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{{Infobox settlement

| name = Nusaybin
| image_skyline = Nusaybin364.jpg
| image_caption =
| image_shield =
| pushpin_map = Turkey
| latd = 37 |latm = 04 |lats = 31.2 |latNS = N
| longd = 41 |longm = 12 |longs = 56.5 |longEW = E
| coordinates_display = inline,title
| coordinates_format = dms
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[Turkey]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Turkey|Province]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Mardin Province|Mardin]]
| subdivision_type2 =
| subdivision_name2 =
| leader_party = [[Peace and Democracy Party|BDP]]
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = Sara Kaya
| leader_title1 = [[Kaymakam]]
| leader_name1 = Murat Girgin
| area_footnotes = {{Turkey district areas|SOURCE}}
| area_blank1_title = District
| area_blank1_km2 = {{Turkey district areas|Mardin|Nusaybin}}
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes = {{Turkey district populations|SOURCE|Mardin}}
| population_urban = {{Turkey district populations|Mardin|Nusaybin|şehir}}
| population_as_of = {{Turkey district populations|YEAR}}
| population_blank1_title = District
| population_blank1 = {{Turkey district populations|Mardin|Nusaybin|toplam}}
| population_density_blank1_km2 = auto
| postal_code_type = Post code
| postal_code = 47300
| website = {{URL| www.nusaybin.bel.tr | www.nusaybin.bel.tr }}
}}
'''Nusaybin''' ({{IPA-tr|nuˈsajbin|pron}}; [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]]: ''Naṣibina'';<ref>''Mechanisms of Communication in the Assyrian Empire.'' "[http://www.ucl.ac.uk/sargon/peoplegodsplaces/ People, gods, & places]." History Department, University College London, 2009. Accessed 18 Dec 2010.</ref> [[Classical Greek]]: {{lang|grc|Νίσιβις}}, '''''Nisibis'''''; {{lang-ar| نصيبين}}, {{lang-syr|ܢܨܝܒܝܢ}}, ''Niṣībīn''; [[Armenian language|Armenian]]: {{lang|hy|[[wikt:Մծբին|Մծբին]]}}, ''Mtsbin''; [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]]:
''Nisêbîn'') is a city in [[Mardin Province]], [[Turkey]]. The population of the city is 83,832<ref>http://tuikapp.tuik.gov.tr/adnksdagitapp/adnks.zul</ref> as of 2009. The population is largely of ethnic [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]] descent.

With a history going back nearly 3,000 years, Nusaybin was ruled and settled by various groups. First mentioned as an [[Arameans|Aramean]] settlement ''Naşibīna'' in 901 BCE, in the 4th and 5th centuries CE it was one of the great centers of [[Syriac language|Syriac]] scholarship, along with nearby [[Edessa]].<ref>[http://books.google.nl/books?id=js30HODt2aYC&pg=PA291&dq=arabs+nisibis&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=_aLSUpeeLMnJ0AWT_4H4Ag&ved=0CEMQ6AEwAw]</ref>

== History ==

===Ancient Period===
First mentioned in 901 BCE, '''Naşibīna''' was an [[Aramaean]] kingdom captured by the [[Assyria]]n king [[Adad-Nirari II]] in 896.<ref>Lendering, Jona. "[http://www.livius.org/ne-nn/nisibis/nisibis.html Nisibis]." Accessed 18 Dec 2010.</ref> By 852 BCE, '''Naṣibina''' had been fully annexed to the [[Neo-Assyrian Empire]] and appeared in the [[limmu|Assyrian Eponym List]] as the seat of an [[Assyria]]n provincial governor named Shamash-Abua.<ref>Lendering, Jona. ''[http://www.livius.org/li-ln/limmu/limmu_1.html Assyrian Eponym List].'' Accessed 18 Dec 2010.</ref> It remained part of the Assyrian Empire until its collapse in 608 BCE.{{citation needed|date=December 2010}}

It was under [[Babylonia]]n control until 536 BCE, when it fell to the Achamaenid [[Persian people|Persians]], and remained so until taken by [[Alexander the Great]] in 332 BCE. The Seleucids refounded the city as '''Antiochia Mygdonia''' ({{lang-el|Ἀντιόχεια τῆς Μυγδονίας}}), mentioned for the first time in [[Polybius]]' description of the march of [[Antiochus III the Great]] against [[Molon]] ([[Polybius]], V, 51). Greek historian [[Plutarch]] suggested that the city was populated by [[Sparta]]n descendants. Around the 1st century CE, Nisibis ({{lang|he|נציבין}}, ''Netzivin'') was the home of [[Judah ben Bethera]], who founded a famous [[yeshiva]] there.<ref>Talmud, Sanhedrin 32b</ref>

===Classical Period===
[[File:Mar Jacob Church, Nisibis.jpg|300px|thumb|right|The newly excavated Church of [[Jacob of Nisibis|Saint Jacob]] in Nisibis.]]

Like many other cities in the [[marches]] where [[Roman Empire|Roman]] and [[Parthia]]n powers confronted one another, Nisibis was often taken and retaken: it was captured by [[Lucullus]] after a long siege from the brother of [[Tigranes II of Armenia|Tigranes]] ([[Dio Cassius]], xxxv, 6, 7); and captured again by [[Trajan]] in 115 AD, for which he gained the name of Parthicus (ibid., LXVIII, 23), then lost and regained against the [[Jewish people|Jews]] during the [[Kitos War]]. Lost in 194, it was again conquered by [[Septimius Severus]], who made it his headquarters and re-established a colony there (ibid., LXXV, 23). The [[Battle of Nisibis (217)|last battle between Rome and Parthia]] was fought in the vicinity of the city in 217.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Cowan|first=Ross|title=The Battle of Nisibis, AD 217|journal=Ancient Warfare|date=2009|volume=3.5|pages=29-35|url=http://www.academia.edu/6339870/The_Battle_of_Nisibis_AD_217|accessdate=1 April 2014}}</ref> With the fresh energy of the new [[Sassanid dynasty]], [[Shapur I]] conquered Nisibis, was driven out, and returned in the 260s. In 298, by a [[Peace of Nisibis|treaty]] with [[Narseh]], the province of Nisibis was acquired by the Roman Empire.

The Roman historian of the 4th century, [[Ammianus Marcellinus]], gained his first practical experience of warfare as a young man at Nisibis under the master of the cavalry, [[Ursicinus (Roman general)|Ursicinus]]. From 360 to 363, Nisibis was the camp of [[Legio I Parthica]]. Because of its strategic importance on the Persian border Nisibis was heavily fortified. Ammianus lovingly calls Nisibis the "impregnable city" (''urbs inexpugnabilis'') and "bulwark of the provinces" (''murus provinciarum'').

According to [[Al-Tabari]] some 12,000 Persians of good lineage from [[Istakhr]], [[Isfahan]], and other regions settled at Nisibis in the 4th century, and their descendents were still there at the beginning of the 7th century.<ref>Iranica: [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iraq-i-late-sasanid-early-islamic IRAQ i. IN THE LATE SASANID AND EARLY ISLAMIC ERAS]</ref>

In 363 Nisibis was ceded back to the [[Persia]]ns after the defeat of [[Julian (emperor)|Julian]]. Before that time the population of the town was forced by the Roman authorities to leave Nisibis and move to [[Amida (Roman city)|Amida]]. Emperor [[Jovian (Emperor)|Jovian]] allowed them only three days for the evacuation. Historian Ammianus Marcellinus was again an eyewitness and condemns Emperor Jovian for giving up the fortified town without a fight. Marcellinus' point-of-view is certainly in line with contemporary Roman public opinion.

Nisibis ({{lang-syr|ܢܨܝܒܝܢ}}, ''Nṣibin'', later Syriac {{lang|syr|ܨܘܒܐ}}, ''Ṣōbā'') had an [[Assyrian people|Assyrian]] [[Christian]] [[bishop]] from 300, founded by [[Babu]] (died 309). War was begun again by [[Shapur II]] in 337, who besieged the city in 338, 346 and 350, when [[Jacob of Nisibis|Jacob (James) of Nisibis]], Babu's successor, was its bishop. Nisibis was the home of [[Ephrem the Syrian]], who remained until its surrender to the Persians by Jovian in 363.
[[File:Nisibis Church interior.jpg|thumb|300px|left|The interior of the Church of [[Jacob of Nisibis|Saint Jacob]] in Nisibis.]]

Later, the bishop of Nisibis was the ecclesiastic metropolitan of the Province of Bit-Arbaye. In 410 it had six suffragan sees and as early as the middle of the 5th century was the most important episcopal see of the [[Church of the East]] after [[Seleucia on the Tigris|Seleucia]]-[[Ctesiphon]], and many of its [[Nestorian Church|Nestorian]], [[Assyrian Church of the East]] or [[Syriac Orthodox Church|Jacobite]] bishops were renowned for their writings: Barsumas, Osee, Narses, Jesusyab, Ebed-Jesus.

The first theological, philosophical, and medical [[School of Nisibis]], founded at the introduction of Christianity into the city by ethnic Assyrians of the [[Assyrian Church of the East]],<ref name=Jonsson>{{cite book
| title = The Clash of Ideologies
| author = Jonsson, David J.
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=pXstU5Kt-_kC&pg=PA182&dq=school+of+nisibis+assyrian#PPA181,M1
| page = 181
| publisher = Xulon Press
| isbn = 1-59781-039-8
| year = 2005
}}</ref> was closed when the province was ceded to the Persians. [[Ephrem the Syrian]], an Assyrian poet, commentator, preacher and defender of orthodoxy, joined the general exodus of Christians and reestablished the school on more securely Roman soil at [[Edessa, Mesopotamia|Edessa]]. In the 5th century the school became a center of [[Nestorian Christianity]], and was closed down by Archbishop Cyrus in 489; the expelled masters and pupils withdrew once more to Nisibis, under the care of Barsumas, who had been trained at Edessa, under the patronage of Narses, who established the statutes of the new school. Those that have been discovered and published belong to Osee, the successor of Barsumas in the See of Nisibis, and bear the date 496; they must be substantially the same as those of 489. In 590 they were again modified. The monastery school was under a superior called ''Rabban'' ("master"), a title also given to the instructors. The administration was confided to a majordomo, who was steward, prefect of discipline, and librarian, but under the supervision of a council. Unlike the Jacobite schools, devoted chiefly to profane studies, the school of Nisibis was above all a school of theology. The two chief masters were the instructors in reading and in the interpretation of Holy Scripture, explained chiefly with the aid of [[Theodore of Mopsuestia]]. The free course of studies lasted three years, the students providing for their own support. During their sojourn at the university, masters and students led a monastic life under somewhat special conditions. The school had a tribunal and enjoyed the right of acquiring all sorts of property. Its rich library possessed a most beautiful collection of Nestorian works; from its remains Ebed-Jesus, Bishop of Nisibis in the 14th century, composed his celebrated catalogue of ecclesiastical writers. The disorders and dissensions, which arose in the sixth century in the school of Nisibis, favoured the development of its rivals, especially that of Seleucia; however, it did not really begin to decline until after the foundation of the School of [[Baghdad]] (832). Among its literary celebrities mention should be made of its founder Narses; Abraham, his nephew and successor; [[Abraham the Great of Kaskhar|Abraham of Kashgar]], the restorer of monastic life; John; Babai the Elder.

The [[episcopal see]] is included in the [[Catholic Church]]'s list of [[titular see]] as of archiepiscopal rank both for the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]] and the [[Maronite Catholic Church]].<ref>''Annuario Pontificio 2013'' (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2013, ISBN 978-88-209-9070-1), p. 941]</ref>

=== Modern history ===

==== Mass graves ====
Nusaybın made headlines in 2006 when villagers near Kuru uncovered a mass grave, suspected of belonging to [[Ottoman Armenians]] and [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.gundemonline.org/haber.asp?haberid=21953 The bodies are suspected to be victims of the [[Armenian Genocide]] and [[Assyrian Genocide]], by order of Ottoman Turkey during World War 1.
|accessdate=2008-09-23
|title=Ermeni köyu'nde toplu mezar
|date=2006-10-19
|work=Dicle Haber
|first=Berguzar
|last=Oruc
|publisher=Özgür Gündem
|language=Turkish}}</ref> Swedish historian David Gaunt visited the site to investigate its origins, but left after finding evidence of tampering.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gundemonline.org/haber.asp?haberid=23426
|accessdate=2008-09-23
|title=Toplu mezar Ermeni ve Süryanilere ait
|date=2006-11-07
|first=Ayse
|last=Gunaysu
|work=Özgür Gündem
|language=Turkish
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url=http://historyandreconciliation.org/blog/?itemid=60
|accessdate=2008-09-23
|title=Truth of mass grave eludes Swedish professor
|date=2007-04-27
|work=[[Turkish Daily News]]
|first=Onur Burcak
|last=Belli
}}</ref> Gaunt, who has studied 150 massacres carried out in the summer of 1915 in Mardin, said that the [[Committee of Union and Progress]]'s governor for Mardin, Halil Edip, had likely ordered the massacre on 14 June 1915, leaving 150 ethnic Armenians and 120 ethnic Assyrians dead. The settlement was then known as [[Dara (Mesopotamia)|Dara]] (now Oğuz). Gaunt added that the death squad, named El-Hamşin (meaning "fifty men"), was headed by officer Refik Nizamettin Kaddur. The president of the [[Turkish Historical Society]], Yusuf Halaçoğlu, said that the remains dated back to Roman times, although many people in the Turkish government openly deny the genocide even happened.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.gundemonline.org/haber.asp?haberid=25931
|accessdate=2008-09-23
|title=Toplu mezarla yüzleşme vakti
|date=2006-12-13
|work=Özgür Gündem
|language=Turkish
}}</ref>

''Özgür Gündem'' says that the military and police have pressed the media not to report the discovery.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.gundemonline.org/haber.asp?haberid=22211
|accessdate=2008-09-23
|title=Toplu mezar gizleniyor
|date=2008-09-23
|date=2006-10-22
|work=Dicle Haber
|first=Berguzar
|last=Oruc
|publisher=Özgür Gündem
}}</ref>

==Economy==
As a result of the [[Syrian civil war]], the city's border with Syria (and more specifically the large Syrian city of [[Qamishli]]) has been closed, with claims that the cessation in cross-border trade and commuting has led to a 90% rise in unemployment in the city.<ref>http://www.economist.com/news/europe/21564870-fiercely-anti-assad-stance-turkey-taking-syria-aggravating-long-running-troubles Turkey, Syria and the Kurds: South by south-east</ref>

== Geography ==
Nusaybin is immediately north of the border with [[Syria]], opposite the Syrian city of [[Al-Qamishli]]. The [[Jaghjagh River]] flows through both cities.

===Climate===
Nusaybin has a [[semi-arid climate]] with extremely hot summers and cool winters. Rainfall is generally sparse.

{{Weather box |metric first= Yes |single line= Yes |location= Nusaybin
|Jan high C= 11
|Feb high C= 13
|Mar high C= 17
|Apr high C= 22
|May high C= 30
|Jun high C= 37
|Jul high C= 41
|Aug high C= 40
|Sep high C= 35
|Oct high C= 28
|Nov high C= 20
|Dec high C= 13
|Jan low C= 3
|Feb low C= 4
|Mar low C= 7
|Apr low C= 11
|May low C= 16
|Jun low C= 21
|Jul low C= 25
|Aug low C= 24
|Sep low C= 20
|Oct low C= 16
|Nov low C= 9
|Dec low C= 5
|Jan mean C= 6
|Feb mean C= 7
|Mar mean C= 11
|Apr mean C= 16
|May mean C= 22
|Jun mean C= 28
|Jul mean C= 32
|Aug mean C= 31
|Sep mean C= 27
|Oct mean C= 21
|Nov mean C= 13
|Dec mean C= 8
|Jan precipitation mm = 51
|Feb precipitation mm = 30
|Mar precipitation mm = 35
|Apr precipitation mm = 26
|May precipitation mm = 16
|Jun precipitation mm = 0
|Jul precipitation mm = 0
|Aug precipitation mm = 0
|Sep precipitation mm = 0
|Oct precipitation mm = 12
|Nov precipitation mm = 19
|Dec precipitation mm = 34
|Jan rain days= 8
|Feb rain days= 7
|Mar rain days= 7
|Apr rain days= 5
|May rain days= 2
|Jun rain days= 0
|Jul rain days= 0
|Aug rain days= 0
|Sep rain days= 0
|Oct rain days= 2
|Nov rain days= 4
|Dec rain days= 6
|source 1= Weather2<ref>http://www.myweather2.com/City-Town/Turkey/Nusaybin/climate-profile.aspx</ref>
|date=January 2012}}

==Transportation==
Nusaybin is served by the [[European route E90|E90 roadway]] and other roads to surrounding towns. The [[Nusaybin Railway Station]] is served by 2 trains per day. The closest airport is the [[Kamishly Airport]] 5 kilometers south from Nusaybin, located in [[Al Qamishli]] in Syria. The closest Turkish airport is the [[Mardin Airport]], 55 kilometers northwest of Nusaybin.

==See also==
* [[Febronia of Nisibis]]
* [[Mount Izla]]
* [[Nisibis (East Syrian Ecclesiastical Province)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11084c.htm Nisibis], ''[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]''
* [http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=syrian-orthodox-church-in-mardin-gets-spray-painted-with-offensive-statements-2010-07-14], [[Hürriyet Daily News and Economic Review]]
* [http://www.academia.edu/6339870/The_Battle_of_Nisibis_AD_217 The Battle of Nisibis, AD 217]

{{Districts of Turkey|provname=Mardin|}}

[[Category:Kurdish settlements]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Southeastern Anatolia]]
[[Category:Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Turkey]]
[[Category:Seleucid colonies in Anatolia]]
[[Category:Roman sites in Turkey]]
[[Category:Roman legions' camps in Turkey]]
[[Category:Catholic titular sees in Asia|Nisibis]]
[[Category:Towns in Turkey]]
[[Category:Assyrian settlements]]
[[Category:Populated places in Mardin Province]]
[[Category:Syria–Turkey border crossings]]
[[Category:Districts of Mardin Province]]

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