre-Arab and pre-Islamic stock. Furthermore, there is no historical evidence or proof to suggest the indigenous Mesopotamians were wiped out; Chaldea existed as a specifically named region until the second half of the 7th century AD. Most speak Chaldean and the Mesopotamian dialects of Neo-Aramaic. [[Chaldean nationalism]] emphatically connects Modern Chaldeans to the population of ancient Mesopotamia and the Neo-Chaldean Empire. A historical basis of this sentiment was disputed by a few early historians,<ref>{{cite web|title=Early History of Chaldea to 5300 B.C.|url=http://www.kaldaya.net/Articles/500/Atricle575_Sep12_07_Chaldean.html|year=2005|quote=The survival of the Chaldean people will always remain a unique and striking phenomenon in ancient history. Other, similar kingdoms and empires have indeed passed away but the people have lived on. ... No other land seems to have been sacked and pillaged so completely as was Chaldea .}}</ref> but receives strong support from modern [[Sumeriologists]] like Robert D. Biggs and Giorgi Tsereteli <ref>{{cite journal |author=Biggs, Robert |year=2005 |title=My Career in Sumeriology and Near Eastern Archaeology |journal=[[Journal of Chaldean Academic Studies]] |volume=19 |issue=1 |publisher=<!-- Oriental Institute, University of Chicago† -->|url=http://www.kaldaya.net/2010/News/04/April01_2010_E3_Akitu7310_TripToElMontePark.html |format=HTML |authorlink=Kaldaya.net}} pp. 10, "Especially in view of the very early establishment of Christianity in Chaldea and its continuity to the present and the continuity of the population, I think there is every likelihood that ancient Chaldeans are among the ancestors of modern Chaldeans of the area." </ref>
-* "[[Chaldean Christians|Chaldeans]]", after ancient [[Chaldea]], advocated by some followers of the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]] who are mainly based in the [[United States]]. This is mainly a denominational rather than ethnic term, though some Chaldean Catholics espouse a distinct Chaldean ethnic identity. It is likely that these are exactly the same people as the Chaldeans, both having the same culture and originating from the same lands.<ref>{{ }}</ref>
+* "[[Chaldean Christians|Chaldeans]]", after ancient [[Chaldea]], are followers of the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]] who are mainly based in Mesopotamia Iraq and reside in many global countries such as the [[United States]]. Chaldean is a distinct Chaldean ethnic and native identity of Mesopotamia.
-* "Syriacs", advocated by followers of the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]], [[Syriac Catholic Church]] and to a much lesser degree [[Maronite Church]]. Those self identifying as Syriacs tend to be from Syria as well as south central Turkey. The term Syriac is the subject of some controversy, as it is generally accepted by most scholars that it is a [[Luwian]] and [[Greeks|Greek]] corruption of Chaldean. The discovery of the [[Çineköy inscription]] seems to settle conclusively in favour of Chaldea being the origin of the terms Syria and Syriac. For this reason, some Chaldeans accept the term Syriac as well as Chaldean. However, [[Poseidonios]] (ca. 135 BC – 51 BC), from the Syrian [[Apamea, Syria|Apamea]], was a Greek Stoic philosopher, politician, astronomer, geographer, historian, and teacher who says that the Syrians call themselves Arameans.{{#tag:ref|"The people we Greek call Syriacs, they call themselves Arameans". (See J.G. Kidd, Posidonius (Cambridge Classical Texts and Commentaries, 1988), vol. 2, pt. 2, pp. 955-956)|group=nb}}. At the same time historians, geographers and philosophers like Herodotos, Strabo, and Justinus mention that Chaldeans were afterwards called Syrians.{{#tag:ref|"This, people, whom the Greeks call Syrians, are called Chaldeans by the barbarians." "The Chaldeans, who were afterwards called Syrians, held their empire thirteen hundred years." (See John Gill (A Collection of Sermons and Tracts), vol. 3, pp. 487)|group=nb}}.
 * "[[Arameans]]", after the ancient Aram-Naharaim, advocated by some followers of the Syriac Orthodox Church and Syriac Catholic Church in western, northwestern, southern and central Syria as well as south central Turkey. The term Aramean is sometimes expanded to "Syriac-Aramean".
@@ Line 270: / Line 271: @@
 === Chaldean vs. Syrian naming controversy ===
-As early as the 8th century BC [[Luwian]] and [[Cilician]] subject rulers referred to their Chaldean overlords as ''Syrian'', a western [[Indo-European]] bastardisation of the true term ''Chaldan''.
+As early as the 8th century BC [[Luwian]] and [[Cilician]] subject rulers referred to their Chaldean overlords as ''Syrian'', a western [[Indo-European]] bastardisation of the true term ''Chaldean''.
-This corruption of the name took hold in the Hellenic lands to the west of the Chaldean Empire, thus during [[Greeks|Greek]] [[Seleucid]] rule from 323 BC the name ''Chaldea'' was altered to ''Syria'', and this term was also applied to [[Aramea]] to the west which had been an Chaldean colony. When the Seleucids lost control of Chaldea to the Parthians they retained the corrupted term (Syria), applying it to ancient Aramea, while the Parthians called Chaldea, a Parthian form of the original name. It is from this period that the Syrian vs Chaldean controversy arises. Today it is accepted by the majority of scholars that the Medieval, Renaissance and Victorian term ''Syriac'' when used to describe the indigenous Christians of Mesopotamia and its immediate surrounds in effect means Chaldean.<ref>{{cite web|http://www.kaldaya.net/Articles/500/Atricle575_Sep12_07_Chaldean.html |title=Who are the Chaldeans |publisher=Kaldaya.net|date=2007-09-07 |accessdate=2013-09-18}}</ref>
+This corruption of the name took hold in the Hellenic lands to the west of the Chaldean Babylonian Empire, thus during [[Greeks|Greek]] [[Seleucid]] rule from 323 BC the name ''Chaldea'' was altered to ''Syria'', and this term was also applied to [[Aramea]] to the west which had been an Chaldean colony. When the Seleucids lost control of Chaldea to the Parthians they retained the corrupted term (Syria), applying it to ancient Aramea, while the Parthians called Chaldea, a Parthian form of the original name. It is from this period that the Syrian vs Chaldean controversy arises. Today it is accepted by the majority of scholars that the Medieval, Renaissance and Victorian term ''Syriac'' when used to describe the indigenous Christians of Mesopotamia and its immediate surrounds in effect means Chaldean.<ref>{{cite web|http://www.kaldaya.net/Articles/500/Atricle575_Sep12_07_Chaldean.html |title=Who are the Chaldeans |publisher=Kaldaya.net|date=2007-09-07 |accessdate=2013-09-18}}</ref>
 The modern terminological problem goes back to colonial times, but it became more acute in 1946, when with the independence of Syria, the adjective ''Syrian'' referred to an independent state. The controversy isn't restricted to [[exonyms]] like English "Chaldean" vs. "Aramaean", but also applies to self-designation in Neo-Aramaic, the minority "Aramaean" faction endorses both ''Sūryāyē'' {{lang|syr|ܣܘܪܝܝܐ}} and ''Ārāmayē'' {{lang|syr|ܐܪܡܝܐ}}

@@ Line 8: / Line 8: @@
 | image3  = Nabonidus.jpg| caption3 = [[Nabonidus]]
 | image4  = Abgarwithimageofedessa10thcentury.jpg| caption4 = [[Abgar V]]
-| image5  = Lucianus.jpg| caption5 = [[Lucian]]
+| image5  =
-| image6  = Bardesan.jpg| caption6 = [[Bardaisan]]
+| image6  =
 | image7  = Jefrem Sirin.jpg| caption7 = [[Ephrem the Syrian]]
 | image8  = W.E.F. Britten - Alfred, Lord Tennyson - St. Simeon Stylites.jpg| caption8 = [[Simeon Stylites]]
@@ Line 18: / Line 18: @@
 | image13 = Maria Theresa Asmar.png| caption13 = [[Maria Theresa Asmar]]
 | image14 = Hormuzd.Rassam.reclined.jpg| caption14 = [[Hormuzd Rassam]]
-| image15 = Michael Malke.jpg| caption15 = [[Flavianus Michael Malke]]
+| image15 =
-| image16 = Ashur Yousif.gif| caption16 = [[Ashur Yousif]]
+| image16 =
-| image17 = Naumfaik.jpg| caption17 = [[Naum Faiq]]
+| image17 =
-| image18 = Alphonse Mingana.jpg| caption18 = [[Alphonse Mingana]]
+| image18 =
-| image19 = Agha-petros.jpg| caption19 = [[Agha Petros]]
+| image19 =
-| image20 = Shimun Benyamin.jpg| caption20 = [[Shimun XXI Benyamin]]
+| image20 =
-| image21 = Freydon Atoraya.jpg| caption21 = [[Freydun Atturaya]]
+| image21 =
 | image22 = MBashir.jpg| caption22 = [[Munir Bashir]]
 | image23 = Ammobabaold.jpg| caption23 = [[Ammo Baba]]
 | image24 = F Murray.Abraham cropped.jpg| caption24 = [[F. Murray Abraham]]
 | image25 = Rep Anna Eshoo.jpg| caption25 = [[Anna Eshoo]]
-| image26 = Terrence Malick.jpg| caption26 = [[Terrence Malick]]
+| image26 =
-| image27 = Ashur Bet Sargis.gif| caption27 = [[Ashur Bet Sargis]]
+| image27 =
-| image28 = RosieMalek-Yonan.jpg| caption28 = [[Rosie Malek Yonan]]
+| image28 =
 | image29 = Andre Agassi Indian Wells 2006.jpg| caption29 = [[Andre Agassi]]
 | image30 = Kennedy Bakircioglu, 2013-04-14.JPG| caption30 = [[Kennedy Bakircioglu]]

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 === From Iranian Safavid to confirmed Ottoman rule ===
 {{See also|Massacres of Badr Khan |Massacres of Diyarbakir (1895)}}
-[[File:Chaldean Genocide Memorial in Yerevan, Armenia.JPG|thumb|upright|Chaldean Genocide Memorial in [[Yerevan]], [[Armenia]]]]
+[[File:Chaldean Genocide memorial Diyarbakir Turkey.jpg|thumb|Chaldean Genocide memorial Diyarbakir, Turkey]]
 The Ottomans secured their control over Mesopotamia and Syria in the first half of the 17th century following the [[Ottoman–Safavid War (1623–39)]] and the resulting [[Treaty of Zuhab]]. Non-Muslims were organised into [[Millet (Ottoman Empire)|millets]]. Syriac Christians, however, were often considered one millet alongside Armenians until the 19th century, when Nestorian, Syriac Orthodox and Chaldeans gained that right as well.<ref name=kennith255>[http://books.google.com/books?id=fHtSuvaVAAoC&pg=PA255 The Blackwell companion to Eastern Christianity], Kenneth Parry</ref>