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{{Infobox monarch
| name = Marduk-nādin-aḫḫē
| title = [[List of kings of Babylon|King of Babylon]]
| image= Babylonian - Boundary Stone - Walters 2110.jpg
| caption = [[Amrân ibn ‘Ali kudurru]]<ref group=i name=amran>Kudurru in the Walters Art Museum, Baltimore, Accession number 21.10.</ref> in the [[Walters Art Museum]], Baltimore.
| reign = ca. 1099–1082 BC
| coronation =
| predecessor = [[Enlil-nadin-apli|Enlil-nādin-apli]]
| successor = [[Marduk-shapik-zeri|Marduk-šāpik-zēri]]
| spouse =
| royal house = 2nd Dynasty of Isin
| father =
| mother =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| buried =}}

'''Marduk-nādin-aḫḫē''', inscribed mdAMAR.UTU''-na-din-''MU, ca. 1099–1082 BC, was the sixth king of the 2nd Dynasty of [[Isin]] and the 4th Dynasty of [[Babylon]].<ref group=i>''Babylonian King List C'', line 6.</ref> He is best known for his restoration of the Eganunmaḫ in [[Ur]] and the famines and droughts that accompanied his reign.

==Biography==
He was related to all three of his immediate predecessors: his father was Ninurta-nādin-šumi, the third king, his brother was [[Nebuchadnezzar I|Nabu-kudurri-uṣur]], the fourth king, and his nephew was [[Enlil-nadin-apli|Enlil-nādin-apli]] the fifth king, against whom he revolted and deposed.<ref name=brinkman>{{ cite book | title = Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie: Libanukasabas - Medizin | volume = 7 | author = J. A. Brinkman | editor = Dietz Otto Edzard | publisher = Walter De Gruyter | year = 1999 | page = 377 }}</ref> A reconstructed passage in the ''Walker Chronicle''<ref group=i>BM 27796 ''Babylonian Chronicle 25'', reverse lines 19 to 26.</ref> describes how while Enlil-nādin-apli was away campaigning in [[Assyria]], supposedly marching to conquer the city of [[Assur]] itself, Marduk-nādin-aḫḫē and the nobles rebelled. On his return “to his land and his city. They [kill]ed him with the s[word].”<ref name=walker>{{ cite book | title = Assyriological Studies presented to F. R. Kraus on the occasion of his 70th birthday | chapter = Babylonian Chronicle 25: A Chronicle of the Kassite and Isin II Dynasties | author = C.B.F. Walker | editor = G. van Driel | publisher = Netherlands Institute for the Near East | date = May 1982 | page = 402 }}</ref>
[[File:Flickr - Nic's events - British Museum with Cory and Mary, 6 Sep 2007 - 203.jpg|thumb|left|240px|Land grant to Adad-zer-iqiša, kudurru<ref group=i name=adad>BM 90840, published as BBSt 8.</ref> in the British Museum]]

His relationship with his Assyrian counterpart, [[Tiglath-Pileser I|Tukultī-apil-Ešarra]],<ref group=i>''Synchronistic king list'', KAV 216, Ass 14616c, ii 17 and fragment KAV 12, VAT 11338, 5ff.</ref> was antagonistic and he launched a raid early in his reign into Assyria, capturing the cultic idols of [[Adad]] and [[Shala|Šala]] from Ekallāte, a town only around thirty miles from [[Assur]]. For his part, Tukultī-apil-Ešarra led several retaliatory raids into the heartland of Babylonia, recalled with typical bombastic rhetoric:

{{ quotation|I marched to the land of [[Karduniaš]]. I conquered the cities [[Dur-Kurigalzu|Dūr-Kurigalzu]], [[Sippar]] of Šamaš, Sippar of Anunitu, Babylon and [[Opis|Upi]], the great shrine of Karduniaš, including their fortresses. I massacred them in great number. I plundered countless amounts of their booty. I conquered the palaces of Babylon belonging to Marduk-nādin-aḫḫē, the king of Karduniaš, and I burned them with fire. Twice I drew up a battle line of chariots against Marduk-nādin-aḫḫē, the king of Karduniaš, and I defeated him.<ref>{{ cite book | title = The ancient Near East: historical sources in translation | author = Kyle Greenwood | editor = Mark William Chavalas | publisher = Blackwell Publishing | year = 2006 | page = 156 }}</ref>|Tukultī-apil-Ešarra|Building Inscription, lines 37 to 40.<ref group=i>Weidner’s “Text II”, AfO 18 (1957-58) pp. 347ff.</ref> }}

The Synchronistic History recalls the battles were in the first instance “by the Lower Zab, opposite Ahizûhina, and in the second year he defeated Marduk-nadin-ahhe at Gurmarritu, which is upstream from Akkad.”<ref group=i>''Synchronistic History'' ii 14-24, preserved in three copies, K 4401a + Rm 854, K 4401b and Sm 2106.</ref> Although “Ugarsallu (immediately south of the Lesser Zab) he plundered as far as Lubda (located in the area of [[Arrapha]]). He ruled every part of [[Suhu]] (in the middle Euphrates Valley) as far as Rapiqu (southern border of Assyria),” these places are on the periphery of Babylonia and the idols were not recovered until centuries later:

{{ quotation|After 418 years I took out of Babylon and returned to their sanctuaries Adad and Šala, the gods of Ekallāte, whom Marduk-nādin-aḫḫē, king of Babylon, had seized and carried off to Babylon in the time of Tukultī-apil-Ešarra, king of Assyria.<ref>{{ cite book | title = Mesopotamian Chronicles. Writings from the Ancient World | volume = 19 | author = [[Jean-Jacques Glassner]] | publisher = SBL | year = 2004 | page = 23 }}</ref>|[[Sennacherib]] of Assyria, on his destruction of Babylon after a fifteen-month siege, having taken the city 1 Kislev 689.|Bavian Inscription }}

===Kudurru tradition===
[[File:Marduk-nādin-aḫḫē.jpg|thumb|240px|Deed recording the purchase of five GUR of corn-land by Marduk-nasir, the king's officer,<ref group=i name=marduk>BM 90841, published as BBSt. VII.</ref> in the British Museum.]]
There are seven [[kudurru]]s, two building inscriptions, four [[Luristan bronze]] daggers, one<ref group=i>Luristan dagger ME 123060.</ref> "belonging to Šamaš-killani, officer of the king," a [[Sumerian language|Sumerian]] inscription on a copper cylinder<ref group=i>Copper Cylinder BM 123124, 61 lines.</ref> and one unpublished garment inventory<ref group=i>Economic text H.S. 157 dated to his fifth year listing clothes brought to Nippur from Babylon by Napsamenni, seer and high priest of Enlil.</ref> attesting to this king.<ref name=brinkman2>{{ cite book | title = A political history of post-Kassite Babylonia, 1158-722 B.C. | author = J. A. Brinkman | publisher = Analecta Orientalia | year = 1968 | pages = 119–130, 330–333 }}</ref> The kudurrus show normal real estate activity in northern Babylonia. One,<ref group=i name=aradsu>Aradsu, son of Rišnunak, Kudurru BM 90938, published as BBSt 25.</ref> issued by Aradsu, son of Rišnunak, grants independence from forced labor for the residents living near the mouth of the Ṣalmani Canal, dated to his first year. Another<ref group=i name=adad/> gives land to a certain Adad-zer-iqiša in grateful thanks for his efforts fighting the Assyrians and is dated to his 10th year. One of the witnesses is given as Abullu-tetaparâu, the son of the king of Babylon. Another,<ref group=i name=ninurta>Kudurru IM 90585, ii 10.</ref> dated to his 13th year, confirms the ownership of seven GUR of arable land to a certain Iqīša-Ninurta and is witnessed in the city of [[Opis]].<ref>{{ cite journal | title = A neglected Kudurru or boundary stone of Marduk-Nādin-Aḫḫē? | author = A. Livingstone | journal = Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale | year = 2006 | issue = 1 | volume = 100 | pages = 75–82 | doi=10.3917/assy.100.0075}}</ref>

Another kudurru<ref group=i name=warwick>The Warwick Kudurru, Warwickshire Museum.</ref> dated eight months earlier in the same year granted Iddin-Ninurta, a leather worker, two GUR of land and was witnessed by the same seven officers of royal service: Irība-Ištarān, the governor of Isin, Bābilāiu, the chamberlain, Eulmaš-šākin-šumi, the marshall, Marduk-andulli, the vizier, Enlil-mukîn-apli, the commandant, Ea-kudirri-ibni, the provincial governor and Nabû-nādin-aḫḫē, the overseer of the storehouse. As this was from Kār-Bēl-mātāti, a town probably in the vicinity of Babylon, it is thought the men were courtiers who accompanied the king in his travels.<ref>{{ cite journal | title = The Warwick Kudurru | author = W. G. Lambert | journal = Syria | volume = 58 | issue = 1–2 | year = 1981 | pages = 173–185 | doi=10.3406/syria.1981.6722}}</ref> Only two of these officials, Bābilāiu and Nabû-nādin-aḫḫē, had been in office during Marduk-nādin-aḫḫē's first year, as they appeared in the sequence of seven witnesses on the earliest, "Aradsu, son of Rišnunak," kudurru. Another<ref group=i name=marduk/> is a deed recording Marduk-naṣir’s purchase of land from Amêl-Enlil, son of Khanbi, for a chariot, saddles, two asses, an ox, grain, oil, and certain garments.<ref>{{ cite book | title = Babylonian boundary-stones and memorial tablets in the British Museum | author = L. W. King | location = London | publisher = British Museum | year = 1912 | pages = 37–51, 98–99 }}</ref> This gives Šapiku, the son of Itti-Marduk-balāṭu, the “son” of Arad-Ea, as the land-surveyor and this is probably the same individual as the last witness, “scribe” and “son of Arad-Ea,” on a kudurru<ref group=i name=yale>YBC 2154 kudurru.</ref> dated to Marduk-nādin-aḫḫē’s eighth year.<ref name=brinkman2/>

===Kudurrus dated to his reign===
{{Main|Marduk-nadin-ahhe kudurru}}
* The [[Amrân ibn ‘Ali kudurru]] in the [[Walters Art Museum]], Baltimore.<ref group=i name=amran/>
* [[Land grant to Adad-zer-iqiša kudurru]], in the [[British Museum]]<ref group=i name=adad/>
* [[Marduk-naṣir land purchase kudurru]], in the British Museum<ref group=i name=marduk/>
* Aradsu, son of Rišnunak, tax exemption tablet, in the British Museum<ref group=i name=aradsu/>
* Iqīša-Ninurta land deed confirmation kudurru, in the [[National Museum of Iraq]]<ref group=i name=ninurta/>
* The Warwick (“Land grant to Iddin-Ninurta”) Kudurru, Warwickshire Museum<ref group=i name=warwick/>
* Land purchase kudurru with a secondary inscription of Marduk-šāpik-zēri, in the Yale Babylonian Collection<ref group=i name=yale/>
Also assigned to this era is the undated Caillou Michaux (kudurru), in the [[Musée du Louvre]].

===Other sources===
He restored the Eganunmaḫ at Ur, without any apparent alteration to the plan of [[Kassites|Kassite]] king Kurigalzu’s (Kurigalzu I or II undetermined) original plan, and constructed a “kitchen complex” on the northwest side of the [[ziggurat]]. Three inscribed door-sockets were found at the sanctuary.<ref>{{ cite book | title = Ur: The Buildings of the Third Dynasty | author = Sir Leonard Woolley | publisher = University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology | year = 1974 | pages = 45–50 }}</ref> He may be portrayed by the 3rd king in the Prophecy A, <ref group=i>Obverse ii 2-8.</ref> whose reign is a successful and fertile 18 years, but whose rule comes to end in a revolt.<ref name=longman>{{ cite book | title = Fictional Akkadian autobiography: a generic and comparative study | author = Tremper Longman | publisher = Eisenbrauns | date = July 1, 1990 | pages = 155–156 }}</ref> According to a later commentator, a certain Ea-mušallim provided him with an astrological report (''ittu ina šamȇ'') concerning a solar eclipse in 1090.<ref>{{ cite book | title = Mesopotamian Astrology: An Introduction to Babylonian and Assyrian Celestial Divination | author = Ulla Koch-Westenholz, Ulla Susanne Koch | publisher = Museum Tusculanum Press | year = 1994 | pages = 41, 94–95 }}</ref>

{{ quotation|As to the rains which have been so scanty this year that no harvests were reaped, it is a good omen for the life and vigour of the king, my lord. Perhaps, the king, my lord, will say: “Where did you find (this)? Tell me!” In a report by Ea-mušillim to his lord Marduk-nādin-aḫḫē, it is written: “If a sign occurs in the sky that cannot be cancelled, and if it happens to you that rains become scanty (''maqāt zunnē''), make the king undertake a campaign against the enemy: he will be victorious wherever he goes and his days will be long.”<ref>{{ cite book | title = Letters from Assyrian Scholars to the Kings Esarhaddon and Assurbanipal: Commentary and Appendix No. 2 | author = Simo Parpola | publisher = Eisenbrauns | year = 2009 | pages = 375–376 }}</ref>|Akkullanu, [[Ashurbanipal]]’s astrologer|LAS 110 + 300, reverse 1 to 11<ref group=i>83-1-18,61 + Ki 1904-10-9,59 [BM 99030].</ref> }}

Sadly, it was not to be, as he seems to have lost his throne and “disappeared” (''šadâ ēmid'') following the disruptions caused by [[Arameans]] migrating into Mesopotamia under the pressure from famine, the Babylonians themselves apparently resorting to cannibalism, "[....they] ate one another's flesh..."<ref group=i>Assyrian chronicle fragment 4, VAT 10453, 2f.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/cultures/images/mesopotamia_kudurru.jpg Kudurru image]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/cultures/mesopotamia_gallery_07.shtml Article discussing "Marduk-nadin-ahhe Kudurru", (Boundary Stone)]

==Inscriptions==
<references group="i"/>

{{Babylonian kings}}

[[Category:Babylonian kings]]
[[Category:11th-century BC rulers]]

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