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{{Infobox monarch
| name = Nazi-Maruttaš
| title = [[List of kings of Babylon|King of Babylon]]
| image= Votive inscription Louvre AO7704.jpg
| caption = Irregular block of chalcedony with votive inscription<ref group=i name=chalcedony>AO 7704, an irregular block of chalcedony with a nine-line Sumerian inscription, now held in the [[Musée du Louvre|Louvre]], transcribed: ''na-zi-ma-ru-ut-ta-aš'', ''šàr kiššati'' (šár), ''mār ku-ri-gal-zu'', ''šàr bābili'' (ká.dingir.ra)ki, ''ša šumi'', ''ša-aṭ-ra'', ''ip-pa-aš-ši-ṭú'', dŠamaš u dAdad, ''šum-šu lip-ši-ṭú''.</ref> of Nazi-Maruttaš in the [[Musée du Louvre|Louvre]]
| reign = 1307–1282 BC
| coronation =
| predecessor = [[Kurigalzu II]]
| successor = [[Kadashman-Turgu|Kadašman-Turgu]]
| spouse =
| royal house = [[Kassites|Kassite]]
| father =
| mother =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| buried =}}

'''Nazi-Maruttaš''', typically inscribed ''Na-zi-Ma-ru-ut-ta-aš'' or m''Na-zi-Múru-taš'', ''Maruttaš'' (a [[Kassite deities|Kassite god]] synonymous with [[Ninurta]]) ''protects him'', was a [[Kassites|Kassite]] king of [[Babylon]] c. 1307–1282 BC ([[short chronology]]) and self-proclaimed ''šar kiššati'', or “King of the World,” according to the votive inscription pictured.<ref>{{ cite book | title = Babylonian Oracle Questions | author = Wilfred G. Lambert | publisher = Eisenbrauns | year = 2007 | page = 3 }}</ref><ref group=i name=chalcedony/> He was the 23rd of the dynasty, the son and successor of [[Kurigalzu II]], and reigned for twenty six years.<ref group=i>According to the ''Kinglist A'' tablet, BM 33332, column 2, line 2, in the [[British Museum]].</ref>

His reign can be seen as the peak of the Kassite Dynasty's prominence and subsequently Kassite culture declined, exemplified by his successful military campaigns against Assyria and Elam, the glyptic style of cylinder seals,<ref>{{ cite book | title =The Kassite Glyptic of Nippur | author = Donald M. Matthews | publisher = Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht | year = 1992 | page = 62 }}</ref> the literature inspired by him ([[Hemerology for Nazi-Maruttaš]]) and his appearance in the period piece [[Ludlul bēl nēmeqi]], which was set during his reign.

==Conflict with Assyria==

Nazi-Maruttaš faced a growing threat from the ascendancy of [[Assyria]] under [[Arik-den-ili]] and his successor [[Adad-Nirari I|Adad-Nīrāri I]]. The containment of Assyria was conducted through a strategy of flank attacks supported by his agents, eastern hillmen such as the [[Gutian people|Gutians]], in a protracted war, avoiding a full frontal assault.<ref name=edwards>{{ cite book | title = Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 2, Part 2, History of the Middle East and the Aegean Region, c. 1380-1000 BC | editor = I. E. S. Edwards | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 1975 | pages = 32, 274–275 }}</ref> Under Arik-den-ili, he seems to have had the upper hand, because Adad-Nīrāri, who styles himself “King of the Universe”, later recounts<ref group=i>In the ''Epic of Adad-Nārāri'', tablet VAT 9820 line 12: ''hi-ib-lat um-ma-ni'' MAN KUR ''ka.-.i-i a-bi ul ul-te-.èr''.</ref> that “my father could not rectify the calamities inflicted by the army of the king of the Kassite land” in a contemporary Assyrian epic.<ref name=edwards/>

He is mentioned in the [[Babylonian Chronicles|''Synchronistic Chronicle'']]<ref group=i>''Synchronistic Chronicle'' (ABC 21) tablet C, column 1, lines 24 to 31.</ref> as having fought a battle with Adad-Nīrāri's forces at "Kār-Ištar of Ugarsallu". However, the Assyrians won a complete victory over the Babylonians in this battle, plundering their camp and seizing the royal standards, thereby acquiring territory from them and causing the Assyro-Babylonian boundary to be adjusted southward.<ref name=edwards/> The conflict is fondly remembered in the [[Tukulti-Ninurta Epic]],<ref group=i>''Tukulti-Ninurta Epic'', extant in fragments BM 98496, BM 98730, BM 98731, BM 121033.</ref> in its recounting of past Assyro-Babylonian conflicts,<ref name=brinkman>{{ cite book | title = Materials for the Study of Kassite History, Vol. I | author = J. A. Brinkman | publisher = Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago | year = 1976 | pages = 262–286, 385 }}</ref> where he says, “And like Adad – I will send a devastating flood upon your camp!”<ref>{{ cite book | title = The ancient Near East: historical sources in translation | author = Christopher Morgan | editor = Mark William Chavalas | publisher = Blackwell Publishing | year = 2006 | page = 150 }} column 4, line 34.</ref>

==Other conflicts==

There is evidence of a successful attack on [[Elam]], because texts<ref group=i>Ration lists Ni 6932 [[Shagarakti-Shuriash|Šagarakti-Šuriaš]] year 9 and Ni 7050 [[Kashtiliash IV|Kaštiliašu IV]] accession year.</ref> of this period concerning ration lists and foreign prisoners of war, mentions Nazi-Maruttaš in sections concerning Elamites.<ref>{{ cite book | title = Babylonians | author = H. W. F. Saggs | publisher = British Museum | year = 2000 | page = 119 }}</ref> A historical letter<ref group=i>Tablet CBS 11014.</ref> detailed his campaign in Mat Namri, a Hurrian region, and possibly his conquest of its twelve cities.<ref name=legrain>{{ cite book | title = Historical Fragments | author = Leon Legrain | publisher = University Museum | location = Philadelphia | year = 1922 | pages = 97–99, 102–106 }}</ref>

A fragment of a tablet<ref group=i>[http://www.cdli.ucla.edu/cdlisearch/search/index.php?SearchMode=Browse&ResultCount=1&txtID_Txt=P239010 K 11536] published in MSKH I as U.2.26, p. 282.</ref> relates that “[[Marduk]] ca[used] all the lands [to bow down] at his feet”.<ref name=brinkman/> A treasury list<ref group=i>CBS 14180.</ref> catalogues more than 125 precious artifacts and their move from [[Dur-Kurigalzu|Dūr-Kurigalzu]] and Nippur to Ardi-Bêlit during his 5th year, possibly for safe keeping.<ref name=legrain/>

==Building works==
[[File:Kudurru of Nazi-Maruttash.jpg|thumb|160px|Kudurru of Nazi-Maruttaš<ref group=i name=kudurru>Kudurru Sb. 21, a later stone copy of clay original.</ref>]]
He is known to have made at least three [[Kudurru]] boundary stones, although the one pictured<ref group=i name=kudurru>Kudurru Sb. 21, a later stone copy of clay original.</ref> is a later stone copy made during the reign of [[Marduk-apla-iddina I]] to replace the clay original (''narū ša haṣbi'') which was crushed by a falling temple wall.<ref>{{ cite book | title = Reading and Writing in Babylon | author = [[Dominique Charpin]] | publisher = Harvard University Press | year = 2011 | page = 216 }}</ref>

A shrine to [[Nintinugga|Gula]] was uncovered in 1946 in an eroded building with a pavement of much damaged kiln-baked [[mudbrick stamp|bricks, some inscribed]] for Nazi-Maruttaš. This was located in the palace area at the Kassite capital, Dūr-Kurigalzu.<ref>{{ cite journal | title = VI. The Kassite and Neo-Babylonian Periods in Southern Iraq (c.1600–550 B.C.) | url = http://www.ashmolean.org/ash/amocats/anet/pdf-files/ANET-27Bronze1MesVI.pdf | publisher = Ashmolean Museum | page = 136 }}</ref> Work was also undertaken at [[Nippur]], and excavations have yielded various [[clay tablet|tablet]]s.<ref>{{ cite book | title = Nippur, Volume 3: Kassite Building in Area WC-3 | author = R. L. Zettler | publisher = Oriental Institute Publications | year = 1993 | pages = 100, 106 }}</ref> He was also active in building as far south as [[Uruk]], the [[cella]] of the Eḫiliana of Nanâ, as attested to by a later inscription by [[Esarhaddon]].<ref group=i>Esarhaddon inscription YBC 2146.</ref> Other cities formerly abandoned such as [[Larsa]], [[Ur]], [[Adab (city)|Adab]], and [[Isin]] show evidence of revival in his reign.<ref name=brinkman/>

There are nearly 400 [[text corpus|economic text]]s dated to years up to the twenty fourth of his reign, detailing things as mundane as the receipt of barley and malt,<ref>{{ cite book | title = Catalogue of Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum, Volume II | author = M. Sigrist, H. H. Figulla and C. B. F. Walker | publisher = British Museum Press | year = 1996 | page = 82 }} BM 17729.</ref> the issuing of grain,<ref>{{ cite book | title = Catalogue of Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum, Volume I | author = H. H. Figulla | publisher = British Museum Press | year = 1961 | page = 100 }} BM 13278.</ref> goats, hides, sheep and oil. A tablet found in Tell Kirbasi, on the south side of the central Hor al-Hammar 30 km west of Basra, lists 47 head of cattle in the sixteenth year of Nazi-Maruttaš, showing the extent of trade.<ref>{{ cite book | title = Mesopotamian civilization: the material foundations | author = Daniel T. Potts | publisher = Cornell University Press | year = 1997 | page = 36 }}</ref>

==The Hemerology for Nazi-Maruttaš==

A single standard hemerology, or ''uttuku'', was collated during his time. Its [[colophon (publishing)|colophon]] reads, "Dies fas according to the seven a[pkallī?] originals from [[Sippar]], Nippur, Babylon, Ur, Larsa, [[Uruk]] and [[Eridu]]. The scholars excerpted, selected, and gave to Nazi-Maruttaš, king of the world.”<ref>{{ cite book | title = The World's Oldest Literature: Studies in Sumerian Belles Lettres | author = William W. Hallo | publisher = Brill | year = 2009 | page = 242 }}</ref> This was a sort of almanac stating which days of each month were favorable, unfavorable, or dangerous for activities of interest to the king, such as those propitious for begetting children, or setting taxes.<ref>{{ cite book | title = Time and Temporality in the Ancient World | author = Ralph Mark Rosen | publisher = University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology | year = 2004 | page = 65 }}</ref> It was typically used by [[scribe]]s, temple administrators, priests, cultic singers and exorcists<ref name=livingstone>{{ cite book | title = Die Welt der Götterbilder | chapter = The Babylonian Almanac: A Text for Specialists? | author = Alasdair Livingstone | editor = Brigitte Groneberg, Hermann Spieckermann | year = 2007 | pages = 85–101 }}</ref> and provided detailed instructions for "auspicious days”.<ref>{{ cite journal | title = Assyrian Library Records | author = Simo Parpola | journal = Journal of Near Eastern Studies | volume = 42 | issue = 1 | date = Jan 1983 | page = 7 | doi=10.1086/372983}}</ref> Five extant examples<ref group=i>KAR 147, KAR 177 (=VAT 9663), etc.</ref> have been found, including a bilingual copy in Dur-Kurigalzu, another found in the house of ''LÚ.NAR.GAL'' “cultic singers” in Aššur and a third in the house of Kiṣir-Aššur, exorcist of the temple of Aššur during the reign of [[Ashurbanipal|Aššurbanipal]].<ref name=livingstone/>

Lambert has argued that ''Ludlul bēl nēmeqi'' was composed during his reign based upon the identification of the protagonist [[Šubši-mašrâ-Šakkan]] with that of a character in a fragment of an epic of the Kassite times,<ref group=i>K 9952 W G Lambert BWL pl. 12 pp 296f., BM 35322, Sp. II,893.</ref> and to the governor, or ''lúgar kur'', of [[Ur]] during his 16th regnal year. Nazi-Maruttaš’ name appears on the reverse of a literary text fragment known as KAR 116<ref group=i>[http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/cgi-bin/oracc?prod=list&project=cams/ludlul&seq=period,genre,provenience,designation&perpage=25&k0=_all&page=1&item=12 KAR 116],
[http://cdli.ucla.edu/cdlisearch/search/index.php?SearchMode=Text&txtID_Txt=P369096 tablet VAT 11245] r. 10.</ref> which Lambert identified as belonging to this work.<ref>{{ cite book | title = Wisdom in Ancient Israel | author = W. G. Lambert |editor1=John Day |editor2=Robert P. Gordon |editor3=Hugh Godfrey Maturin Williamson | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 1998 | pages = 33–34 }}</ref>

The prominent physician, or ''asû'', from Nippur, [[Rabâ-ša-Marduk]], began his lengthy, well-attested career during Nazi-Maruttaš’ reign.<ref name=heessel>{{ cite book | title = Advances in Mesopotamian Medicine from Hammurabi to Hippocrates | chapter = The Babylonian Physician Rabâ-ša-Marduk: Another Look at Physicians and Exorcists in the Ancient Near East | author = Nils P. Heeßel | editor = A. Attia, G. Buisson | publisher = Brill | year = 2009 | pages = 13–28 }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Nazimaruttaš kudurru stone]]

==Inscriptions==

<references group="i"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.gutenberg.org/files/17321/17321-h/images/256.jpg Kudurru Image]
*[http://www.gutenberg.org/files/17321/17321-h/v1c.htm Article discussing Nazimaruttaš [[Kudurru]], (Boundary Stone). ]

{{Babylonian kings}}

[[Category:Babylonian kings]]
[[Category:13th-century BC rulers]]
[[Category:Kassite kings]]

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Test123: 1 revision imported

Palindromedairy: Trimmed some specialist detail.