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Littleduckie: /* Biography */ Corrected spelling of "prophecy"

2017-06-06T23:26:21Z

‎Biography: Corrected spelling of "prophecy"

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{{Infobox monarch
| name = Enlil-nādin-aḫe
| title = [[List of kings of Babylon|King of Babylon]]
| image = Enlil-nadin-ahe kudurru.jpg
| caption = Line art, [[cuneiform]] text, for BM 113891, a boundary stone recording a royal land grant dated to the reign of Enlil-nādin-aḫe<ref group=i name=kudurru>Kudurru BM 113891 in the British Museum.</ref>
| reign = 1157—1155 BC
| coronation =
| predecessor = [[Zababa-shuma-iddin|Zababa-šuma-iddina]]
| successor = [[Marduk-kabit-ahheshu|Marduk-kabit-aḫḫēšu]]<br>2nd Dynasty of [[Isin]]
| spouse =
| royal house = [[Kassites|Kassite]]
| father =
| mother =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| buried =}}

'''Enlil-nādin-aḫe''',<ref group=nb>Written contemporarily as <sup>d</sup>EN.LÍL-MU-ŠEŠ.</ref> “Enlil gives a brother,”<ref group=nb>CAD a, aḫu, p. 195.</ref> or ''Enlil-šuma-uṣur'', “Enlil protect the son,”<ref group=nb>CAD s3, šumu, p. 295.</ref> depending on the reading of –MU-[[ŠEŠ (brother Sumerogram)|ŠEŠ]],<ref name=brinkman>{{ cite book | title = Materials for the Study of Kassite History, Vol. I (MSKH I) | chapter = Enlil-nādin-aḫe | author = J. A. Brinkman | publisher = Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago | year = 1976 | pages = 122–124 }}</ref> ca. 1157—1155 BC ([[Short chronology timeline|short chronology]]), was the 36th and final king of the [[Kassites|Kassite]] or 3rd dynasty that had ruled over [[Babylon]] and the land known as [[Karduniash]] since perhaps around 1500 BC.

==Biography==

[[Shutruk-Nahhunte]], king of [[Elam]], had overrun Babylonia bringing Enlil-nādin-aḫe’s predecessor, [[Zababa-shuma-iddin|Zababa-šuma-iddina]]’s brief rule to an end. He had then returned to [[Susa]] leaving his son, Kutir-Nahhunte, to govern. Enlil-nādin-aḫe was proclaimed king of “Sumer and Akkad”, and ruled for three years<ref group=i>''Kinglist A'', BM 33332, column 2, line 15.</ref> possibly in defiance of the occupying Elamite forces.<ref name=edwards>{{ cite book | title = Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 2, Part 2, History of the Middle East and the Aegean Region, c. 1380-1000 BC | chapter = XXXI: Assyria and Babylonia, 1200-1000 B.C. | author = D. J. Wiseman | editor = I. E. S. Edwards | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 1975 | pages = 446, 487 }}</ref> A single [[kudurru]], or boundary stone (pictured), detailing a royal land grant,<ref group=i name=kudurru/> an administrative text listing recipients of grain from [[Ur]],<ref group=i>Tablet Museum reference, IM 85538, excavation reference U 7789i, “Issues of Grain.”</ref> and a couple of tablets from a small cache<ref group=i>Tablets VAT 13230 and VAT 21995, although the latter lacks the last element of the name.</ref> from the Merkes section of Babylon, all bear witness to his reign.<ref>{{ cite journal | title = Zur mesopotamischen Chronologie des 2. Jahrtausends | author = L. Sassmannshausen | journal = Baghdader Mitteilungen | volume = 37 | year = 2006 | page = 168 }}</ref>

According to later chronicles, his short reign was brought to a dramatic close when he led a campaign against the Elamite forces and suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of Kutir-Nahhunte, who was possibly now the successor of Shutruk-Nahhunte. He was deported with the Kassite noblemen in chains to Susa accompanied by the booty pillaged from the various Babylonian temples, whose most notable example was the cult statue of [[Marduk]],<ref>{{ cite book | title = Elam: surveys of political history and archaeology |author1=Elizabeth Carter |author2=Matthew W. Stolper | publisher = University of California Press | year = 1985 | page = 40 }}</ref> an act so sacrilegious to the Babylonians that it would forever cast Kutir-Nahhunte in infamy.

{{quote|His crimes were greater and his grievous sins worse than all his fathers had committed. . .like a deluge he laid low all the peoples of Akkad, and cast in ruins Babylon and all the noblest cities of sanctity.<ref name=edwards/>|''Nabû-kudurrī-uṣur I? ''|Poetic pseudo-autobiographical text.<ref group=i>Tablet K. 2660, pseudo-autobiography of Nabû-kudurrī-uṣur.</ref>}}

The memory of the disaster was preserved in the Akkadian liturgy in a prayer, presenting rituals in the third month Simanu. An invocation for the god of justice, [[Shamash|Šamaš]], recounts:

{{quote|An aggressor attacked us, plundered our flocks. A wicked enemy came quickly against us; the evil one laid waste our countryside. The foe captured us. His bow was nocked to let the arrows fly. But we ourselves, we did not know how to grasp a quiver. Elam overwhelmed our sacred localities. We did not know the great craft of war and the Subarian [''was as''] ''hostile to'' him as a ewe-lamb. Babylon, its loins have been stripped.<ref>{{ cite book | title = Wisdom, Gods and literature: studies in Assyriology in honour of W.G. Lambert | chapter = Four Temple Rituals from Babylon: 2. Simanu | author = A. R. George |editor1=Wilfred G. Lambert |editor2=A. R. George |editor3=Irving L. Finkel | publisher = Eisenbrauns | year = 2000 | pages = 270–280 }}</ref>|''Temple Ritual for Simanu''|Babylonian temple rituals.<ref group=i>Tablet BM 32656, column 3, lines 13 to 20.</ref>}}

The oblique mention of the ''Subarian'' in all likelihood refers to the Assyrian king.

The so-called ''Chedor-laomer'' texts, from the Spartoli tablets collection in the [[British Museum]], may make reference to this period, where Kutir-Nahhunte is represented by Kudur-lagamar.<ref>{{cite journal |author= Hindel, Ronald |title=Finding Historical Memories in the Patriarchal Narratives |journal=Biblical Archaeology Review|volume=21 |issue=4 |year=1994 |pages=52–59, 70–72}}</ref> Kudur-lagamar is described as ruling in Babylon and overthrowing, or perhaps taking away Marduk. These are fragmentary second century BC texts, preserving traditions going back to perhaps the seventh century BC, relating how four successive kings, with cryptic ambiguous names, attacked Babylon.<ref>{{ cite book | title = On the reliability of the Old Testament | author = K. A. Kitchen | publisher = Wm. B. Eerdmans | year = 2003 | page = 569 }}</ref>

The [[Marduk#The Marduk Prophecy|''Marduk Prophecy'']],<ref group=i>The ''Marduk Prophecy'' (Prophecy D, tablet K. 2158+.</ref> a ''vaticinium ex eventu'' (prophecy after the fact) composition of perhaps the [[Nebuchadnezzar I|Nabu-kudurri-uṣur I]]-([[Nebuchadnezzar I]]) reign, ca. 1125 BC to 1103 BC, describes the dire consequences of the departure of the statue of Marduk, on the city of Babylon, where: “mad dogs roam the city biting citizens, friend attacks friend, the rich beg from the poor, brother eats brother, and the corpses block the city gates.”<ref>{{ cite book | title = Utopia and Dystopia in Prophetic Literature | chapter = Royal Ideology and Utopian Futures in the Akkadian Ex Eventu Prophecies | author = Matthew Neujahr | editor = Ehud Ben Zvi | location = Helsinki | publisher = The Finnish Exegetical Society, University of Helsinki | year = 2006 | pages = 41–54 }}</ref>

==Inscriptions==

<references group="i"/>

==Notes==

<references group="nb"/>

==References==

{{Reflist}}

{{Babylonian kings}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Enlil-nadin-ahe}}
[[Category:Babylonian kings]]
[[Category:Kassite kings]]
[[Category:12th-century BC rulers]]

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Littleduckie: /* Biography */ Corrected spelling of "prophecy"