Amytis at 04:27, 12 August 2015

2015-08-12T04:27:36Z

Epicgenius: fix

2015-03-30T19:06:42Z

fix

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{{Other uses}}
{{distinguish|Ammurapi}}
{{Infobox person
| name =Hammurabi
| image =P1050771 Louvre code Hammurabi bas relief rwk.JPG
| image_size =160px
| caption =Hammurabi (standing), depicted as receiving his royal insignia from [[Shamash]]. Hammurabi holds his hands over his mouth as a sign of prayer<ref>Ancient Iraq by Georges Roux, Chapter 17 The Time of Confusion p. 266</ref> (relief on the upper part of the stele of [[code of Hammurabi|Hammurabi's code of laws]]).
| birth_date = ~1810 BC
| birth_place = [[Babylonia]]
| death_date = 1750 BC [[middle chronology]]
| death_place = Babylon
| death_cause =
| religion = [[Babylonian religion]]
| known = '''Code of Hammurabi'''
| title = King of Babylon
| term = 42 years; c. 1792 – 1750 BC (middle)
| predecessor = [[Sin-Muballit]]
| successor = [[Samsu-iluna]]
| partner =Unknown
| children = [[Samsu-iluna]]
}}

'''Hammurabi''' ([[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] from [[Amorite language|Amorite]] ''ʻAmmurāpi'', "the kinsman is a healer", from ''ʻAmmu'', "paternal kinsman", and ''Rāpi'', "healer"; died c. 1750 BC) was the sixth [[Amorite]] king of [[Babylon]] (that is, of the [[First Babylonian Dynasty]], the Amorite Dynasty) from 1792 BC to 1750 BC [[middle chronology]] (1728 BC – 1686 BC [[short chronology]]<ref>See Arnold 2006, [http://books.google.com/books?id=nAemO6HmOgYC&pg=PA9#v=onepage&q=1792&f=false p. vii]. His date of birth is around 1810 BC, see for example, Van De Mieroop 2005, [http://books.google.com/books?id=GDr49Nd0jh4C&pg=PA1 p. 1].</ref>). He became the first king of the [[Babylonia|Babylonian Empire]] following the abdication of his father, [[Sin-Muballit]], who had become very ill and died, extending Babylon's control over [[Mesopotamia]] by winning a series of wars against neighboring kingdoms.<ref>{{cite book | last = Beck | first = Roger B. | authorlink = | coauthors = Linda Black, Larry S. Krieger, Phillip C. Naylor, Dahia Ibo Shabaka, | title = World History: Patterns of Interaction | publisher = McDougal Littell | year = 1999 | location = Evanston, IL | pages = | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 0-395-87274-X | oclc = 39762695 }}</ref> Although his empire controlled all of Mesopotamia at the time of his death, his successors were unable to maintain his empire.
Hammurabi is known for the set of laws called [[Code of Hammurabi|Hammurabi's Code]], one of the first written [[Civil code|codes of law]] in [[recorded history]].

==Reign and conquests==
[[File:Hammurabi's Babylonia 1.svg|thumb|250px|right|Map showing the Babylonian territory upon Hammurabi's ascension in c. 1792 BC and upon his death in c. 1750 BC]]
[[File:Royal portrait - Hamurabi - King of Babylon -1900 before JC -.JPG|thumb|left|175px|This bust, known as the "Head of Hammurabi", is now thought to predate Hammurabi by a few hundred years<ref>http://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/royal-head-known-head-hammurabi</ref> (''[[Louvre]]'')]]
Hammurabi was an [[Amorite]] [[First Babylonian Dynasty|First Dynasty]] king of the [[city-state]] of Babylon, and inherited the power from his father, [[Sin-Muballit]], in c. 1792 BC.<ref>{{harvnb|Van De Mieroop|2005|p= 1}}</ref> Babylon was one of the many largely Amorite ruled city-states that dotted the central and southern Mesopotamian plains and waged war on each other for control of fertile [[agriculture|agricultural]] land.<ref>{{harvnb|Van De Mieroop |2005|pp=1–2}}</ref> Though many cultures co-existed in Mesopotamia, Babylonian culture gained a degree of prominence among the [[literacy|literate]] classes throughout the [[Middle East]] under Hammurabi.<ref name="VM3">{{harvnb|Van De Mieroop|2005|p=3}}</ref> The kings who came before Hammurabi had founded a relatively minor City State in 1894 BC which controlled little territory outside of the city itself. Babylon was overshadowed by older, larger and more powerful kingdoms such as [[Elam]], [[Assyria]], [[Isin]], [[Eshnunna]] and [[Larsa]] for a century or so after its founding. However his father [[Sin-Muballit]] had begun to consolidate rule of a small area of south central Mesopotamia under Babylonian [[hegemony]] and, by the time of his reign, had conquered the minor city-states of [[Borsippa]], [[Kish (Sumer)|Kish]], and [[Sippar]].<ref name="VM3"/>

Thus Hammurabi ascended to the throne as the king of a minor kingdom in the midst of a complex [[geopolitics|geopolitical]] situation. The powerful kingdom of [[Eshnunna]] controlled the upper Tigris River while [[Larsa]] controlled the river delta. To the east of Mesopotamia lay the powerful kingdom of [[Elam]] which regularly invaded and forced tribute upon the small states of southern Mesopotamia. In northern Mesopotamia, the [[Assyria]]n king [[Shamshi-Adad I]], who had already inherited centuries old Assyrian colonies in [[Asia Minor]], had expanded his territory into the [[Levant]] and central [[Mesopotamia]],<ref>{{harvnb|Van De Mieroop|2005|pp=3–4}}</ref> although his untimely death would somewhat fragment his empire.<ref>{{harvnb|Van De Mieroop|2005|p=16}}</ref>

The first few decades of Hammurabi's reign were quite peaceful. Hammurabi used his power to undertake a series of public works, including heightening the city walls for defensive purposes, and expanding the temples.<ref>{{harvnb|Arnold|2005|p=43}}</ref> In c. 1801 BC, the powerful kingdom of [[Elam]], which straddled important [[trade]] routes across the [[Zagros Mountains]], invaded the Mesopotamian plain.<ref>{{harvnb|Van De Mieroop|2005|pp=15–16}}</ref> With allies among the plain states, Elam attacked and destroyed the kingdom of [[Eshnunna]], destroying a number of cities and imposing its rule on portions of the plain for the first time.<ref>{{harvnb|Van De Mieroop|2005|p=17}}</ref> In order to consolidate its position, Elam tried to start a war between Hammurabi's Babylonian kingdom and the kingdom of [[Larsa]].<ref name="VM18">{{harvnb|Van De Mieroop|2005|p=18}}</ref> Hammurabi and the king of [[Larsa]] made an alliance when they discovered this duplicity and were able to crush the Elamites, although Larsa did not contribute greatly to the military effort.<ref name="VM18" /> Angered by Larsa's failure to come to his aid, Hammurabi turned on that southern power, thus gaining control of the entirety of the lower Mesopotamian plain by c. 1763 BC.<ref name="VM31">{{harvnb|Van De Mieroop|2005|p=31}}</ref>

As Hammurabi was assisted during the war in the south by his allies from the north such as [[Yamhad]] and [[Mari, Syria|Mari]], the absence of soldiers in the north led to unrest.<ref name="VM31" /> Continuing his expansion, Hammurabi turned his attention northward, quelling the unrest and soon after crushing Eshnunna.<ref>{{harvnb|Van De Mieroop|2005|pp=40–41}}</ref> Next the Babylonian armies conquered the remaining northern states, including Babylon's former ally Mari, although it is possible that the 'conquest' of Mari was a surrender without any actual conflict.<ref>{{harvnb|Van De Mieroop|2005|pp=54–55}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Van De Mieroop|2005|pp= 64–65}}</ref><ref name="Ar45">{{harvnb|Arnold|2005|p=45}}</ref>

Hammurabi entered into a protracted war with [[Ishme-Dagan I]] of [[Assyria]] for control of Mesopotamia, with both kings making alliances with minor states in order to gain the upper hand. Eventually Hammurabi prevailed, ousting Ishme-Dagan I just before his own death. [[Mut-Ashkur]] the new king of Assyria was forced to pay tribute to Hammurabi, however Babylon did not rule Assyria directly.

In just a few years, Hammurabi had succeeded in uniting all of Mesopotamia under his rule.<ref name="Ar45" /> The Assyrian kingdom survived but was forced to pay tribute during his reign, and of the major city-states in the region, only [[Yamhad|Aleppo]] and [[Qatna]] to the west in the [[Levant]] maintained their independence.<ref name="Ar45" /> However, one stele of Hammurabi has been found as far north as [[Diyarbekir]], where he claims the title "King of the Amorites".<ref>{{cite book|title=The Empire of the Amorites|author=Clay, Albert Tobias|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|year=1919|pages=97}}</ref>

Vast numbers of contract [[Clay tablet|tablet]]s, dated to the reigns of Hammurabi and his successors, have been discovered, as well as 55 of his own letters.<ref>{{harvnb|Breasted|2003|p=129}}</ref> These letters give a glimpse into the daily trials of ruling an empire, from dealing with floods and mandating changes to a flawed [[calendar]], to taking care of Babylon's massive herds of livestock.<ref>{{harvnb|Breasted|2003|pp=129–130}}</ref> Hammurabi died and passed the reins of the empire on to his son [[Samsu-iluna]] in c. 1750 BC, under whose rule the Babylonian empire began to quickly unravel.<ref>{{harvnb|Arnold|2005|p=42}}</ref>

==Code of laws==
{{Main|Code of Hammurabi}}
[[File:P1050763 Louvre code Hammurabi face rwk.JPG|thumb|[[Code of Hammurabi]] stele. [[The Louvre|Louvre Museum]], Paris]]
Hammurabi is best known for the [[promulgation]] of a new code of [[Babylonian law]]: the [[Code of Hammurabi]]. One of the first written laws in the world,{{Citation needed|date=October 2013}} the Code of Hammurabi was inscribed on a [[stele]] and placed in a public place so that all could see it, although it is thought that few were literate. The stele was later plundered by the Elamites and removed to their capital, [[Susa]]; it was rediscovered there in 1901 in [[Iran]] and is now in the [[Louvre Museum]] in [[Paris]]. The code of Hammurabi contained 282 laws, written by [[scribe]]s on 12 tablets. Unlike earlier laws, it was written in [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]], the daily language of Babylon, and could therefore be read by any literate person in the city.<ref>{{harvnb|Breasted|2003|p=141}}</ref>

The structure of the code is very specific, with each offense receiving a specified punishment. The punishments tended to be very harsh by modern standards, with many offenses resulting in death, disfigurement, or the use of the "[[Eye for an Eye|Eye for eye, tooth for tooth]]" ([[An eye for an eye|Lex Talionis]] "Law of Retaliation") philosophy.<ref>Review: The Code of Hammurabi, J. Dyneley Prince, The American Journal of Theology Vol. 8, No. 3 (Jul., 1904), pp. 601-609 Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3153895</ref> The code is also one of the earliest examples of the idea of [[presumption of innocence]], and it also suggests that the accused and accuser have the opportunity to provide [[evidence]].<ref>Victimology:Theories and Applications, Ann Wolbert Burgess, Albert R. Roberts, Cheryl Regehr,Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2009, p. 103</ref> However, there is no provision for [[extenuating circumstances]] to alter the prescribed punishment.

A carving at the top of the stele portrays Hammurabi receiving the laws from the god [[Shamash]] or possibly [[Marduk]],<ref>{{cite book|title=The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind|author=Jaynes, Julian|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company Publishing|year=1976|isbn=0-395-20729-0}}</ref> and the preface states that Hammurabi was chosen by the gods of his people to bring the laws to them. Parallels between this narrative and the giving of laws by God in Jewish tradition to [[Moses]] and similarities between the two legal codes suggest a common ancestor in the Semitic background of the two. Fragments of previous law codes have been found.<ref>J. D. Douglas, Merrill C. Tenney, Zondervan Illustrated Bible Dictionary (Zondervan, 2011), page 1323.</ref><ref>[[George Aaron Barton|Barton, G.A]]: ''Archaeology and the Bible''. University of Michigan Library, 2009, p.406. Barton, a former professor of Semitic languages at the University of Pennsylvania, stated that while there are similarities between the two texts, a study of the entirety of both laws ''"convinces the student that the laws of the Old Testament are in no essential way dependent upon the Babylonian laws."'' He states that ''"such resemblances"'' arose from ''"a similarity of antecedents and of general intellectual outlook"'' between the two cultures, but that ''"the striking differences show that there was no direct borrowing."'' (''ibid'', p.406)</ref><ref>Unger, M.F.: ''Archaeology and the Old Testament''. Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing Co., 1954, p.156, 157</ref><ref>Free, J.P.: ''Archaeology and Biblical History''. Wheaton: Scripture Press, 1950, 1969, p. 121</ref> David P. Wright argues that the Jewish law used Hammurabi's collection as a model, imitating both its structure and content.<ref>David P. Wright, ''Inventing God's Law: How the Covenant Code of the Bible Used and Revised the Laws of Hammurabi'' (Oxford University Press, 2009), page 3 and passim.</ref>

Similar codes of law were created in several nearby civilizations, including the earlier [[Mesopotamian]] examples of [[Code of Ur-Nammu|Ur-Nammu's code]], [[Laws of Eshnunna]], and
[[Lipit-Ishtar|Code of Lipit-Ishtar]], and the later [[Hittite laws|Hittite code of laws]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Codes of Hammurabi and Moses|author=Davies, W. W.|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|date=January 2003|isbn=0-7661-3124-6|oclc=227972329}}</ref>

=== Significant laws in Hammurabi's code ===
:(Text taken from Harper's translation, [[wikisource:The Code of Hammurabi (Harper translation)|readable on wikisource]])

*§59 - If a man cut down a tree in a man's orchard, without the consent of the owner of the orchard, he shall pay one-half ''mina'' of silver.
*§55 - If a man open his canal for irrigation and neglect it and the water carry away an adjacent field, he shall measure out grain on the basis of the adjacent fields.
*§168 - If a man set his face to disinherit his son and say to the judges: "I will disinherit my son," the judges shall inquire into his antecedents, and if the son have not committed a crime sufficiently grave to cut him off from sonship, the father may not cut off his son from sonship.
*§169 - If he have committed a crime against his father sufficiently grave to cut him off from sonship, they shall condone his first (offense). If he commit a crime a second time, the father may cut off his son from sonship.
*§8 - If any one steal cattle or sheep, or an ass, or a pig or a goat, if it belong to a god or to the court, the thief shall pay thirtyfold therefor; if they belonged to a freed man of the king he shall pay tenfold; if the thief has nothing with which to pay he shall be put to death.
*§196-201 - If a man destroy the eye of another man, they shall destroy his eye. If one break a man's bone, they shall break his bone. If one destroy the eye of a freeman or break the bone of a freeman he shall pay one ''mana'' of silver. If one destroy the eye of a man's slave or break a bone of a man's slave he shall pay one-half his price. If a man knock out a tooth of a man of his own rank, they shall knock out his tooth. If one knock out a tooth of a freeman, he shall pay one-third ''mana'' of silver.
*§218-219 - If a physician operate on a man for a severe wound with a bronze lancet and cause that man's death; or open an abscess (in the eye) of a man with a bronze lancet and destroy the man's eye, they shall cut off his fingers. If a physician operate on a slave of a freeman for a severe wound with a bronze lancet and cause his death, he shall restore a slave of equal value.
*§229-232 - If a builder build a house for a man and do not make its construction firm, and the house which he has built collapse and cause the death of the owner of the house, that builder shall be put to death. If it cause the death of a son of the owner of the house, they shall put to death a son of that builder. If it cause the death of a slave of the owner of the house, he shall give the owner of the house a slave of equal value. If it destroy property, he shall restore whatever it destroyed, and because he did not make the house which he built firm and it collapsed, he shall rebuild the house which collapsed from his own property (i.e., at his own expense).
*§21 - If a man make a breach in a house, they shall put him to death in front of that breach and they shall thrust him therein.
*§195 - If a son strike his father, they shall cut off his fingers.

==Legacy and depictions==
[[File:Hammurabi bas-relief in the U.S. House of Representatives chamber.jpg|thumb|right|The bas-relief of Hammurabi at the United States Congress]]
During his reign Babylon usurped the position of "most holy city" in southern Mesopotamia from its predecessor, [[Nippur]], for the final time (Babylon had also previously enjoyed this status under the Akkadians, before it was restored to Nippur in the "Sumerian renaissance").

Under the rule of Hammurabi's successor [[Samsu-iluna]], the short-lived Babylonian Empire began to collapse. In northern Mesopotamia, both the Amorites and Babylonians were driven from [[Assyria]] by [[Puzur-Sin]] a native [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]]-speaking ruler, circa 1740 BC. Around the same time, native Akkadian speakers threw off Amorite Babylonian rule in the far south of Mesopotamia, creating the [[Sealand Dynasty]], in more or less the region of ancient Sumer. Hammurabi's ineffectual successors met with further defeats and loss of territory at the hands of Assyrian kings such as [[Adasi]] and [[Bel-ibni]], as well as to the Sealand Dynasty to the south, [[Elam]] to the east, and to the [[Kassites]] from the northeast. Thus was Babylon quickly reduced to the small and minor state it had once been upon its founding.<ref>Georges Roux - Ancient Iraq</ref> The ''coup de grace'' for the Hammurabi's Amorite Dynasty occurred in 1595 BC, when Babylon was sacked and conquered by the powerful [[Hittite Empire]], thereby ending all Amorite political presence in Mesopotamia.<ref name="D19">{{harvnb|DeBlois|1997|p=19}}</ref> However, the Indo-European-speaking Hittites did not remain, turning over Babylon to their [[Kassite]] allies, a people speaking a [[language isolate]], from the [[Zagros mountains]] region. This [[Kassite Dynasty]] was to rule Babylon for over 400 years, adopting parts of the Babylonian [[culture]], including Hammurabi's code of laws.

Because of Hammurabi's reputation as a lawgiver, his depiction can be found in several [[United States|U.S.]] government buildings. Hammurabi is one of the 23 lawgivers depicted in [[marble]] [[bas-relief]]s in the [[United States Capitol#House Chamber|chamber]] of the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]] in the [[United States Capitol]].<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-05-19|url=http://www.aoc.gov/cc/art/lawgivers/hammurabi.cfm|title=Hammurabi|publisher=[[Architect of the Capitol]]}}</ref> A [[frieze]] by [[Adolph Weinman]] depicting the "great lawgivers of history", including Hammurabi, is on the south wall of the [[United States Supreme Court building|U.S. Supreme Court building]].<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-05-19|url={{SCOTUS URL|about/north&southwalls.pdf}} |title=Courtroom Friezes|publisher=[[Supreme Court of the United States]]}}</ref>

A theory current in the early part of the past century holds that Hammurabi was [[Amraphel]], the King of [[Shinar]] in the Book of Genesis 14:1.<ref>http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/1440-amraphel</ref><ref>http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis%2014&version=NIV</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Ancient Near East}}
*[[Babylonian law]]
*[[Cuneiform law]]
*[[Short chronology timeline]]
*[[Manusmriti]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==References==
*{{Cite book|first=Bill T.|last=Arnold|year=2005|title=Who Were the Babylonians?|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|isbn=90-04-13071-3|oclc=225281611|ref=harv}}.
*{{Cite book|first=James Henry|last=Breasted|year=2003|title=Ancient Time or a History of the Early World, Part 1|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|isbn=0-7661-4946-3|oclc=69651827|ref=harv}}.
*{{Cite book|first=Lukas|last=DeBlois|year=1997|title=An Introduction to the Ancient World|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=0-415-12773-4|oclc=231710353|ref=harv}}.
*{{Cite book|first=Marc|last=Van De Mieroop|year=2005|title=King Hammurabi of Babylon: A Biography|publisher=[[Blackwell Publishing]]|isbn=1-4051-2660-4|oclc=255676990|ref=harv}}

==Further reading==
*{{Cite book|last=Finet|first=André |title=Le trone et la rue en Mésopotamie: L'exaltation du roi et les techniques de l'opposition, in La voix de l'opposition en Mésopotamie|year=1973|publisher=Institut des Hautes Études de Belgique|location=Bruxelles|oclc=652257981}}
*{{cite journal|last=Jacobsen|first=Th.|title=Primitive democracy in Ancient Mesopotomia|journal=Journal of Near Eastern Studies|year=1943|volume=2|pages=159–172|doi=10.1086/370672|issue=3}}
*{{cite journal|last=Finkelstein|first=J. J.|title=The Genealogy of the Hammurabi Dynasty|journal=Journal of Cuneiform Studies|year=1966|volume=20|pages=95–118|doi=10.2307/1359643|issue=3}}
*{{cite book|last=Hammurabi|title=The Babylonian Laws|year=1952|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|editor1-last=Driver|editor1-first=G.R.|editor2-last=Miles|editor2-first=John C.}}
*{{cite book|last=Leemans|first=W. F.|title=The Old Babylonian Merchant: His Business and His Social Position|year=1950|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden}}
*{{cite journal|last=Munn-Rankin|first=J. M.|title=Diplomacy in Western Asia in the Early Second Millennium BC|journal=Iraq|year=1956|volume=18|pages=68–110|doi=10.2307/4199599|issue=1}}
*{{cite book|last=Pallis|first=S. A.|title=The Antiquity of Iraq: A Handbook of Assyriology|year=1956|publisher=Ejnar Munksgaard|location=Copenhagen}}
*{{cite book|last=Richardson|first=M.E.J.|title=Hammurabi's laws : text, translation and glossary|year=2000|publisher=Sheffield Acad. Press|location=Sheffield|isbn=1-84127-030-X}}
*{{cite book|last=Saggs|first=H.W.F.|title=The greatness that was Babylon : a survey of the ancient civilization of the Tigris-Euphrates Valley|year=1988|publisher=Sidgwick & Jackson|location=London|isbn=0-283-99623-4}}
*{{cite book|last=Yoffee|first=Norman|title=The economic role of the crown in the old Babylonian period|year=1977|publisher=Undena Publications|location=Malibu, CA|isbn=0-89003-021-9}}<<

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{commons}}
{{Wikisource author}}
* [http://www.louvre.fr/llv/dossiers/detail_oal.jsp?CONTENT%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673229909&CURRENT_LLV_OAL%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673229909&FOLDER%3C%3Efolder_id=0&bmLocale=en A Closer Look at the Code of Hammurabi (Louvre museum)]
* {{Gutenberg author |id=Hammurabi,+King+of+Babylonia | name=Hammurabi}}
* {{Internet Archive author}}

{{S-start}}
{{s-bef|before = [[Sin-muballit]]}}
{{s-ttl|title = [[Kings of Babylon]]|years =}}
{{s-aft|after = [[Samsu-iluna]]}}
{{S-end}}
{{Babylonian kings}}

{{good article}}

{{Authority control|LCCN=n/50/19979}}


{{Persondata
|NAME=Hammurabi
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=King of Babylon and creator of first known code of laws in the world.
|DATE OF BIRTH=c. 1728 BC
|PLACE OF BIRTH= Babylon
|DATE OF DEATH=c. 1686 BC
|PLACE OF DEATH= Babylon
}}
[[Category:18th-century BC people]]
[[Category:18th-century BC deaths]]
[[Category:18th-century BC rulers]]
[[Category:Amorite kings]]
[[Category:Babylonian kings]]
[[Category:Fertile Crescent]]
[[Category:Ancient legislators]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]

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 === Significant laws in Hammurabi's code ===
 :(Text taken from Harper's translation, [[s:The Code of Hammurabi (Harper translation)|readable on wikisource]])
 * §&nbsp;8 – If any one steal cattle or sheep, or an ass, or a pig or a goat, if it belong to a god or to the court, the thief shall pay thirtyfold therefor; if they belonged to a freed man of the king he shall pay tenfold; if the thief has nothing with which to pay he shall be put to death.

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