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The '''early Kassite rulers''' are the sequence of eight, or possibly nine, names which appear on the Babylonian and Assyrian King Lists purporting to represent the first or ancestral monarchs of the dynasty that was to become the [[Kassites|Kassite]] or 3rd Dynasty of [[Babylon]] which governed for 576 years, 9 months, 36 kings, according to the ''King List A''.<ref group=i name=kla>''King List A'', BM 33332.</ref> In all probability the dynasty ruled Babylon for around 350 years.

==The King list tradition==

The era of the early Kassite rulers is characterized by a dearth of surviving historical records. The principal sources of evidence for the existence of these monarchs are the Babylonian ''King List A'',<ref group=i name=kla/> which shows just the first six, and the [[Assyria]]n ''Synchronistic King List'',<ref group=i name=sync>''Synchronistic King List'' A.117, Assur 14616c.</ref> which gives their names indistinctly, and are compared below, after Brinkman.<ref name=brinkman>{{ cite book | title = Materials for the Study of Kassite History, Vol. I (MSKH I) | chapter = A Chronology of the Kassite Dynasty | author = J. A. Brinkman | publisher = Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago | year = 1976 | pages = 9–11 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Position !! King List A<ref group=i name=kla/> !! Sync. King List<ref group=i name=sync/> !! Proposed King !! Reign
|-
| 1 || m''gan-dáš'' || m˹''ga'' (?)''-x-x''˺ || Gandaš || 26 years
|-
| 2 || m''a-gu-um'' IGI ''a-šú'' || m''a-˹gu-um˺'' IGI ˹(x)˺''-šu'' || Agum Maḫrû<ref group=nb>''maḫrû'' = "the first"</ref> || 22 years
|-
| 3 || m[''kaš-til'']''-iá-ši'' || m''kaš-til-''˹x˺''-šu'' || Kaštiliašu I || 22 years
|-
| 4 || m˹x˺''-ši'' A''-šú'' || m''a-bi-''˹''ra''˺''-taš'' || Abi-Rattaš<ref group=nb>The reading of the King List A as Ušši or Uššiašu (Landsberger) have been suggested.</ref> || unknown
|-
| 5 || m˹''a-bi''˺''-Rat-taš'' || m''kaš-til-''˹''a''˺''-šu'' || Kaštiliašu I (again) or II || unknown
|-
| 6 || m˹UR''-zi''˺-U(= guru12)''-maš'' || UR''-zi-g''[''u-r'']''u-''˹''ma''˺''-áš'' || Ur-zigurumaš<ref group=nb>Sometimes read as Tazzigurumaš.</ref> || unknown
|-
| 7 || || ˹m''ḫar''˺''-ba-''˹''(x)-x''˺ || Ḫarba-Šipak/Šihu, Ḫurbazum || unknown
|-
| 8 || || m˹''x-ib-x''˺-[''(x)'']-˹''x-x''˺ || Tiptakzi, Šipta’ulzi || unknown
|-
| 9 || || m˹''x-x-(x)''˺ || Kakrime = [[Agum II]] || unknown
|}

The tenth position of the Synchronistic King List is occupied by [[Burnaburiash I|Burna-Buriyåš I]].

==History==

Possibly the earliest military action involving the Kassites is preserved in the date formula<ref group=nb>erin Ka-aš-šu-ú in the date formula.</ref> for [[Samsu-iluna]]'s ninth year (1741 BC).<ref>{{ cite journal | title = The Kassites and near Eastern Chronology | author = Albrecht Goetze | journal = Journal of Cuneiform Studies | volume = 18 | number = 4 | year = 1964 | jstor = 1359248 | page = 97 }}</ref> It is called "the year of the Kassite army",<ref group=nb>"Year in which Samsu-iluna the king (defeated) the totality of the strength of the army / the troops of the Kassites".</ref> in which it seems that he was not wholly successful at repelling the raiders, a sign of weakness which triggered widespread revolts in cities all over Mesopotamia and a decisive response from Samsu-iluna.<ref>{{ cite book | title = Warfare in the Ancient Near East to 1600 BC | author = William James Hamblin | publisher = Taylor & Francis | year = 2007 | page = 181 }}</ref> The fourth year-name<ref group=nb>"Year Abi-eszuh the king by the exalted command of An, Enlil and the great power of Marduk (subdued) the armies and troops of the Kassites", (BM 16998).</ref> of [[Abi-Eshuh|Abi-Ešuh]] (1707 BC), the son and successor of Samsu-iluna, records that Abi-Ešuh "subdued the Kassites". Around the same time a king of the middle Euphrates kingdom called Ḫana, successor state of [[Mari, Syria|Mari]],<ref name="Rakic2013">{{cite book|author=Schwartz, Glenn M.|editor1=Joan Aruz |editor2=Sarah B. Graff |editor3=Yelena Rakic |title=An Amorite Global Village|work=Cultures in Contact: From Mesopotamia to the Mediterranean in the Second Millennium B.C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0H0EpSm8aioC&pg=PA8|year=2013|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art|isbn=978-1-58839-475-0|page=8}}</ref> bore the name Kaštiliašu, but apart from this name there is no evidence that the region was occupied by Kassites during this time, and he was succeeded by Šunuhru-Ammu, whose name is Amorite. Two seal impressions<ref group=i>Bulla seals TQ5-T105 and TQ5-T99.</ref> found at Ḫana's capital [[Terqa]]<ref name="Rakic2013"/><ref name="Arnold2005">{{cite book|author=Arnold, Bill T.|title=Who Were The Babylonians?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nAemO6HmOgYC&pg=PA46|year=2005|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-13071-3|page=46}}</ref> read, "[Gi]mil Ninkar[ak], son of Arši-a[ḫum], [se]rvant of Ila[ba], [and K]aštili[ašu]". Frayne speculates that Kaštiliašu may have been a Babylonian installed by [[Samsu-iluna]] after his defeat of Iadiḫ-abu and not a native ruler.<ref>{{ cite book | title = Old Babylonian period (2003-1595 BC): Early Periods, Volume 4 (RIM The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia) | author = Douglas Frayne | publisher = University of Toronto Press | year = 1990 | page = 727 }}</ref>

A first-millennium BC school text<ref group=i>BM 77438.</ref> purporting to be a copy of one of his inscriptions credits Gandaš with the conquest of ''Bà-bà-lam''.<ref>{{ cite book | title = MSKH I | chapter = Gandaš | author = J. A. Brinkman | pages = 127–128 }}</ref>{{rp|H.3.1}} This reads:

{{quotation|The bright whirlwind, the bull of the gods, the Lord of Lords 
Gaddaš, the king of the four quarters of the world, the king of the land of [[Sumer]] 
And Akkad, the king of Babylon, am I. 
At that time, the [[Ekur]] of [[Enlil]], which in the conquest 
Had been destroyed (''remainder gone'') <ref group=nb>''a-na u''4''-mu nam-[[ri (cuneiform)|ri]]'' dGU.DINGIR.DINGIR EN EN.EN 
m''ga-ad-daš'' LUGAL ''kib-ra-a-tú ár-ba-a'' LUGAL KUR ''šu-me-[[ri (cuneiform)|ri]]'' 
''[[ù (cuneiform)|ù]]'' [[URU (city Sumerogram)|URU]]ki-I LUGAL ''bà-bà-lam [[a (cuneiform)|a]]-na-ku-[[ma (cuneiform)|ma]]'' 
''[[i (cuneiform)|i]]-[[nu (cuneiform)|nu]]-šu-[[ma (cuneiform)|ma]] É-kur'' d''en-líl šá [[i (cuneiform)|i]]-na [[ka (cuneiform)|ka]]-šad bà-bà-lam'' 
[''uš''(?)''-t'']''am''-[''si'']-''k''[''u''] ''[[i (cuneiform)|i]]-[[nu (cuneiform)|nu]]'' [x-x]''-zu ú-pi-ši-''[x]</ref>
|Inscription of Gandaš|First Millennium school text copy<ref>{{ cite book | title = Die mittel- und neubabylonischen Königsinschriften bis zum Ende der Assyr erherrschaft | author = Peter Stein | publisher = Harrassowitz Verlag | year = 2000 | pages = 149–150 }}</ref>}}

Agum I may be the subject of a 7th-century BC historical inscription which also mentions [[Damiq-ilishu|Damiq-ilῑšu]], the last king of the 1st Dynasty of [[Isin]].<ref group=i>K. 3992 line 10.</ref> The [[Agum II#Agum-Kakrime Inscription|Agum-Kakrime Inscription]]<ref group=i>Agum-Kakrime Inscription K. 4149+.</ref> names Agum ra-bi-i,<ref group=nb>''rabû'' = "the great"</ref> Kaštiliašu, Abi-Rattaš, and Ur-šigurumaš as ancestors of Agum-Kakrime ([[Agum II]]), each son of the preceding except Ur-šigurumaš, who is described as descendant of Abi-Rattaš. The traces in the ninth position of the ''Synchronistic King List'' do not allow for the name ''Agum'', so ''Kakrime'' has been suggested as an alternative.<ref>{{ cite journal | title = The Name of the Ninth Kassite Ruler | author = Michael C. Astour | journal = Journal of the American Oriental Society | volume = 106 | issue = 2 | date = Apr–Jun 1986 | pages = 327–331 | doi=10.2307/601597}}</ref>

==The Tell Muḥammed texts==

Excavations in the southeastern suburb of Baghdad known as Tell Muḥammed yielded two archives of the first Sealand Dynasty period. Those from level 3, excavated in the 1990s, were dated with year names, for example: "Year water carried King Ḫurduzum up to the city". Those from level 2, excavated in the 1970s, possessed a slightly different date formula, for example: "Year 38 Babylon was resettled.<ref group=nb>MU.38.KAM.MA ''ša'' KA2.DINGIR.RAki ''uš.bu''.</ref> Year King Šipta'ulzi", and are mostly silver and cereal loans.<ref>{{ cite book | title = Languages and Cultures in Contact at the Crossroads of Civilizations in the Syro-Mesopotamia Realm | chapter = The adaptation of the Kassites to the Babylonian Civilization | author = L. Sassmannshausen |editor1=K. Van Lerberghe |editor2=G. Voet | publisher = Peeters Publishers | year = 2000 | pages = 413–414 }}</ref> The layers are thought to be around a generation apart. The resettlement of Babylon has been linked to the aftermath of the [[Hittites|Hittite]] sack of the city under [[Mursili I]]. Boese proposed the two kings be identified with those in positions seven and eight, and that a slightly different reading of Ḫurbazum for Ḫurduzum be adopted,<ref>{{ cite journal | title = "Ḫarbašipak", "Tiptakzi" und die Chronologie der älteren Kassitenzeit | author = Johannes Boese | journal = Zeitschrift für Assyriologie | issue = 98 | year = 2008 | pages = 201–210 }}</ref> a position disputed by Brinkman.<ref name>{{ cite journal | title = Note 20 | chapter = The Seventh and Eighth Kings of the Kassite Dynasty | author = J. A. Brinkman | journal = Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires (N.A.B.U.) | year = 2014 | pages = 31–32 }}</ref>

==Inscriptions==

<references group="i"/>

==Notes==

<references group="nb"/>

==References==

{{Reflist}}

{{Babylonian kings}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Early Kassite rulers}}
[[Category:States and territories established in the 18th century BC]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 16th century BC]]
[[Category:Babylonian kings]]
[[Category:Kassite kings]]

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