Test123: 1 revision imported

2018-03-18T16:32:23Z

1 revision imported

Palindromedairy at 23:38, 24 December 2017

2017-12-24T23:38:15Z

New page

{{Infobox monarch
| name = Kadašman-Turgu
| title = [[List of kings of Babylon|King of Babylon]]
| image= Amulet Kadashman-Turgu Louvre AO 4633.jpg
| caption = Zoomorph amulet<ref group=i>AO 4633 Small horse-head figure with blue glaze inscribed "''Ka-da-aš-ma-an Túr-gu'', LUGAL ŠÁR."</ref> with an inscription in the name of Kadashman-Turgu, [[Louvre Museum]]
| reign = c. 1281–1264 BC
| coronation =
| predecessor = [[Nazi-Maruttash|Nazi-Maruttaš]]
| successor = [[Kadashman-Enlil II|Kadašman-Enlil II]]
| spouse =
| royal house = [[Kassites|Kassite]]
| father =
| mother =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| buried =}}

'''Kadašman-Turgu''', inscribed ''Ka-da-aš-ma-an Túr-gu'' and meaning ''he believes in Turgu'', a [[Kassite deities|Kassite deity]], (1281–1264 BC [[Short chronology timeline|short chronology]]) was the 24th king of the [[Kassites|Kassite]] or 3rd dynasty of [[Babylon]]. He succeeded his father, [[Nazi-Maruttash|Nazi-Maruttaš]], continuing the tradition of proclaiming himself “king of the world”<ref name=brinkman>{{ cite book | title = Materials for the Study of Kassite History, Vol. I | author = J. A. Brinkman | publisher = Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago | year = 1976 | pages = 162, 164 }}</ref> and went on to reign for eighteen years.<ref group=i>According to the ''Kinglist A'' tablet, BM 33332, column 2, line 3, in the British Museum, but note the name is mostly obliterated.</ref> He was a contemporary of the [[Hittites|Hittite]] king [[Hattusili III|Ḫattušili III]], with whom he concluded a formal treaty of friendship and mutual assistance, and also [[Ramesses II]] with whom he consequently severed diplomatic relations.

Kadašman-Turgu reigned during momentous times, but seems to have played only a peripheral role. Ḫattušili III, in a letter<ref group=i name=bo>''Letter from Ḫattušili III to Kadašman-Enlil II'', Bo 1802 KBo 1:10 r52: ''šarru ša giš.tukul.hi.a.iššaknūma [uššabu]'', “A king who sat home when there is a war.”</ref>{{rp|r52}} to his son and successor [[Kadashman-Enlil II|Kadašman-Enlil II]], said of him, “they used to call [your father] a king who prepares for war but then stays at home”.<ref name=cah>{{ cite book | title = The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume II, Part 2, History of the Middle East and the Aegean Region, 1380–1000 BC | chapter = XXV: Assyrian Military Power, 1300–1200 BC, The Campaigns of Adad-Nīrāri I | author = [[Margaret Munn-Rankin|J. M. Munn-Rankin]] |editor1=I. E. S. Edwards |editor2=C. J. Gadd |editor3=N. G. L. Hammond |editor4=S. Solberger | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 1975 | page = 277 }} if the passage has been “correctly restored”.</ref><ref>{{ cite book | title = Babylonian Liver Omens: The Chapters Manzazu, Padanu, and Pan Takalti of the Babylonian Extispicy Series Mainly from Assurbanipal's Library | author = Ulla Koch-Westenholz | publisher = Museum Tusculanum | year = 2000 | page = 191 }} footnote 544.</ref> His personal seal<ref group=i>VAT 9672 tablet with seal impression recovered from [[Assur]].</ref> included suckling animals in two registers, allegorically symbolizing his care for his subjects.<ref>{{ cite journal | author = Gisela Stiehler-Alegria | title = Das Kadasman-Turgu-Siegel VAT 9672 Aus Dem Tiglat-Pileser Archiv Von Assur: Die Allegorie Des ""saugenden Muttertieres" Als Bildprogramm Von Kadasman-Turgu Bis Adad-Suma-Iddina | journal = Isimu: Revista sobre Oriente Próximo y Egipto en la antigüedad | publisher = Universidad Autónoma de Madrid: Facultad de Filosofía y Letras. Centro Superior de Estudios de Asiriología y Egiptología | year = 2003 | issue = 6 | pages = 295–308 }}</ref> The continued employment of the extinct [[Sumerian language]] in royal votive inscriptions was in decline and the Babylonian calendar was under revision<ref>{{ cite book | title = Reallexikon Der Assyriologie Und Vorderasiatischen Archaologie: Ia – Kizzuwatna (Volume 5) | chapter = Kadašman-Turgu | author = J. A. Brinkman | editor = Dietz Otto Edzard | publisher = Walter De Gruyter | year = 1999 | page = 286 }}</ref> with the introduction of the [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] term: ''Šanat rēš šarrūti'', “accession year.”<ref group=i>Tablet Ni.435 from Nippur</ref><ref>{{ cite journal | title = Mu-ús-sa Dates in the Kassite Period | author = J. A. Brinkman | journal = Die Welt des Orients | volume = 6 | issue = 2 | publisher = Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht | year = 1971 | pages = 153–156 | jstor = 25682694 }}</ref>

==Relations with Assyria==

Early in his reign, he brokered a treaty with the [[Assyria]]n king [[Adad-nirari I|Adad-Nīrāri]], preserved on a fragmentary clay tablet<ref group=i>Tablet VAT 15420.</ref> where the phrase “he pardoned his son of the crime”<ref group=i>Fragment VAT 14400 copy of VAT 15420: ''mar-šu i-na hi-ti u-zak-ki'', “he pardoned his son for the crime.”</ref> appears twice.<ref>{{ cite book | title = Assyrian Royal Inscriptions, Volume I: From the beginning to Ashur-resha-ishi I. | author = Albert Kirk Grayson | publisher= – Otto Harrossowitz | year = 1972 | page = 78 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite book | title = Historische und historisch-literische Texte | author = Eckart Frahm | publisher = Harrassowitz Verlag | year = 2009 | page = 19 }}</ref> Kadašman-Enlil’s father, [[Nazi-Maruttash|Nazi-Maruttaš]] had been engaged in a protracted war with both Adad-Nīrāri and his father [[Arik-den-ili]] which had reached its dénouement in a battle at "Kār-Ištar of Ugarsallu".<ref group=i>''Synchronistic Chronicle'' (ABC 21) tablet C, column 1, lines 24 to 31</ref> This settlement perhaps explains why there were no reports of any conflict between the Babylonians and Assyrians during this time.<ref>{{ cite journal | title = The Power Configuration Sequence of the Central World System, 1500–700 BC | author = David Wilkinson | journal = Journal of World-Systems Research | volume = x | issue = 3 | date = Fall 2003 | page = 678 }}</ref> It also freed the Assyrians to turn their attention to conquering their westerly neighbor and former overlord the [[Mitanni]].<ref name=cah/>

==The Hittite succession==

He would no doubt have been aware of the [[Battle of Kadesh]], in 1274, the dramatic climax of the [[Hittites|Hittite]] conflict with [[New Kingdom|Egypt]] and probably the largest chariot battle ever fought. The Hittite king [[Muwatalli II]] died around 1272 and was succeeded by his son, Urḫi-Teššup, who took the name [[Mursili III]], and reigned for seven years.<ref group=i>''Apology of Ḫattušili III'' §11, “I submitted for seven years”.</ref> But he found himself increasingly at odds with his uncle, Ḫattušili III, the heroic general of Kadesh, who eventually overthrew him. In the first instance, Urḫi-Teššup seems to have appealed to Kadašman-Turgu for support,<ref group=i>''Apology of Ḫattušili III'', §12, IV 34–5, “He would have plotted another plot, and driven to the land of Babylon, but when I heard the matter, I seized him, and I sent him to the sea coast.”</ref> before turning to the Assyrians and finally seeking asylum at the court of Ramesses.

First, Ḫattušili demanded the handover of the fugitive. Then he sought support from Kadašman-Turgu complaining of the pharaoh's lack of complicity. Kadašman-Turgu was apparently sympathetic and willing to recognize the usurper as Hatti's legitimate king, motivated perhaps more by the need for a strong alliance with the Hittites to counter the threat of the Assyrians and maintain the uneasy peace. He promised to provide Ḫattušili with military support in any conflict with Egypt and “kept the messenger of the king of Egypt at bay”, i.e. terminated diplomatic links.<ref name=bryce>{{ cite book | title = Letters of the great kings of the ancient Near East: the royal | author = Trevor Bryce | publisher = Routledge | year = 2003 | pages = 71, 204, 205–6 }}</ref> According to Ḫattušili, they agreed that “the survivor shall protect the children of the one who goes first to his fate”.<ref name=bryce/>

Relations must have warmed for at least a short time, before Kadašman-Turgu died, because Ḫattušili records in a letter to Kadašman-Enlil that his father loaned to the Hittite the services of a sculptor, who was subsequently returned.<ref name=bryce/> He had earlier loaned a physician named [[Rabâ-ša-Marduk]] and an exorcist to Ḫattušili’s brother [[Muwatalli II]] ("as for the exorcist about whom my brother wrote me, saying 'the exorcist whom my brother wrote me has arrived […] and has begun the ritual'”<ref group=i>[http://www.hethport.adwmainz.de/fotarch/FLASHbetrachter.php?ori=&po=0&si=100&bildnr=BoFN00055c&fundnr=Bo%206358&xy=f550b7d048d778814264e97cc5318b1d Kadašman-Turgu letter to Ḫattušili III (tablet Bo 6358 / KUB 3:71 / CTH 174)] (Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin)</ref>{{rp|7f}}) but these experts were never returned ("perhaps the exorcist has died"<ref group=i name=bo/>{{rp|r45}}).<ref>6 CAD Š/III, 250b</ref>

==Domestic affairs==

His construction efforts are witnessed at the E’igi-kalama [[ziggurat]] of the [[tutelary deity]] Lugalmarada, in the city of [[Marad]],<ref>{{ cite book | title = Mesopotamian Dark Age Revisited | chapter = Babylonian chronology of the second half of the second millennium BC | author = Leonhard Sassmannshausen | editors = Hermann Hunger and Regine Pruzsinszky | location = Vienna | year = 2004 | page = 68 }}</ref> and also in the ziggurat area at Nippur.<ref name=brinkman/>

The eighteen-year reign is confirmed by progression of date formulae appearing on more than a hundred economic texts, such as those of Irîmshu-Ninurta, a prominent official in Nippur, who recorded ten storehouse transactions, from Kadašman-Turgu’s reign, to that of his successor, his son Kadašman-Enlil II, in which he receives incoming taxes, he grants loans, and pays salaries to other officers.<ref>{{ cite book | title = Volume XXIV: Documents from the Temple Archives Dated in the Reigns of the Cassite Kings | author = Albert T. Clay | publisher = Department of Archaeology, University of Pennsylvania | year = 1906 | pages = 4, 8 }}</ref>

===Chronological problems===

An economic text, first published in 1982 by Veysel Donbaz,<ref>{{ cite journal | title = A Middle Babylonian Legal Document Raising Problems in Kassite Chronology | author = Veysel Donbaz | journal = JNES | volume = 41 | jstor = 544999 | pages = 207–212 }}</ref> has presented a chronological dilemma regarding the sequence of succession from Kadašman-Turgu to Kadašman-Enlil as it seems to place Kadašman-Enlil’s succession year in the past whilst describing events too recent to be explained by harking back to the earlier monarch, [[Kadashman-Enlil I|Kadašman-Enlil I]], whose reign ended 90 years before the date (1270 BC) on this document. It describes the exchange of goods and real estate between Kidin-Gula and his son Martuku with Arad-Marduk. It provides the following heading at the start and a similar summary at the end:

{{ quote|From the month Tašrītu of the accession year of Kadašman-Enlil to the twelfth year of Kadašman-Turgu, king.<ref group=i>Tablet A.1998 A. (= Bab 39031): ''ul-tu'' ITI.DU<sub>6</sub>.KÙ ''ša'' MU.SAG NAM.LUGAL ''Ka-daš-man-''<sup>d</sup>EN-LÍL ''a-di'' MU.12.KÁM ''Ka-daš-man-Túr-gu'' LUGAL.</ref>|A.1998|lines 2–4 }}

Brinkman argues that the evidence for the traditional sequence, i.e. votive inscriptions of Kadašman-Enlil, son of Kadašman-Turgu and other contemporary documents, “is too strong simply to set aside.”<ref>{{ cite journal | title = Istanbul A. 1998, Middle Babylonian Chronology, and the Statistics of the Nippur Archives | author = J. A. Brinkman | journal = Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie | volume = 73 | number = 1 | year = 1983 | pages = 67–74 }}</ref>{{rp|70}} In contrast, Boese suggests another Kadašman-Enlil may have briefly preceded the pair.<ref>{{ cite journal | title = Kadašman-Enlil, Kadaman-Turgu und die kassitische Chronologie des 14. und 13. Jahrhunderts v. Chr. | author = Johannes Boese | journal = Altoriental. Forsch | volume = 36 | number =1 | year = 2009 | pages = 85–96 }}</ref> The text comes from the archive of Itti-Ezida-lummir in Babylon (Pedersén M8) which also contains a text that may be from the 10th year of [[Kadashman-Harbe II|Kadašman-Ḫarbe II]],<ref group=i>Bab 39045.</ref> a king recorded as having only reigned for less than 2 years, and, for this reason, Werner Nahm suggests they are both ancient fabrications.<ref>{{ cite journal | title = 12. Kadašman-Enlil IIa as a Green Tiger | author = Werner Nahm | journal = Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires (NABU) | year = 2016 | issue = 1 (Mars) | page = 17 }}</ref> The title to real estate pledged as security to debt valued in copper, rather than the gold or silver citations of the period, reflects a later era after 1175 BC, when the trade routes for these precious metals had been compromised and supports doubts about its authenticity.<ref>{{ cite journal | title = 45. The Green Tiger, Revisited | author = J. A. Brinkman | journal = Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires (NABU) | year = 2016 | issue = 2 (juin) | page = 75 }}</ref>

==Inscriptions==

<references group="i"/>

==References==

{{Reflist}}

{{Babylonian kings}}

[[Category:Babylonian kings]]
[[Category:Kassite kings]]
[[Category:13th-century BC rulers]]

← Older revision	Revision as of 16:32, 18 March 2018
(No difference)

Kadashman-Turgu - Revision history

Test123: 1 revision imported

Palindromedairy at 23:38, 24 December 2017