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‎History

Penguins53 at 17:27, 16 November 2014

2014-11-16T17:27:43Z

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'''Sandur''', also spelt '''Sundur''' ({{lang-arc|ܣܢܕܘܪ}}), was a village located in northern [[Iraq]], about 70 miles north of [[Mosul]],<ref name=AR/> near [[Duhok, Iraq|Duhok]], towards [[Amediyah]].<ref name=AJC>[http://books.google.co.uk/books?ei=YN9rTIzKKo3fON2o0ZQC&ct=result&id=K5ISAAAAIAAJ&dq=sandur+jews&q=sandur+ Commentary, Volume 8], American Jewish Committee, 1949. pg. 557.</ref> First an historically [[Assyrian people|Assyrian]] village, it later became an agricultural settlement inhabited by [[Kurdish Jews]].

==History==
In ancient times the place had been inhabited by [[Assyrian people|Assyrian]] Christians. and was later inhabited by [[Kurds]] and Jews after the Christians deserted it.<ref name=MZ/>

In 1849, Sandur was described as an extensive village, containing over 100 Jewish households with a few inhabited by Kurds.<ref>[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KBE3AAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA113&dq=%22jewish+village%22&hl=en&ei=MdFrTKHLKNiSONH56I0B&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22jewish%20village%22&f=false Jewish missionary intelligence, Volume 14], ''"Sandur – A Jewish Village"'', pg. 113. [[London Society for Promoting Christianity Among the Jews|London Society]], 1848. [University of Michigan, June 12, 2007.]</ref> By the first half of the 20th century, the village was entirely Jewish.<ref name=MZ>Mordechai Zaken. [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DZ_bGJhOXxoC&pg=PA129&dq=sandur&hl=en&ei=v9FrTO-CBJSdOJyxzE8&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=sandur&f=false Jewish subjects and their tribal chieftains in Kurdistan: a study in survival], BRILL, 2007. pp. 129–132. ISBN 90-04-16190-2.</ref> All the village lands belonged to Jews who worked in the vineyards and orchards of pears, plums, pomegranates and apples.<ref name=MZ/>

In 1933 there were about 60 Jewish families.<ref name=AR>Arthur Ruppin. [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UO847h6TtHIC&pg=PA159&dq=sandur+jews&hl=en&ei=SNhrTPeeNtDfOJ-dsFs&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CE4Q6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=sandur%20jews&f=false The Jews in the Modern World], Macmillan and Co., 1934. pg. 159. [University of Michigan, January 29, 2008.]</ref> In 1934, Benzion Israeli found 800 inhabitants and wrote that "Sandur is a state of its own ... this is a Jewish village, an autonomous Jewish republic."<ref name=MZ/> In 1935, Walter Schwarz visited the village and gave a detailed report. He noted that it was inhabited only by Jews and that the fields and vineyards were well kept and yielded good crops.<ref>Erich Brauer, Raphael Patai. [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Y6S7qTDomCgC&dq=The+Jews+of+Kurdistan&source=gbs_navlinks_s The Jews of Kurdistan], Wayne State University Press, 1993. pg. 389. ISBN 0-8143-2392-8.</ref>
Mordechai Zaken, who investigated the history of Kurdistani Jews in the previous centuries, explained why in some reports there seemed to be only Jews residing in the village, while in other reports, the Muslim Kurds lived in the outskirts of the village. Apparently, the work of the Muslim Kurds in Sabbath disturbed the Jews, so they asked a judge from Mosul to ask the Kurds to move to the outskirts of the village. The Kurds agreed, but the Jews had to buy their houses, and so they did.<ref name=MZ/>
After Iraq gained independence in 1932, the position of the Jews started to deteriorate.<ref name=PRIC>Arie Marcelo Kacowicz, Pawel Lutomski. [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ovck_g0xwX0C&pg=PA122&dq=jewish+village+iraq&hl=en&ei=GsBtTOu0O8L48AaYp4yCDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAjgK#v=onepage&q=jewish%20village%20iraq&f=false Population resettlement in international conflicts: a comparative study], Lexington Books, 2007. pp. 116–122. ISBN 0-7391-1607-X.</ref> In July 1941 it was reported in the ''Jewish Digest'' that the leader of the village expressed his wish that the 50 families living there could "sell their village and immigrate to Palestine".<ref>Joseph B. Schechtman. [http://www.jstor.org/pss/4465156 The Repatriation of Iraq Jewry], Jewish Social Studies, Vol. 15, No. 2 (Apr., 1953), pp. 151–172. Indiana University Press.</ref> During the Allied occupation of Iraq and in the backdrop of the [[Farhud]], sporadic attacks on Jews continued throughout World War II. On December 17, 1942, anti-Jewish riots resulted in the murder of eight Jews in the village.<ref>Hershel Edelheit, Abraham J. Edelheit. [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=94NvHsiyn38C&pg=PA267&dq=sandur+jews&hl=en&ei=SNhrTPeeNtDfOJ-dsFs&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CEcQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=sandur%20jews&f=false A world in turmoil: an integrated chronology of the Holocaust and World War II], Greenwood Publishing Group, 1991. pg. 267. ISBN 0-313-28218-8.</ref> In 1943, Friedrich Simon Bodenheimer visited Sandur for an evening. He found the atmosphere disturbed by the "unfriendly attitude of the neighbouring Kurdish villages." He claimed the Jews could not even sell their land, as the Kurds said "We will soon get it for nothing!"<ref>Friedrich Simon Bodenheimer. [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mZlOAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Kurds+said+We+will+soon+get+it+for%22&dq=%22Kurds+said+We+will+soon+get+it+for%22&hl=en&ei=2_5rTM6dIMyTjAeR4eTxAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA A biologist in Israel: a book of reminiscences], Biological Studies, 1959. pg. 149. [University of Michigan, November 1, 2007.]</ref> With the creation of the [[State of Israel]] in 1948, things got worse for Iraq's Jews who were portrayed as [[Zionist]]s. Their freedom of movement was restricted and many lost their jobs.<ref name=PRIC/> In 1949 there were still about 100 families living in Sandur.<ref name=AJC/>

On March 9, 1950, a law was passed which apparently depicted Jews as unprotected aliens. Soon after, rural Jews faced a worsening economic situation and felt increasingly vulnerable. In early June, it was reported that the neighbouring villages were threatening to murder the people of Sandur unless they left the village. The villagers were among the first wave of Jews who left the countryside for [[Baghdad]] to sign up for emigration.<ref name=PRIC/> Within the next few years, the remaining 500 Jews of Sandur emigrated to [[Israel]].<ref>[http://www.kurdishjewry.org.il/kehil/sondr.htm (Sondor) סונדור], ''kurdishjewry.org''.</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|36|55|N|43|04|E|display=title|region:IQ_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}

[[Category:Populated places in Dohuk Province]]
[[Category:Historic Jewish communities]]
[[Category:Assyrian settlements]]
[[Category:Jews and Judaism in Kurdistan]]
[[Category:Assyria]]
[[Category:Villages depopulated during the Arab–Israeli conflict]]

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 ==History==
-In ancient times the place had been inhabited by [[Assyrian people|Assyrian]] Christians. and was later inhabited by [[Kurds]] and Jews after the Christians deserted it.<ref name=MZ/>
+In ancient times the place had been inhabited by [[Chaldean people|Chaldean]] Christians. and was later inhabited by [[Kurds]] and Jews after the Christians deserted it.<ref name=MZ/>
 In 1849, Sandur was described as an extensive village, containing over 100 Jewish households with a few inhabited by Kurds.<ref>[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KBE3AAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA113&dq=%22jewish+village%22&hl=en&ei=MdFrTKHLKNiSONH56I0B&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22jewish%20village%22&f=false Jewish missionary intelligence, Volume 14], ''"Sandur – A Jewish Village"'', pg. 113. [[London Society for Promoting Christianity Among the Jews|London Society]], 1848. [University of Michigan, June 12, 2007.]</ref> By the first half of the 20th century, the village was entirely Jewish.<ref name=MZ>Mordechai Zaken. [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DZ_bGJhOXxoC&pg=PA129&dq=sandur&hl=en&ei=v9FrTO-CBJSdOJyxzE8&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=sandur&f=false Jewish subjects and their tribal chieftains in Kurdistan: a study in survival], BRILL, 2007. pp. 129–132. ISBN 90-04-16190-2.</ref> All the village lands belonged to Jews who worked in the vineyards and orchards of pears, plums, pomegranates and apples.<ref name=MZ/>

Sandur, Iraq - Revision history

Brightstar: /* History */

Penguins53 at 17:27, 16 November 2014