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{{Infobox monarch
| name = Kaštiliašu IV
| title = [[List of kings of Babylon|King of Babylon]]
| image = Tablet_of_Akaptaḫa.jpg
| caption = The [[Tablet of Akaptaḫa]], recording a gift of land by Babylonian king, Kaštiliašu IV
| reign = c. 1232–1225 BC
| coronation =
| predecessor = [[Shagarakti-Shuriash|Šagarakti-Šuriaš]]
| successor = [[Enlil-nadin-shumi|Enlil-nādin-šumi]]
| spouse =
| royal house = [[Kassites|Kassite]]
| father =
| mother =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| buried =}}

'''Kaštiliašu IV''' was the twenty-eighth [[Kassites|Kassite]] king of [[Babylon]] and the kingdom contemporarily known as [[Karduniaš|Kar-Duniaš]], c. 1232–1225 BC ([[short chronology]]). He succeeded [[Shagarakti-Shuriash|Šagarakti-Šuriaš]], who could have been his father, ruled for eight years,<ref group=i name=kla>Kinglist A, BM 33332, column 2, lines 7-10.</ref> and went on to wage war against [[Assyria]] resulting in the catastrophic invasion of his homeland and his abject defeat.

He may have ruled from the Palace of the Stag and the Palace of the Mountain Sheep, in the city of [[Dur-Kurigalzu]], as these are referenced in a jeweler’s archive from this period.<ref>{{ cite journal | title = Palace names and epithets, and the vaulted building | author = Andrew George | journal = Sumer | publisher = School of Oriental and African Studies | volume = 51| year = 2004 | page = 39 }}</ref> Despite his short reign there are at least 177 economic texts dated to him,<ref name=brinkman>{{ cite book | title = Materials and Studies for Kassite History, Vol. I (MSKH I) | chapter = Kaštiliašu | author = J. A. Brinkman | publisher = Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago | year = 1976 | pages = 175–189 }}</ref> on subjects as diverse as various items for a chariot, issue of flour, dates, oil and salt for offerings, receipt of butter and oil at the expense of the ''[[šandabakku]]'' (the governor of [[Nippur]]), i.e. his shopping receipt, and baskets received by Rimutum from Hunnubi.<ref>{{ cite book | title = Catalogue of Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum, Volume II |author1=M. Sigrist |author2=H. H. Figulla |author3=C. B. F. Walker | publisher = British Museum Press | year = 1996 | pages = 81–82 }}</ref><ref group=i>Tablets BM 17678, 17712, 17687, 17740.</ref>

==War with Assyria==

According to his [[Tukulti-Ninurta Epic|eponymous epic]], [[Tukulti-Ninurta I]], king of Assyria, was ''provoked'' into war by Kaštiliašu’s dastardly preemptive attack on his territory, thereby breaching an earlier treaty between their ancestors [[Adad-nirari I|Adad-nīrāri I]] and [[Kadashman-Turgu|Kadašman-Turgu]].<ref name=bryce>{{ cite book | title = Letters of the great kings of the ancient Near East: the royal | author = Trevor Bryce | publisher = Routledge | year = 2003 | page = 11 }}</ref> But trouble may have been brewing for some time. [[Tudhaliya IV|Tudḫaliya]], king of the [[Hittites]], himself reeling from defeat by the Assyrians at the [[Battle of Nihriya]], refers to the Babylonian king as his equal, in his treaty with his vassal, Šaušgamuwa of [[Amurru kingdom|Amurru]], hinting at the possible existence of an alliance or at least a tacit understanding between them.<ref name=hittite>{{ cite book | title = The Kingdom of the Hittites | author = Trevor Bryce | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2005 | pages = 494, 318 }}</ref> It reads:

{{ quote|text=The kings who are equal to me (are) the king of Egypt, the king of Karanduniya (Babylon), the king of Assyria <and the king of Aḫḫiyawa>.<br>And if the king of Karanduniya is My Majesty's friend, he shall also be your friend; but if he is My Majesty's enemy, he shall also be your enemy.<br>Since the king of Assyria is My Majesty's enemy he shall also be your enemy.<br>Your merchant shall not enter into Assyria and you shall not allow his merchant into your land. He shall not pass through your land. <br>But if he enters into your land, you should seize him and send him off to My Majesty.<ref>{{ cite book | title = The Context of Scripture: Volume II: Monumental Inscriptions from the Biblical World | chapter = Treaties | author = Itamar Singer | editor = William W. Hallo | publisher = Brill | year = 2003 | page = 99 }}</ref>|sign=Treaty between Tudḫaliya and Šaušgamuwa|source=Tablet A, column IV, lines 1-18 edited }}

Also, Kaštiliašu had granted land and presumably asylum to a [[Hurrians|Hurrian]], a fugitive from Assyria’s vassal [[Mitanni|Ḫanigalbat]], commemorated on the [[Tablet of Akaptaḫa]].<ref name=brinkman/> He also reconfirmed a large gift of land on a [[Kudurru of Kaštiliašu|kudurru]] that had been provided to Uzub-Šiḫu or -Šipak by the Kassite king, [[Kurigalzu II]] (c. 1332-1308 BC) in grateful recognition of his service in an earlier war against Assyria.<ref group=i>Kudurru of Kaštiliašu, Sb 30 in the [[Musée du Louvre]].</ref>

Tukulti-Ninurta petitioned the god [[Shamash|Šamaš]] before beginning his counter offensive.<ref name=edwards>{{ cite book | title = Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 2, Part 2, History of the Middle East and the Aegean Region, c. 1380-1000 BC | chapter = Assyrian Military Power, 1300-1200 B.C. | author = [[Margaret Munn-Rankin|J. M. Munn-Rankin]] | editor = I. E. S. Edwards | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 1975 | pages = 287–288, 298 }}</ref> Kaštiliašu was captured, single-handed by Tukulti-Ninurta according to his account, who “trod with my feet upon his lordly neck as though it were a footstool”<ref>{{ cite book | title = Assyrian Royal Inscriptions: Volume I | author = Albert Kirk Grayson | publisher = Otto Harrassowitz | location = Wiesbaden | year = 1972 | page = 108 }} §716.</ref> and deported him ignominiously in chains to Assyria. The victorious Assyrian demolished the walls of Babylon, massacred many of the inhabitants, pillaged and plundered his way across the city to the [[Esagila]] temple, where he made off with the statue of [[Marduk]].<ref>{{ cite book | title = The ancient Near East: historical sources in translation | author = Christopher Morgan | editor = Mark William Chavalas | publisher = Blackwell Publishing | year = 2006 | pages = 145–152 }}</ref> He then proclaimed himself “king of Karduniash, king of [[Sumer]] and Akkad, king of [[Sippar]] and Babylon, king of [[Dilmun|Tilmun]] and [[Meluhha]].”<ref name=edwards/> Middle Assyrian texts recovered at modern Tell Sheikh Hamad, ancient [[Dūr-Katlimmu]], which was the regional capital of the vassal Ḫanigalbat, include a letter from Tukulti-Ninurta to his grand vizier, Aššur-iddin advising him of the approach of Šulman-mušabši escorting a Babylonian king, who may have been Kaštiliašu, his wife, and his retinue which incorporated a large number of women,<ref>{{ cite book | title = Dūr-Katlimmu 2008 and beyond | chapter = Production and Consumption at Dūr-Katlimmu: A Survey of the Evidence | author = Frederick Mario Fales | editor = Hartmut Kühne | publisher = Harrassowitz Verlag | year = 2010 | page = 82 }}</ref> on his way to exile after his defeat. The journey to Dūr-Katlimmu seems to have traveled via Jezireh.<ref>{{ cite book | title = Essays on ancient Anatolia in the second millennium B.C. | chapter = Tall Šēḫ Ḥamad - The Assyrian City of Dūr-Katlimmu: A Historic-Geographic Approach | author = Hartmut Kühne | editor = Prince Mikasa no Miya Takahito | publisher = Harrassowitz | year = 1999 | page = 282 }}</ref>

The conflict, and its outcome, is recorded in the [[Tukulti-Ninurta Epic]], a poetic “victory song”, which has been recovered in several lengthy fragments, somewhat reminiscent of the earlier account of Adad-nīrāri’s victory over [[Nazi-Maruttash|Nazi-Maruttaš]].<ref name=edwards/> It would lend its form to later Assyrian epics such as that of [[Shalmaneser III]], concerning his campaign in [[Urartu|Ararat]].<ref>{{ cite book | title = From an antique land: an introduction to ancient Near Eastern literature | author = Benjamin R. Foster | editor = Carl S. Ehrlich | publisher = | date = | page = 200 }}</ref> Written strictly from the Assyrian point of view, it provides a strongly biased narrative. Tukulti-Ninurta is portrayed as an innocent victim of the invidious Kaštiliašu, who is contrasted as “the transgressor of an oath”, and who has so vexed the gods that they have abandoned their sanctuaries.<ref>{{ cite book | title = Between Heaven and Earth: divine presence and absence in the Book of Ezekiel | author = John F. Kutsko | publisher = Eisenbrauns | year = 2000 | page = 106 }}</ref>

More succinct accounts of these events are also inscribed on five large limestone tablets which were imbedded in Tukulti-Ninurta’s construction projects as foundation stones, for example the ''Annals of Tukulti-Ninurta'', carved on a slab which was buried in or under the wall of his purpose-built capital, [[Kar-Tukulti-Ninurta]].<ref>{{ cite book | title = Records of the reign of Tukulti-Ninib I, King of Assyria, about B.C. 1275 | author = L. W. King | publisher = Luzac and Co. | year = 1904 | pages = 78–95 }}</ref>

==Relations with Elam==

There is no extant evidence of conflict between [[Elam]] and Babylon during his reign. The ruling families had been joined through intermarriage in the past, but the countries had resorted to war to settle their differences under the reigns of [[Kurigalzu I]] and possibly Nazi-Maruttaš. However, the sequence of kings of Elam during this period is very confused, with several names suspiciously appearing over again some in shuffled sequences, such as Napirisha-Untash and Untash-Napirisha, making it hard to make sense of the chronology. After Kaštiliašu’s overthrow, however, Kidin-Hutran III, the king of Elam, certainly led two successive incursions into Babylonia, which have been explained as either indicative of his loyalty to the fallen Kassite dynasty or alternatively raiding with impunity to exploit the weakness of the over-extended Assyrians.<ref>{{ cite book | title = The archaeology of Elam: formation and transformation of an ancient Iranian State | author = D. T. Potts | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 1999 | pages = 230–231 }}</ref>

==Babylon under Assyrian Governorship==

The ''[[Chronicle P]]'' records that Tukulti-Ninurta ruled through his appointed governors for seven years, where the term ''šaknūtīšu'' could include appointees or prefects.<ref group=i name=p>Chronicle P (ABC 22), BM 92701, column 4, lines 7 and 8, 14-16, 17-20.</ref> Alternative reconstructions of these events have been proposed whereby Tukulti Ninurta ruled for seven years and ''then'' three successive Kassite kings took power before the original dynasty was reinstated<ref>{{ cite book | title = Assyriological Studies presented to F. R. Kraus on the occasion of his 70th birthday | chapter = Babylonian Chronicle 25: A Chronicle of the Kassite and Isin II Dynasties | author = C.B.F. Walker | location = London | editor = C. Van Driel | publisher = Netherlands Institute for the Near East | date = May 1982 | pages = 402–406 }}</ref> or that his own rule followed these kings.<ref>{{ cite journal | title = Tukulti-Ninurta I's Rule over Babylonia and its Aftermath - A Historical Reconstruction | author = Shigeo Yamada | journal = Orient | volume = 38 | year = 2003 | pages =153–177 | doi=10.5356/orient1960.38.153}}</ref>

It has been suggested that the Šulgi Prophecy, a prophecy dated to after the events, might refer to the events during one of these reigns.<ref>{{ cite book | title = MSKH I | author = J. A. Brinkman | chapter = Enlil-nādin-šumi | page = 125 }}</ref> Enlil-nādin-šumi may be the subject of Column V of the Šulgi prophetic speech.<ref>{{ cite book | title = Assyrian and Babylonian chronicles | author = Albert Kirk Grayson | publisher = J. J. Augustin | year = 1975 | page = 290 }}</ref> It is preserved in heavily damaged late-period tablets, in which [[Shulgi|Šulgi]] (2112–2004 BC), the second and most famous king of the [[Third Dynasty of Ur|third dynasty of Ur]], and founder of Nippur, summarizes his achievements. He predicts that Babylon will submit to Assyria, Nippur will be “cast down”, [[Enlil]] will remove the king, another king will make a messianic appearance, restore the shrines and Nippur will rise from its ashes.<ref>{{ cite book | title = The Continuum history of apocalypticism |author1=Bernard McGinn |author2=John J. Collins |author3=Stephen J. Stein | publisher = Continuum | year = 2003 | pages = 10–11 }}</ref>

With the collapse of Tukulti-Ninurta’s regime in Babylonia, some years before his assassination, the Kassite ''rabûti'' (important men, noblemen, officers?)<ref name=brinkman/> rebelled and installed Kaštiliašu’s son, Adad-šuma-ušur, on the throne.<ref group=i name=p/>

==In literature==

Kashtiliash is a significant character in [[S. M. Stirling]]'s ''[[Against the Tide of Years]]'' and ''[[On the Oceans of Eternity]]'', the second and final novels of his [[Nantucket series]].

==Inscriptions==

<references group="i"/>

==References==

{{Reflist}}

{{Babylonian kings}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kashtiliash Iv}}
[[Category:Babylonian kings]]
[[Category:Kassite kings]]
[[Category:13th-century BC rulers]]

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Palindromedairy at 05:42, 24 December 2017