Yobot: /* Genocide */WP:CHECKWIKI error fixes (Unnecessary pipe template), replaced: Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies{{!}}JAAS → JAAS using AWB (10823)

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‎Genocide: WP:CHECKWIKI error fixes (Unnecessary pipe template), replaced: [[Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies{{!}}JAAS]] → JAAS using AWB (10823)

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{{About|the city|the historical region|Hakkari|the province of the same name|Hakkâri Province}}
{{Infobox settlement

| name = Hakkâri
|settlement_type = [[Municipality]]
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| image_shield =
| pushpin_map = Turkey
| latd = 37 |latm = 34 |lats = 35 |latNS = N
| longd = 43 |longm = 44 |longs = 12 |longEW = E
| coordinates_display = inline,title
| coordinates_format = dms
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[Turkey]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Turkey|Province]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Hakkâri Province|Hakkâri]]
| subdivision_type2 =
| subdivision_name2 =
| leader_party = [[Peace and Democracy Party|BDP]]
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = Dilek Hatipoğlu
| leader_title1 = [[Kaymakam]]
| leader_name1 =
| area_footnotes = {{Turkey district areas|SOURCE}}
| area_blank1_title = District
| area_blank1_km2 = {{Turkey district areas|Hakkâri|Hakkâri}}
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes = {{Turkey district populations|SOURCE|Hakkâri}}
| population_urban = {{Turkey district populations|Hakkâri|Hakkâri|şehir}}
| population_as_of = {{Turkey district populations|YEAR}}
| population_blank1_title = District
| population_blank1 = {{Turkey district populations|Hakkâri|Hakkâri|toplam}}
| population_density_blank1_km2 = auto
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| website =
}}
'''Hakkâri''' ({{lang-ku|Colemêrg}}, {{lang-syr|ܗܟܐܪܝ}}), is a city and the capital of the [[Hakkâri Province]] of [[Turkey]]. The name Hakkâri is derived from the [[Neo-Aramaic|Syriac]] word, ''Akkare'', meaning ''farmers''.<ref>[http://www.dukhrana.com/lexicon/lexeme.php?adr=1:125&font=Estrangelo+Edessa&size=150% Lexeme ')kr)']. Dukhrana.com (2011-01-02). Retrieved on 2011-02-11.</ref><ref>[http://www.premiumwanadoo.com/cuneiform.languages/syriac/dosearch.php?searchkey=396&language=id Search Entry]. Premiumwanadoo.com. Retrieved on 2011-02-11.</ref> The population of the city at the 2010 census was 57,844.{{Turkey district areas|SOURCE}}

==History==

===Hubushkia===
{{Main|Hubushkia}}
Hubushkia was an [[Iron Age]] kingdom located between the [[Urartian]] and [[Assyria]]n sphere of influence. The exact location of Hubushkia is unknown, but scholars suggests that the kingdom of Hubushkia was centred on the headwaters of the Great Zap River, in what is now [[Hakkâri Province]] in [[Eastern Anatolia Region|Eastern Anatolia]], [[Turkey]].<ref>[http://www.archaeology.org/0007/abstracts/stela.html Veli Sevin, Mystery Stelae, ''Archaeology'', Volume 53 Number 4, (July/August 2000).]</ref>

===Hakkari kurgan stelae===
{{Main|Kurgan stelae}}

Thirteen stelae, never before seen in Anatolia or the Near East, were found in 1998 in their original location at the centre of Hakkari, a city in the southeastern corner of Turkey. The stelae were carved on upright flagstone-like slabs measuring between 0.7 m to 3.10 m in height. The stones contain only one cut surface, upon which human figures are chiseled. The theme of each stele reveals the foreview of an upper human body. The legs are not represented. Eleven of the stelae depict naked warriors with daggers, spears, and axes—masculine symbols of war. They always hold a drinking vessel made of skin in both hands. Two stelae contain female figures without arms. The stelae may have been carved by different craftsmen using different techniques. Stylistic differences shift from bas relief to a more systematic linearity. The earliest stelae are in the style of bas relief while the latest ones are in a linear style. They were made during a period from the fifteenth century BC to the eleventh century BC in Hakkari. Stelae with this type of relief are not common in the ancient Near East however there are many close parallels between these and those produced by a variety of peoples from the Eurasian steppes between the third millennium BC and the eleventh century AD.<ref>[http://www.archaeology.org/0007/abstracts/stela.html Mystery Stelae]. Archaeology.org. Retrieved on 2011-02-11.</ref>

===Genocide===
About 20,000 to 30,000 [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]] in the area were killed by the Ottoman Army,<ref>''The Christian minorities in Turkey'', 2006, [http://books.google.com/books?id=ia0TAQAAIAAJ&q=%22killed+by+Turks+and+Kurds%22&dq=%22killed+by+Turks+and+Kurds%22&hl=en&ei=zyvrTcWWCpHIvQO-xcS-Dw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDkQ6AEwAw p. 98.]</ref> during the [[Assyrian Genocide]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ishaya|first=Arian|title=Ph.D|journal=[[Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies|JAAS]]}}</ref> The majority of the Assyrian affected by the massacres were adherents of the [[Assyrian Church of the East]] (often dubbed [[Nestorianism|Nestorian]]), who have originally inhabited the mountainous [[Hakkari]] and [[Barwari]] regions covering parts of the modern provinces of the [[Hakkâri Province|Hakkâri]], [[Şırnak Province|Şırnak]] and [[Van Province|Van]] in Turkey and [[Dohuk Governorate|Dohuk]] in Iraq, with a population ranging between 75,000 and 150,000.<ref name="Joseph133">{{Harvnb|Joseph|2000|p=60}}</ref><ref name="Gaunt125">{{Harvnb|Gaunt|Bet-Sawoce|2006|pp=125–126}}</ref>
Most of these Assyrians were massacred during the Genocide of 1915. The rest endured two winter marches to [[Urmia]] in 1915 and to [[Hamadan]] in 1918.
Many of them were relocated to refugee camps by the British in [[Baquba]] and later to [[Habbaniyah]], and in 1921 some were enlisted in the pro-British [[Assyrian Levies]] which helped quell Kurdish revolts in the [[British Mandate of Mesopotamia]].<ref name="Stafford62">{{Harvnb|Stafford|2006|pp=62–63}}</ref> Most Hakkari Assyrians were resettled after 1925 in a cluster of villages in northern Iraq.<ref name="Stafford42">{{Harvnb|Stafford|2006|pp=42–43}}</ref> Some of the villages where the Assyrians settled were leased directly by the government, while others belonged to Kurdish landlords who had the right to evict them at any time.<ref name="Stafford53">{{Harvnb|Stafford|2006|pp=53–54}}</ref>

==Climate==
Hâkkari has a hot dry-summer [[continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]]: ''Dsa'') with a very dry summer. The winters are cold and snowy with an average of −5 °C (23 °F). The lowest recorded temperature was −22.7 °C (−8.86 °F) on 7 February 1997. The summer are hot and dry with an average of 25 °C (76 °F). The highest recorded temperature was 37 °C (98.6 °F) on 2 August 1991.

{{Weather box |metric first= Yes |single line= Yes |location= Hâkkari (1960-2012)
|Jan high C= -0.5
|Feb high C= 0.9
|Mar high C= 6.3
|Apr high C= 12.6
|May high C= 19.2
|Jun high C= 25.7
|Jul high C= 30.7
|Aug high C= 30.8
|Sep high C= 26.4
|Oct high C= 18.5
|Nov high C= 9.7
|Dec high C= 2.5
|Jan mean C = -4.7
|Feb mean C = -3.4
|Mar mean C = 1.9
|Apr mean C = 8.0
|May mean C = 14.2
|Jun mean C = 20.3
|Jul mean C = 25.0
|Aug mean C = 24.7
|Sep mean C = 20.1
|Oct mean C = 13.0
|Nov mean C = 5.1
|Dec mean C = -1.5
|Jan low C= -8.2
|Feb low C= -7.1
|Mar low C= -2.2
|Apr low C= 3.7
|May low C= 9.0
|Jun low C= 13.9
|Jul low C= 18.1
|Aug low C= 17.9
|Sep low C= 13.8
|Oct low C= 7.7
|Nov low C= 0.9
|Dec low C= -5.0
|Jan precipitation mm = 87.4
|Feb precipitation mm = 104.6
|Mar precipitation mm = 117.5
|Apr precipitation mm = 125.7
|May precipitation mm = 61.9
|Jun precipitation mm = 14.3
|Jul precipitation mm = 4.1
|Aug precipitation mm = 2.5
|Sep precipitation mm = 6.7
|Oct precipitation mm = 57.4
|Nov precipitation mm = 85.5
|Dec precipitation mm = 91.6
|Jan precipitation days= 11.1
|Feb precipitation days= 10.7
|Mar precipitation days= 12.9
|Apr precipitation days= 13.5
|May precipitation days= 11.7
|Jun precipitation days= 4.1
|Jul precipitation days= 1.4
|Aug precipitation days= 1.0
|Sep precipitation days= 1.8
|Oct precipitation days= 8.3
|Nov precipitation days= 8.6
|Dec precipitation days= 9.8
|Jan sun= 130.2
|Feb sun= 145.6
|Mar sun= 189.1
|Apr sun= 201
|May sun= 282.1
|Jun sun= 360
|Jul sun= 381.3
|Aug sun= 359.6
|Sep sun= 306
|Oct sun= 229.4
|Nov sun= 162
|Dec sun= 124
|source 1 = Weatherbase<ref name="Weatherbase">{{cite web|url =http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=172850|publisher=Weatherbase|accessdate=2011-09-09|title =Weatherbase: Hakkari, Turkey}}</ref>|date=September 2011}}

==See also==
*[[1930 Salmas earthquake|1930 Hakkari earthquake]]
*[[2010 Hakkâri bus attack]]
*[[2011 Hakkâri attack]]
*[[Assyrian settlements]]
*[[Emirate of Hakkâri]]
*[[Jilu]]
*[[List of Assyrian tribes]]
*[[Massacres of Badr Khan]]
*[[Tyari]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikivoyage|Hakkari}}
*[http://www.shlama.be/shlama/content/view/222/188/ Assyrians in Hakkari]

{{Districts of Turkey|provname=Hakkâri|image=Hakkari|sortkey=Hakkari}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hakkari}}
[[Category:Populated places in Hakkâri Province]]
[[Category:Hakkâri| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Hakkâri Province]]
[[Category:Cities in Turkey]]
[[Category:Assyrian settlements]]

Hakkâri - Revision history

Yobot: /* Genocide */WP:CHECKWIKI error fixes (Unnecessary pipe template), replaced: Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies{{!}}JAAS → JAAS using AWB (10823)