Ian: 1 revision imported: Chaldean settlements

2015-05-11T23:23:55Z

1 revision imported: Chaldean settlements

Mugsalot: Undid revision 661294522 by 90.228.243.178 (talk)

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Undid revision 661294522 by 90.228.243.178 (talk)

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{{About|the city}}
{{Infobox settlement 
|settlement_type = [[Metropolitan Municipality]]
|coordinates_display = inline,title
|coordinates_region = TR
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{TUR}}
|timezone=[[Eastern European Time|EET]]
|utc_offset=+2
|map_caption =Location of Mardin within Turkey.
|timezone_DST=[[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]]
|utc_offset_DST=+3
|official_name = Mardin
|image_skyline = Mardin..jpg
| image_caption = The old city of Mardin
|image_blank_emblem =
| blank_emblem_type = Coat of arms of Mardin Municipality
| subdivision_type1=[[Regions of Turkey|Region]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Southeastern Anatolia Region|Southeastern Anatolia]]
|subdivision_type2=[[Provinces of Turkey|Province]]
| subdivision_name2 = Mardin
| area_footnotes = {{Turkey district areas|SOURCE}}
| area_blank1_title = District
| area_blank1_km2 = {{Turkey district areas|Mardin|Mardin}}
| population_footnotes = {{Turkey district populations|SOURCE|Mardin}}
| population_urban = {{Turkey district populations|Mardin|Mardin|şehir}}
| population_as_of = {{Turkey district populations|YEAR}}
| population_blank1_title = District
| population_blank1 = {{Turkey district populations|Mardin|Mardin|toplam}}
| population_density_blank1_km2 = auto
|pushpin_map = Turkey
|latd = 37 |latm = 19 |lats = 0 |latNS = N
|longd = 40 |longm = 44 |longs = 16 |longEW = E
|elevation_m = 1083|postal_code_type=[[Postal code]]
| postal_code = 47x xx
|area_code = 0482
|blank_info = 47|blank_name=[[Vehicle registration plates of Turkey|Licence plate]]
| leader_title=Co-[[Mayor]]
| leader_name = [[Ahmet Türk]] [[Februniye Akyol]] <ref>http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/04/christian-mayor-turkey-rights-bdp-mardin.html</ref>
|website = [http://www.mardin.gov.tr/ www.mardin.gov.tr]
|website = [http://www.mardin.bel.tr/ http://www.mardin.bel.tr]
|website = [http://www.mardinimiz.net/ Mardinimiz.net]
}}
'''Mardin''' ({{lang-ku|Mêrdîn}}, {{lang-syr|ܡܶܪܕܺܝܢ}}, [[Arabic]]/[[Ottoman Turkish]]: {{lang|ota|ماردين ''Mārdīn''}}, {{lang-arm|Մարդին}}) is a city in southeastern [[Turkey]]. The capital of [[Mardin Province]], it is known for the [[Artuqid]] (Artıklı or Artuklu in Turkish) architecture of its old city, and for its strategic location on a rocky hill near the [[Tigris River]] that rises steeply over the flat plains.<ref>[http://www.roughguides.com/travel/europe/turkey/the-euphrates-and-tigris-basin/mardin.aspx], from roughguides.com</ref>

==History==

===Antiquity===
{{further|Upper Mesopotamia}}
The territory of Mardin and [[Karaca Dağ]] was known as [[Izalla]] in the Late Bronze Age (variously: KURAzalzi, KURAzalli, KURIzalla), a [[Hurri]]an kingdom first mentioned during the reign of [[Tukulti-Ninurta I]], c. 1230 BC).{{citation needed|date=August 2014}}
The ciry was absorbed into [[Assyria]] during the [[Middle Assyrian Empire]] (1365-1020 BC), and then again during the [[Neo Assyrian Empire]] (911-605 BC).<ref>Parpola - Assyrians after Assyria</ref>

The ancient name was rendered as ''Izalā'' in [[Old Persian]] and it survived into the [[Assyrian Christian]] period as the name of [[Mount Izala|Mt. Izala]] (Izla), on which in the early 4th century AD stood the monastery of Nisibis, housing seventy monks.<ref>Johann Elieser Theodor Wiltsch, trans. John Leitch, ''Handbook of the Geography and Statistics of the Church'', Volume 1, Bosworth & Harrison, 1859, [books.google.ch/books?id=DbwpAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA232 p. 232.]</ref>

In the Roman period, the city itself was known as ''Marida'' (''Merida''),<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/364409/Mardin Encyclopædia Britannica, entry: Mardin. Retrieved January 2014] [http://www.fcsartheorient.com/les-chretiens-d-orient/les-villes-du-christianisme-syro-antiochien/mardin Fraternité Chrétienne Sarthe-Orient, "Marida (Mardin)"]</ref> supposedly from a [[Syriac]]-[[Assyrian]] name translating to "fortress".<ref>{{cite book|last=Lipiński|first=Edward|title=The Aramaeans: their ancient history, culture, religion|year=2000|publisher=Peeters Publishers|isbn=978-90-429-0859-8|page=146|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=rrMKKtiBBI4C&pg=PA146}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Smith|first=of R. Payne Smith. Ed. by J. Payne|title=A compendious Syriac dictionary : founded upon the Thesaurus Syriacus|year=1998|publisher=Eisenbrauns|location=Winona Lake, Ind.|isbn=978-1-57506-032-3|page=299|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=V3nm8Krw0dgC&dq|edition=Repr.|accessdate=8 March 2013}} suggesting ''Mardin'' as a plural "fortresses".</ref>
The bishopric of the [[Assyrian Church of the East]] that was centred on the town when it was part of the [[Roman province]] of [[Osrhoene]] (a former [[Neo Assyrian]] kingdom) became part of the [[Catholic Church]] in the late 17th century AD, and is still included in the [[Catholic Church]]'s list of [[titular see]]s under the ancient name of the town.<ref name=AP>''Annuario Pontificio 2013'' (Libreria Editrice, 2013, ISBN 978-88-209-9070-1), p. 923</ref> It was a [[suffragan]] see of [[Edessa]], the province's [[metropolitan see]].

===Medieval history===
Byzantine Izala fell to the [[Seljuks]] in the 11th century.
During the [[Artukid]] period, many of Mardin's historic buildings were constructed, including several Mosques, Palaces, Madrassas and Hans.{{citation needed|date=August 2014}}
Mardin served as the capital of one of the two Artukid branches during the 11th and 12th centuries. The lands of the Artukid dynasty fell to the [[Mongol invasion]] sometime between 1235 and 1243, but the Artukids continued to govern as vassals of the Mongol Empire.<ref>Ed. Morris Rossabi - China among equals: the Middle Kingdom and its neighbors, 10th-14th centuries, p. 244</ref>
During the [[battle of Ain Jalut]] in 1260, the Artukid governor revolted against Mongol rule. Hulegu's general and Chupan's ancestor, Koke-Ilge of the [[Jalayir]], stormed the city and Hulegu appointed the rebel's son, al-Nasir, governor of Mardin.
Although, Hulegu suspected the latter's loyalty for a while, thereafter the Artukids remained loyal unlike nomadic Bedoun and Kurd tribes in the south western frontier. The Mongol Ilkhanids considered them important allies. For this loyalty they shown, Artukids were given more lands in 1298 and 1304.{{citation needed|date=August 2014}}
Mardin later passed to the [[Akkoyunlu]], a federation of Turkic tribes that controlled territory all the way to the Caspian Sea.

During the medieval period, the town became the centre for [[episcopal see]]s of [[Armenian Catholic Church|Armenian]] and [[Assyrian people|Assyrian]]-[[Syriac Catholic Church|Syriac Christians]]. For instance, the [[Mardin (Chaldean Diocese)|Chaldean diocese]] seems to have been founded in the second half of the 16th century after breaking from the [[Assyrian Church of the East]].<ref>These sees also appear, not under the ancient name but under the modern name of Mardin, in the Catholic Church's list of titular sees. The titular sees of the Armenian and the Syriac Christians are of archiepiscopal rank, see ''Annuario Pontificio 2013'' (Libreria Editrice, 2013, ISBN 978-88-209-9070-1), p. 923.</ref>

===Modern history===
{{Historical populations |type = |footnote = |align=left|1526|10000|1927|22249|1945|18522|1950|19354|1955|24379 |1970 |33740 |1990 |53005 |2000 |65072|2012 |86948 }}
[[File:MardinTypesSarrafianBrosBeirutSyria.JPG|thumb|150px|left|Men in Mardin, around 1900]]

In 1517, Mardin was annexed by the [[Ottomans]] under [[Selim the Grim]]. During this time, Mardin was administered by a governor directly appointed under the Ottoman Sultan's authority. In 1923, with the founding of the Republic of Turkey, Mardin was made the administrative capital of a province named after it.

During [[World War I]] Mardin, among other regions close by was one of the sites affected by the [[Assyrian Genocide]] and [[Armenian Genocide]].

==Geology==
{{unreferenced section|date=July 2013}}

During the late [[Permian]] ~250 mya the Afro-Arabian plate started opening up. The East African continental rift initiation is believed to have started around 27-31 million years ago with the beginning of the basaltic volcanism of the [[Afar Plume]]. This rift system would cause a contractional tectonic process to occur in which the [[Arabian Plate]] was pushed in a north-easterly direction towards the [[Eurasian plate]]. The divergence in the [[East African Rift]] would eventually cause the closure of the [[Tethys Ocean]] as the Arabian Plate made its first inception of collision with Eurasia between 25-23 million years ago, and complete closure around 10 mya and creation of the [[Mardin High]].

[[File:P1040528 Mardin pano.JPG|thumb|center|1000px|Panorama of Mardin]]

== Historical landmarks ==
[[File:Mardin P1030301 20080423103307.JPG|thumb|Main post office building]]
Mardin has often been considered an open air museum due to its historical architecture. Most buildings use the beige colored limestone rock which has been mined for centuries in quarries around the area. The whole city has been listed by UNESCO as a [[World Heritage Site]] under the "Mardin Cultural Landscape".

===Churches===
[[File:Deyrul-zafran.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Monastery of Deyrul Zafran]]
*Meryemana (Virgin Mary) Church
*Mor Yusuf (Surp Hovsep; St Joseph) Church
*Mor Behnam (Kırk Şehitler) Church - built in the name of Mor Behnam and Mort Saro, the son and daughter of a ruler; dates back to 569 AD
*Deyrü'z-Zafaran Monastery - The Syriac Orthodox [[Saffron Monastery]] was founded in 439 AD and is one of the oldest monasteries in the world and the only one that is still functioning in southern Turkey. From 1160 until 1932, it was the seat of the [[Syriac Orthodox Patriarch]], until the Patriarchate relocated to the Syrian capital [[Damascus]]. The site of the monastery itself is said to have been used as a temple by sun worshipers as long ago as 2000 BCE.<ref>{{cite web|author=SOR |url=http://sor.cua.edu/ChMon/MardinDKurkmo/index.html |title=Dayro d-Mor Hananyo: Erstwhile seat of the Syriac Orthodox Patriarch |publisher=Sor.cua.edu |date=2000-04-19 |accessdate=2012-08-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=assyrian-monastery-dated-back-to-4000-years-2010-01-03 |title=ARTS-CULTURE - Syriac monastery dated back to 4,000 years |publisher=Hurriyetdailynews.com |date=2010-01-03 |accessdate=2012-08-17}}</ref>
*Mor Mihail Church
*Mor Semune Church
*Mor Petrus and Pavlus (SS. Peter and Paul) Church
*Red (Surp Kevork) Church
*Mor Cercis Church
*Mor Efraim Monastery

===Mosques===
[[File:Mardin.jpg|thumb|right|The Great Mosque of Mardin]]
[[File:Mardin P1030358 20080423105903.JPG|thumb|right|Zinciriye Medrese]]
*Great Mosque (Ulu Camii) - constructed in the 12th century by the ruler of the Artukid Turks, Qutb ad-din Ilghazi. It has a ribbed dome and a minaret that soars above the city. There were originally two minarets, but one collapsed many centuries ago.
*Melik Mahmut Mosque - built in the 14th century and contains the tomb of its patron Melik Mahmut. It is known for its large gate which features elaborate stonework.
*Abdüllatif Mosque (Latfiye Mosque) - built in 1371 by the Artukid ruler Abdüllatif. Its minaret was destroyed by Tamerlane's army and rebuilt many centuries later in 1845 by the Ottoman Governor Gürcü Mehmet Pasha.
*Şehidiye Medresse and Mosque - built in 1214 by Artuk Aslan. It has an elaborate ribbed minaret and an adjoining madrassa.
*Selsel Mosque
*Necmettin Gazi Mosque
*Kasım Tuğmaner Mosque
*Reyhaniye Mosque - the second largest mosque in Mardin after Ulu Camii. Built in the 15th century, it has a large courtyard and open hallway featuring a fountain.
*Hamidiye Mosque (Zebuni Mosque) - built before the 15th century, it is named after its patron Şeyh Hamit Effendi.
*Süleymanpaşa Mosque
*Secaattin and Mehmet Mosque
*Hamza-i Kebir Mosque
*Şeyh Abdülaziz Mosque
*Melik Eminettin el-Emin Mosque
*Sıtra Zaviye Mosque
*Şeyh Salih Mosque
*Mahmut Türki Mosque
*Sarı Mosque
*Şeyh Çabuk Mosque - built in the 14th century and contains the tomb of its patron Şeyh Çabuk
*Nizamettin Begaz Mosque
*Kale Mosque
*Dinari Mosque

===Madrassas===
*Zinciriye Medrese (Sultan Isa Medrese) - constructed in 1385 by Najm ad-din Isa. The madrasa is part of a complez that includes a mosque and the tomb of Najm ad-din Isa.
*Sitti Radviyye Medrese (Hatuniye Medrese) - built in the 12th century in the honor of Sitti Radviyye, the wife of Najm ad-din Alpi. There is a footprint that is claimed to be that to be that of the [[Prophet Muhammad]].
*[[Kasımiye Medrese]] - construction started by the Artukids and completed by the Akkoyunlu under Sultan Kasım. It has an adjoining Mosque and a [[Dervish]] lodge.

==Climate==
Mardin has a [[Mediterranean climate]] with hot, dry summers and cold, wet, and occasionally snowy winters. Temperatures in summer usually increase to {{convert|40|C|F|0}} due to Mardin being situated right next to the border of Syria. Snowfall is quite common between the months of December and March, snowing for a week or two. Mardin has over 3000 hours of sun per year. The highest recorded temperature is {{convert|42.5|°C|1}}. Average rainfall is about 641.4 mm (25 inches) per year.

{{Weather box |metric first= Yes |single line= Yes |location= Mardin
|Jan high C= 6.1
|Feb high C= 7.5
|Mar high C= 12.0
|Apr high C= 17.7
|May high C= 24.2
|Jun high C= 30.9
|Jul high C= 35.3
|Aug high C= 34.9
|Sep high C= 30.4
|Oct high C= 23.1
|Nov high C= 14.4
|Dec high C= 8.2
|Jan mean C= 3.1
|Feb mean C= 4.1
|Mar mean C= 8.2
|Apr mean C= 13.7
|May mean C= 19.7
|Jun mean C= 25.8
|Jul mean C= 30.0
|Aug mean C= 29.6
|Sep mean C= 25.2
|Oct mean C= 18.5
|Nov mean C= 10.7
|Dec mean C= 5.2
|Jan low C= 0.6
|Feb low C= 1.3
|Mar low C= 4.7
|Apr low C= 9.9
|May low C= 15.1
|Jun low C= 20.2
|Jul low C= 24.6
|Aug low C= 24.6
|Sep low C= 20.6
|Oct low C= 14.6
|Nov low C= 7.7
|Dec low C= 2.7
|Jan precipitation mm = 99.8
|Feb precipitation mm = 110.7
|Mar precipitation mm = 94.6
|Apr precipitation mm = 75.5
|May precipitation mm = 37.7
|Jun precipitation mm = 8.3
|Jul precipitation mm = 3.3
|Aug precipitation mm = 1.2
|Sep precipitation mm = 4.1
|Oct precipitation mm = 33.3
|Nov precipitation mm = 68.7
|Dec precipitation mm = 104.2
|Jan rain days= 10.6
|Feb rain days= 10.6
|Mar rain days= 10.7
|Apr rain days= 9.9
|May rain days= 6.6
|Jun rain days= 1.7
|Jul rain days= 0.5
|Aug rain days= 0.2
|Sep rain days= 0.7
|Oct rain days= 5.3
|Nov rain days= 7.4
|Dec rain days= 10.2
|Jan sun= 139.5
|Feb sun= 142.8
|Mar sun= 189.1
|Apr sun= 222
|May sun= 310
|Jun sun= 375
|Jul sun= 396.8
|Aug sun= 368.9
|Sep sun= 315
|Oct sun= 238.7
|Nov sun= 174
|Dec sun= 136.4
|source 1= Devlet Meteoroloji İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü [http://www.dmi.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?m=MARDIN]
|date=May 2012}}

==Economy ==
Historically, Mardin produced [[sesame]].<ref name=Prothero62>{{cite book|last=Prothero|first=W.G.|title=Armenia and Kurdistan|year=1920|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|location=London|page=62|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11768/view/1/62/}}</ref> Tourism is an important industry in Mardin.

==Notable people==
*[[Betül Mardin]], businesswoman and activist
*[[Bülent Tekin]], poet and writer
*[[Masum Türker]], former Minister of Finance
*[[Muammer Güler]], governor
*[[Mümtaz Tahincioğlu]], head of TOMSFED
*[[Murathan Mungan]], poet and writer
* [[Sultan Kösen]], the world's tallest living man since 2009, lives in Mardin.<ref>{{cite web | last = Satter | first = Raphael | title = 8'1" Turk takes title of world's tallest man | date = 16 Sept 09 | year = | url = http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/eu_britain_tallest_man | accessdate = 17 Sept 09}}</ref>
*[[Zeynel Abidin Erdem]], businessman

==International relations==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Turkey}}

===Twin towns — Sister cities===
Mardin is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:
*{{flagicon|SVN}} [[Ljubljana]], [[Slovenia]], since 2003.<ref name="Ljubljana twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www.ljubljana.si/si/ljubljana/pobratena-mesta-zdruzenja/|title=Medmestno in mednarodno sodelovanje|accessdate=2013-07-27|work=Mestna občina Ljubljana (Ljubljana City)|language=Slovenian}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Mardin P1030588 20080423140506.JPG
File:MardinSultanIsaDomes.jpg
File:Mitanni Kültür Merkezi.jpg
File:Deyrulzaferan P1030925 20080501122627.JPG
File:Mardin P1050467 20080426145321.JPG
File:Mardin P1040555 20080424182114.JPG
File:Mardin P1030655 20080423172203.JPG
File:Mardin P1030403 20080423112112.JPG
File:Mardin P1030388 20080423111540.JPG
File:Mardin P1030610 20080423155111.JPG
File:Mardin P1030509 20080423132342.JPG
File:Mardin P1050254 20080426114925.JPG
File:Mardin P1030223 20080423061301.JPG
File:Mardin P1030273 20080423101748.JPG
File:Mardin P1050427 20080426131406.JPG
File:Mardin P1030580 20080423135840.JPG
File:Mardin P1030391 20080423111736.JPG
File:Mardin P1030662 20080423172605.JPG
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Mardin Province]]
* [[Mardin (Chaldean Diocese)]]
* [[Amaseia]]
* [[Cappadocia]]
* [[Ürgüp]]
* [[Artuklu, Mardin]]
* [[Maride]]

==References==

{{reflist}}
{{More footnotes|date=February 2008}}
* Ayliffe, Rosie, ''et al.''. (2000) ''The Rough Guide to Turkey''. London: Rough Guides.
* Gaunt, David: ''Massacres, Resistance, Protectors: Muslim-Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia During World War I'', Gorgias Press, Piscataway (NJ) 2006 I
* [[George Grigore|Grigore, George]] (2007), ''L'arabe parlé à Mardin. Monographie d'un parler arabe périphérique''. Bucharest: Editura Universitatii din Bucuresti, ISBN (13) 978-973-737-249-9 [http://www.arc-news.com/read.php?lang=en&id_articol=1059]
* Jastrow, Otto (1969), ''Arabische Textproben aus Mardin und Asex'', in "Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft" (ZDMG) 119 : 29-59.
* Jastrow, Otto (1992), ''Lehrbuch der Turoyo-Sprache'' in "Semitica Viva – Series Didactica", Wiesbaden : Otto Harrassowitz.
* Minorsky, V. (1991), ''Mārdīn'', in "The Encyclopaedia of Islam". Leiden: E. J. Brill.
* Niebuhr, Carsten (1778), ''Reisebeschreibung'', Copenhagen, II:391-8
*Shumaysani, Hasan (1987), ''Madinat Mardin min al-fath al-'arabi ila sanat 1515''. Bayrūt: 'Ālam al-kutub.
*Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste (1692), ''Les six voyages'', I:187
* Sasse, Hans-Jürgen (1971), ''Linguistische Analyse des Arabischen Dialekts der Mhallamīye in der Provinz Mardin (Südossttürkei)'', Berlin.
* Socin, Albert (1904), ''Der Arabische Dialekt von Mōsul und Märdīn'', Leipzig.
* della Valle, Pietro (1843), ''Viaggi'', Brighton, I: 515
* Wittich, Michaela (2001), ''Der arabische Dialekt von Azex'', Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.academia.edu/2586197/George_Grigore._2007._Larabe_parle_a_Mardin_-_monographie_dun_parler_arabe_peripherique_._Bucarest_Editura_Universitatii_din_Bucuresti The Spoken Arabic of Mardin]
* [http://www.turkeyforecast.com/weather/mardin/ Mardin Weather Forecast Information]
* [http://www.anatolia.luwo.be/Mardin.htm Mardin Guide and Photo Album]
* [http://www.mardin.gov.tr/turkce/sempozyum/kitapcikword.asp First International Symposium of Mardin History]
*{{CathEncy|wstitle=Mardin}}

{{Districts of Turkey|provname=Mardin|}}
{{Metropolitan municipalities in Turkey}}
{{Tentative list of World Heritage Sites in Turkey}}

[[Category:Cities in Turkey]]
[[Category:Kurdish settlements]]
[[Category:Assyrian settlements]]
[[Category:Catholic titular sees in Asia]]
[[Category:Populated places in Mardin Province]]
[[Category:Tur Abdin]]
[[Category:Mardin| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Mardin Province]]
[[Category:World Digital Library related]]
[[Category:World Heritage Site Tentative list]]

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