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{{Infobox monarch
| name = Karaindaš
| title = [[List of kings of Babylon|King of Babylon]]
| image= Part of front of Inanna temple of Kara Indasch from Uruk Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin.jpg
| caption = Molded baked-brick bas-relief of the temple of Karaindaš from [[Uruk]]
| reign = ca. 1410 BC
| coronation =
| predecessor = [[Agum III]] ?
| successor = [[Kadashman-harbe I|Kadašman-Ḫarbe I]]
| spouse =
| royal house = [[Kassites|Kassite]]
| father =
| mother =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| buried =}}

'''Karaindaš''' was one of the more prominent rulers of the [[Kassites|Kassite]] dynasty and reigned towards the end of the 15th century, BC. An inscription on a tablet detailing building work calls him “Mighty King, King of [[Babylon]]ia, King of [[Sumer]] and Akkad, King of the Kassites, King of [[Karduniaš]],”<ref>{{ cite book | title = Babylonians | author = H. W. F. Saggs | publisher = British Museum Press | year = 2000 | page = 117 }}</ref><ref group=i>Tablet A 3519, in the collection of the Oriental Institute, University of Chicago, [http://cdli.ucla.edu/search/archival_view.php?ObjectID=P373777 CDLI], a late Babylonian copy of a monumental inscription.</ref> inscribed ''[[ka (cuneiform)|ka]]-[[ru (cuneiform)|ru]]-du-ni-[[ia (cuneiform)|ia]]-[[aš (cuneiform)|aš]]'', probably the [[Kassite language]] designation for their kingdom and the earliest extant attestation of this name.<ref>{{ cite book | title = Reallexikon Der Assyriologie Und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie: Ia – Kizzuwatna (Volume 5) | chapter = Karduniaš | author = J. A. Brinkman | editor = Dietz Otto Edzard | publisher = Walter De Gruyter | year = 1999 | page = 423 }}</ref>

==Eanna of Inanna==

Karaindaš’ own eleven-line [[Sumerian language|Sumerian]] inscriptions<ref name=brinkman>{{ cite book | title = Materials and Studies for Kassite History, Vol. I | author = J. A. Brinkman | publisher = Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago | year = 1976 | page = 169 }} N. 2.1.</ref><ref group=i>For example BM 90287, 11-line brick inscription in the British Museum, [http://cdli.ucla.edu/search/archival_view.php?ObjectID=P427907 CDLI].</ref> adorn bricks from the Temple dedicated to the goddess [[Inanna]], in [[Uruk]], where he commissioned the spectacular façade pictured. It is 205 cm high and would originally have been constructed from around five hundred pre-formed baked bricks, which were set in recessed [[Socle (architecture)|socles]], depicting both male and female deities holding water jugs. The bearded males wear horned flat caps and double streams of water flow symmetrically to frame the niches.<ref name=cah>{{ cite book | title = The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume II, Part 2, History of the Middle East and the Aegean Region, 1380 – 1000 BC | chapter = XVIII: Assyria and Babylonia, 1370 – 1300 BC; New influences in art | author = C. J. Gadd |editor1=I. E. S. Edwards |editor2=C. J. Gadd |editor3=N. G. L. Hammond |editor4=S. Solberger | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 1975 | pages = 44–45 }}</ref> Apart from the simple dedication, there are no significant texts adorning the façades.<ref>{{ cite book | title = Writing and ancient Near Eastern society: papers in honour of Alan R. Millard |author1=Piotr Bienkowski |author2=Christopher Mee |author3=Elizabeth Slater | page = 178 }}</ref>

The temple to Inanna was originally located in a courtyard of the Eanna, or “House of Heaven”, precinct of Uruk<ref>{{ cite book | title = 5000 Years of the Art of Mesopotamia | author = Strommenger, Eva | location = New York | publisher = Harry N. Abrams, Inc. | year = 1964 | page = 170 }}</ref> and stood until the [[Seleucid era]]. It was a rectangular building with a long [[cella]] and ante-cella surrounded by corridors and the elaborately decorated external wall with corner [[Bastion|bulwarks]].<ref>{{ cite book | title = A dictionary of ancient Near Eastern architecture | author = Gwendolyn Leick | publisher = Routledge | year = 1988 | page = 237 }}</ref> The inner sanctuary had the cult image at the end, instead of the usual siting in the middle of a long wall.<ref>{{ cite book | title = The art and architecture of the ancient Orient | author = Henri Frankfort | publisher = Yale University Press | year = 1996 |page = 128 }}</ref>

It was excavated during the 1928/29 season by a team led by Director Julius Jordan under the auspices of the Deutsche Orient Gesellschaft and Deutsche Not-Gemeinschaft.<ref>{{ cite book | title = Reclaiming a Plundered Past: Archaeology and Nation Building in Modern Iraq | author = Magnus Thorkell Bernhardsson | publisher = University of Texas Press | year = 2006 | page = 139 }}</ref> A section of the outer wall has been reassembled and moved to the [[Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin|Vorderasiatisches]] wing of the [[Pergamon Museum]] in Berlin. Parts of the façade were in the Iraq Museum in Baghdad, but were stolen during the looting of the museum after the American occupation of Baghdad during the second Gulf War and have since disappeared.<ref>{{ cite book | title = The looting of the Iraq Museum, Baghdad: the lost legacy of ancient Mesopotamia |author1=Milbry Polk |author2=Angela M. H. Schuster | publisher = Harry N. Abrams | date = May 1, 2005 }}</ref>

==Diplomatic Relations==

He concluded a boundary treaty (''riksu'') with [[Ashur-bel-nisheshu|Aššur-bêl-nišešu]] of Assyria (1407-1399; [[Short chronology timeline|short chronology]]), “together with an oath (''māmītu'')” according to the ''Synchronistic Chronicle''.<ref group=i>[http://www.livius.org/cg-cm/chronicles/abc21/synchronistic1.html "Synchronistic Chronicle"] (ABC 21), tablet A, K4401a, lines 1 through 4.</ref><ref>{{ cite book | title = Admonition and Curse: The Ancient Near Eastern Treaty/Covenant Form as a Problem in Inter-Cultural Relationships | author = Noel Weeks | publisher = T&T Clark Int'l | year = 2004 | page = 33 }}</ref>

According to Sassmannshausen,<ref>{{ cite book | title = Mesopotamian Dark Age Revisited | chapter = Babylonian Chronology of the 2nd Half of the 2nd Millennium B.C. | author = Leonhard Sassmannshausen |editor1=H. Hunger |editor2=R. Pruzsinszky | url = http://www.austriaca.at/0xc1aa500d_0x00160e42.pdf | publisher = Verlag Der Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften | location = Vienna | year = 2004 | pages = 157–177 }}</ref> it is ''very'' likely that Karaindaš was the Babylonian king who sent precious gifts, including lapis lazuli, to pharaoh [[Thutmosis III]] during his 8th campaign, the attack on the [[Mitanni]], according to the [[Annals of Thutmose III|annals of Thutmosis III]]. This was conducted in the 33rd of his reign<ref>{{ cite book | title = The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt | author = Betsy M. Bryan | chapter = The 18th Dynasty Before the Amarna Period | editor = Ian Shaw | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2000 | page = 246 }}</ref> or around 1447 BC according to the [[Chronology of the Ancient Near East|Low Chronology]] of [[Ancient Egypt]], suggesting Karaindaš had a very long reign if this chronology coincides with that of the short chronology used for the Near East, but there are chronological difficulties trying to correlate Tuthmosis and Karaindaš.<ref>{{ cite book | title = The ancient Near East, c. 3000-330 BC | author = Amélie Kuhrt | publisher = Routledge | year = 1995 | page = 340 }}</ref>

[[Burna-Buriash II]], in his [[Amarna letters|Amarna correspondence]] with Pharaoh [[Akhenaten]], in the tablet designated EA 10,<ref group=i>El Amarna tablet EA 10 (BM 029786, in the British Museum), [http://cdli.ucla.edu/search/archival_view.php?ObjectID=P270889 CDLI], [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/contrib/amarna/P270889/html ORACC Transliteration] lines 8 to 10.</ref> describes him as the first to enter into friendly relations with Egypt, “Since the time of Karaindaš, since messengers of your ancestors have come regularly to my ancestors, up to the present they (the ancestors of the two lands) have been good friends.” <ref>{{ cite book | title = Brotherhood of Kings: How International Relations Shaped the Ancient Near East | author = Amanda H. Podany | publisher = Oxford University Press | year =2010 | page= 181 }}</ref> The ''Annals of Tuthmosis'', inscribed on the inside walls of the corridor which surrounds the granite holy of holies of the [[Precinct of Amun-Re|Great Temple of Amun]] at [[Karnak]], record the ''tribute'' of Babylon, and include a lapis lazuli ram’s head amongst the inventory.<ref>{{cite book | title = Ancient Records of Egypt, Vol. II: The Eighteenth Dynasty | author = James Henry Breasted | publisher = University of Chicago Press | year = 1906 | page = 204 }}</ref>

==Other sources==

[[File:Seal of Izkur-Marduk.jpg|thumb|240px| Seal of Izkur-Marduk ([[University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology|University Museum]], [[Philadelphia]]).]]

A brown agate cylinder seal (pictured), which is in the [[University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology|University Museum]] in Philadelphia, is inscribed “Oh [Shuqamuna], lord who advances in brilliance by your fullness … your light is indeed favourable: Izkur-Marduk, ''son of Karaindaš'', who prays to you and reveres you.”<ref>{{ cite book | title = First impressions: cylinder seals in the ancient Near East | author = Dominique Collon | publisher= British Museum Press | year = 2005 | page = 58 }}</ref><ref group=i>CBS 1108 brown agate seal bearing 7 line Sumerian inscription, University Museum, Philadelphia.</ref> Shuqamuna was a [[Kassite deities|Kassite male god]] symbolized by a bird on a perch often accompanied by his consort, Shumaliya, associated with the investiture of kings. Izkur-Marduk’s name is wholly Babylonian and translates as “he has invoked Marduk”.<ref>{{ cite journal | title = Five Royal Seal Cylinders | author = Leon Legrain | journal= The Museum Journal | volume = XIII | publisher = The University Museum, Philadelphia | date = March 1922 | pages = 70–77 }}</ref>

His renown was apparently so great, that [[Shutruk-Nahhunte]] who would go on to ransack Babylon around 250 years later, boasted “I destroyed Karaindaš”, i.e. Babylonia.<ref>{{ cite book | title = The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State (Cambridge World Archaeology) | author = Daniel T. Potts | publisher = Cambridge University Press |date =August 13, 1999 | page = 233 }}</ref>

==Inscriptions==

<references group="i"/>

==References==

{{Reflist}}

{{Babylonian kings}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Karaindash}}
[[Category:Babylonian kings]]
[[Category:Kassite kings]]
[[Category:15th-century BC people]]

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