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John of Reading: /* The Rokos affair */Typo fixing, replaced: missonaries → missionaries using AWB

2015-02-15T14:45:25Z

‎The Rokos affair: Typo fixing, replaced: missonaries → missionaries using AWB

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{{Infobox Patriarch
|image=Joseph Audo Patriarch BabylonJS.jpg
|name=Joseph VI Audo
|birth_name=Joseph Audo
|church=[[Chaldean Catholic Church]]
|see=[[Patriarchial See of Babylon of the Chaldeans|Babylon of the Chaldeans]]
|patriarch_of=[[Patriarch of Babylon of the Chaldeans]]
|residence=[[Iraq]]
|enthroned=July 28, 1847
|ended=March 14, 1878
|predecessor=[[Nicholas I Zaya]]
|successor=[[Eliya Abulyonan|Eliya XIV [XIII] Abulyonan]]
|birth_date=1790
|birth_place=[[Alqosh]]
|death_date={{BirthDeathAge||1790|||1878|3|14}}
|death_place=[[Mossul]]
|ordination= 1818 ([[Priesthood (Catholic Church)|Priest]])
|consecration = March 25, 1825 ([[Bishop (Catholic Church)|Bishop]])
|consecrated_by=[[Augustine Hindi]]
}}
Mar '''Joseph VI Audo''' (or ''Audu'' or ''Oddo'') (1790 – 1878), was the Patriarch of the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]] from 1847 to 1878.

==Early life==
Joseph VI Audo was born in [[Alqosh]] in 1790 and in 1814 he became a monk of the monastery of [[Rabban Hormizd Monastery|Rabban Hormizd]]. He was ordained [[Priesthood (Catholic Church)|priest]] in 1818 and consecrated [[bishop]] of [[Mosul]] on the March 25, 1825 by the patriarchal administrator [[Augustine Hindi]] in [[Amid]]. From 1830 to 1847 he served as [[metropolitan bishop]] of [[Amadiya (Chaldean Diocese)|Amadiya]].

In the early 19th century there was not yet a formal union between the two patriarchal lines that professed to be in communion with the [[Holy See]]. The ancient monastery of Rabban Hormizd, that for many centuries was the see of the Mama patriarchal family supported by most of the [[Church of the East|East Syrian Christians]], in 1808 recognized as own patriarch Mar [[Augustine Hindi]], the leader of patriarchal line started by [[Joseph I (Chaldean Patriarch)|Mar Joseph I]] in 1681 in union with [[papacy|Rome]]. This was fiercely opposed by the last descended of the Mama family, [[Yohannan Hormizd]], he too in communion with Rome. Joseph Audo was a partisan of Mar Augustine Hindi and thus became an active opponent of Yohannan Hormizd: the strong conflict came to an end only for the direct intervention of two apostolic delegates sent by [[Rome]] in 1828-1829.<ref name="Frazee">Charles A. Frazee, ''Catholics and Sultans: The Church and the Ottoman Empire 1453-1923'', Cambridge University Press, 2006 ISBN 0-521-02700-4</ref>{{rp|297}}

After the death of Augustine Hindi the Chaldean Church was finally united under the aged Yohannan Hormizd in 1830, even if he, and his successor [[Nicholas I Zaya|Nicholas I Zay{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}a]], had to deal an internal opposition of several bishops led by Audo that lasted up to the resignation of patriarch Nicholas Zaya in 1846.

==Patriarch (1848–78)==
Joseph Audo was elected Patriarch of the Chaldean Church on July 28, 1847 and confirmed by the [[pope Pius IX]] on September 11, 1848. He is also remembered as Joseph VI, considering Mar Augustine Hindi with the name of Joseph V.

Joseph showed himself to be as energetic and combative a patriarch as he had been a bishop. During his reign he took measures to improve the calibre of the Chaldean clergy and strengthen the episcopate and the monastic order, and mounted a successful campaign to strengthen the spread the Catholic faith into the Nestorian districts. A sincere Catholic, who had been brought to the Catholic faith after reading [[Joseph II (Chaldean Patriarch)|Joseph II]]'s ''Book of the Pure Mirror'', he clashed on a number of occasions with the [[Holy See|Vatican]] on questions of jurisdiction.

Audo laid the foundations, with help from the Vatican, for the Chaldean Church to grow and flourish remarkably in the last decades before the [[First World War]]. From his early days as bishop of {{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}Amadiya, competing with the Nestorian church for the allegiance of the villages of the Sapna valley, he had appreciated the crucial role an educated clergy could play both in consolidating the Catholic faith where it already existed and in bringing it to new hearers. Hitherto many of the Chaldean Church's bishops had been educated at the [[College of the Propaganda]] at Rome, and its priests had picked up what education they could from their bishops. Audo worked to reduce the Chaldean Church's dependence on Rome, and to ensure that it was able to train and educate its own clergy.

In doing so he was following in the footsteps of Gabriel Dambo, whose revival of monasticism in the monastery of [[Rabban Hormizd Monastery|Rabban Hormizd]] in 1808 had been partly intended to supply the church with a well-educated and disciplined clergy. To a certain extent it did; monks from the monastery were sent out as priests and deacons to [[Baghdad]], [[Basra]], and a number of Chaldean villages in the Mosul and {{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}Amadiya districts in the 1820s, and no doubt served their congregations well. Audo himself and other monks later became bishops. But the first Rabban Hormizd superiors, Gabriel Dambo and Yohannan Gwera, also spent much of their energies quarreling with the patriarchs Yohannan VIII Hormizd and Nicholas I Zay{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}a, with damaging consequences for the morale of the church.

=== Establishment of seminaries ===
These internal feuds came to an end with Audo's accession, as he had taken the side of the monastery in its struggles with his predecessors. With the co-operation of the monks assured, the new patriarch did his best to ensure that Dambo's original vision was at last realized. The Monastery of [[Rabban Hormizd Monastery|Rabban Hormizd]] was too remote and exposed to attack to remain a functioning monastery, and was also a symbol of a turbulent time best forgotten. Audo decided to replace it and in 1859, with financial assistance from the Vatican, built a new monastery of Notre Dame des Semences in a safer and more convenient site near [[Alqosh]]. The new monastery quickly replaced Rabban Hormizd as the principal monastery of the Chaldean church. Two other important centres for the education of Chaldean clergy were also established at Mosul during Audo's reign, the patriarchal [[seminary]] of Saint Peter in 1866 and the Syro-Chaldean seminary of Saint John, completed shortly after Audo's death in 1878. The Syro-Chaldean seminary, which trained priests for both the Chaldean and [[Syriac Catholic Church|Syriac Catholic]] churches, was under the direction of the [[Dominican Order|Dominicans]], while the patriarchal seminary was directed entirely by Chaldean clergy. Although a number of Chaldean priests continued to be trained at Rome or elsewhere, most of the bishops and priests of the Chaldean church in the decades before the [[First World War]] came from one or other of these three centers founded in Audo's reign.

=== The Rokos affair ===
Despite Audo's energetic investment in the future of the Chaldean church, his relations with the Vatican were often strained. An early sign of the patriarch's independent attitude was given in 1858, when he held a synod from 7 June to 21 June in the monastery of Rabban Hormizd, whose validity was not recognized by Rome. In 1860 a far more serious clash occurred when the [[Saint Thomas Christians|Malabar]] Catholics sent a delegation to [[Mosul]] to ask the patriarch to consecrate a bishop of their own rite for them. Despite the protests of the apostolic delegate at Mosul, Henri Amanton, Audo consecrated Thomas Rokos bishop of [[Basra]] and dispatched him to visit the Malabar Christians. Amanton thereupon censured the patriarch and his bishops, and Audo responded with two [[encyclical]]s to the priests and people of his church, the first on 21 December 1860 and the second on 4 January 1861. Shortly afterwards he departed to Rome to give an account of his actions, arriving at the end of June. He was there invited to recall Rokos, to write a letter of apology to the [[Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples|Propaganda]] and to make an act of submission to the [[pope]]. He complied with the first and third demands, and was received by the pope on 14 September. On 23 September he issued a third encyclical to his church, in which he admitted his mistakes and revoked measures he had taken against the apostolic delegation and the [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] missionaries. He returned to Mosul on 2 December. Meanwhile Rokos, who had been excommunicated on the Vatican’s orders by the vicar apostolic of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Verapoly|Verapoly]] on his arrival in [[India]], returned in failure to Baghdad in June 1862.<ref>Giacomo Martina ''Pio IX (1851-1866)'' (1986) ISBN 88-7652-543-2, 372-4</ref>

The affair did not end there. One of the members of the reunion which had given Rokos his mission, the metropolitan of [[Seert]] Peter Bar Tatar, refused to accept the censures carried by the delegate. The patriarch was again embroiled with the Dominicans, and issued an interdict on all the places where he arrived to celebrate in the presence of the Chaldeans. There was another incident on 5 June 1864. Audo consecrated [[Elias Mellus]] bishop of {{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}Aqra, but the new bishop omitted from his profession of faith passages relating to the [[Council of Florence]] and the [[Council of Trent]]. This was reported to Rome, and although Audo spoke up for his subordinate and the affair was resolved, animosity grew on both sides.

=== First Vatican Council ===
[[File:Joseph Audo.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Joseph Audo]]
The [[Holy See|Vatican]] seems to have decided thereafter to seek every opportunity to remind Audo of his position. In 1867 Gregory Peter di Natale, metropolitan of [[Amid]], died at Rome. The Propaganda invoked the papacy's old privilege in such cases of directly appointing his successor, and asked the patriarch to submit three suitable names after discussion with his bishops. Shortly afterwards the diocese of Mardin also fell vacant with the death of Ignatius Dashto in 1868, and the [[Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples|Propaganda]] insisted on appointing his successor too. Audo duly submitted a list of seven names, and was directed to consecrate Peter Timothy {{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}Attar metropolitan of Amid and Gabriel Farso metropolitan of [[Mardin]]. He was also informed that the provisions of the ecclesiastical constitution ''Reversurus'' promulgated on 12 July 1867 for the [[Armenian Catholic Church]] would in due course be applied to all the [[Eastern Catholic Churches]], and on 31 August 1869 its rules for the election of bishops were applied to the Chaldean Church in the bull ''Cum ecclesiastica disciplina''.

This was too much for Audo, and he refused to consecrate the bishops-designate of Amid and Mardin. He was summoned to Rome and in January 1870 forced to consecrate them. He complained that Rome was infringing the rights of the [[Patriarchs of the east|Eastern patriarchs]], and was particularly aggrieved that the [[Syriac Catholic Church|Syriac]], [[Maronite Catholic Church|Maronite]] and [[Melkite Greek Catholic Church|Melkite]] patriarchs had not yet agreed to accept the provisions of the 1867 constitution. As a result, in the 1870 [[First Vatican Council]] he was warmly welcomed as a member of the Church party opposed to the doctrine of [[papal infallibility]], and joined in the opposition to the controversial constitution ''[[Pastor aeternus]]'', absenting himself from the session at which it was promulgated. He then refused to adhere to it, giving the excuse that he could only take such a solemn step back home, among his own flock. He met the [[Abdülaziz|Sultan]] in [[Constantinople]] on 16 September 1870, and denounced the constitution as infringing the traditional customs of the church and damaging the interests of the [[Ottoman empire]]. He declared that he had not accepted its provisions and never would. At the same time he celebrated mass with the [[Armenian Catholic Church|Armenian]] priests who had separated themselves from the patriarch Hassoun, and refused to reply to letters from the [[Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples|Propaganda]]. The Vatican, alarmed, used every means at its disposal to recall him to obedience and head off a threatened schism.<ref name="angold"/> Finally, on 29 July 1872, last of all the eastern patriarchs, Audo wrote a letter accepting the decisions of the council. The Vatican decided to teach him a lesson. In ''Quae in patriarchatu'', a stinging encyclical of 16 November 1872 addressed to the bishops, clergy and faithful of the Chaldean Church, Pope Pius IX rehearsed the many examples of Audo's intransigence, deplored his disobedience and welcomed his eventual submission. Audo's flock was left in little doubt as to who, in the Vatican's eyes, had been in the wrong.<ref>[http://www.papalencyclicals.net/Pius09/p9quaein.htm The papal encyclical ''Quae in patriarchatu'', 16 November 1872]</ref>

=== The Mellusian schism ===
Audo clashed with the [[Holy See|Vatican]] again in 1874. He asked [[pope Pius IX]] to restore to the [[Chaldean Catholic Church|Chaldean Church]] the traditional jurisdiction of the [[Church of the East]] over the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church|Syrian Catholics]] of [[India]]. The Vatican delayed its response to this request and Audo decided not to wait. He sent [[Eliya Mellus]], bishop of {{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}Aqra, to [[India]] as a [[metropolitan bishop|metropolitan]], where he was promptly excommunicated by the Vatican. On 24 May 1874, without prior consultation with the Vatican, he consecrated [[Eliya Abulyonan|Eliya Peter {{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}Abulyonan]] metropolitan of [[Gazarta]] and Mattai Paul Shamina metropolitan of {{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}Amadiya. On 1 May 1875 he consecrated Quriaqos Giwargis Goga metropolitan of Zakho and Philip Ya{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}qob Abraham metropolitan for India, to assist Elıya Mellus. The pope threatened in an encyclical letter of 1 September 1876 to excommunicate both the patriarch and the bishops whom he had consecrated unless they returned to obedience within 40 days. Audo yielded in March 1877 and wrote to recall Eliya Mellus and Philip Abraham from India. He was absolved from censure and commended for his compliance in the papal letters ''Solatio nobis fuit'' (9 June 1877) and ''Iucundum nobis'' (11 July 1877), and his episcopal appointments outside India were recognized.<ref name="angold">Michael Angold ''Eastern Christianity'', Cambridge University Press, 2006 ISBN 0-521-81113-9 pag 528-529</ref> Nevertheless, Audo's surrender came too late to prevent a [[schism (religion)|schism]] in the Syro-Chaldean Church, the so-called ''Mellusian schism''.<ref>''The Cambridge History of Christianity'', Cambridge University Press: 2006 ISBN 0-521-81456-1, pag 422</ref>

=== Final years ===
Joseph Audo died reconciled with the Vatican in [[Mosul]] on March 14, 1878.<ref name="Wilm">David Wilmshurst, ''The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318-1913'', Peeters Publishers, 2000 ISBN 90-429-0876-9</ref>{{rp|740}} His obituary was pronounced in a consistory held on 28 February 1879 by Pope Leo XIII, who praised him as 'a man adorned with a fine sense of faith and belief' (''quem eximius pietatis et religionis sensus ornabat''). Although there are no lack of sources for his eventful career, he has not yet found his biographer.

Audo was succeeded as patriarch of Babylon by [[Eliya Abulyonan|Eliya Peter {{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}Abulyonan]], metropolitan of [[Gazarta]], who was elected in 1878 in the monastery of Notre Dame des Semences and confirmed on 28 February 1879 under the title Eliya XII.

==See also==
*[[Toma Audo]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
*{{cite web|url=http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/baby0.htm|title=Patriarchal See of Babylon|publisher=GCatholic.org|accessdate=2009-01-24}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/baudug.html|title=Archbishop Giuseppe Audu|publisher=Catholic-Hierarchy.org|accessdate=2009-01-16}}
* {{cite book |last=Frazee |first=Charles A. | title=Catholics and Sultans: The Church and the Ottoman Empire 1453-1923 |year=2006 | publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn= 0-521-02700-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Wilmshurst |first=David |title=The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318-1913 |publisher=Peeters Publishers |year=2000 |isbn=978-90-429-0876-5}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Nicholas I Zaya]]<br>(1839–1846)}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon|Patriarch of Babylon <br>of the Chaldean Catholic Church]]|years=1847–1878}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Eliya Abulyonan|Eliya XIV Abulyonan]]<br> (1878–1894)}}
{{end}}


{{Persondata
|NAME= Audo, Joseph VI
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES= Audo, Joseph
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=Patriarch of the Chaldean Catholic Church
|DATE OF BIRTH=1790
|PLACE OF BIRTH=Alqosh, Iraq
|DATE OF DEATH=March 14, 1878
|PLACE OF DEATH=Mosul, Iraq
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Audo, Joseph VI}}
[[Category:Assyrian people]]
[[Category:Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon]]
[[Category:1790 births]]
[[Category:1878 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Alqosh]]

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Joseph VI Audo - Revision history

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John of Reading: /* The Rokos affair */Typo fixing, replaced: missonaries → missionaries using AWB