Difference between revisions of "Urmia"

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'''Urmia'''<ref group=nb>Variously [[Romanization of Persian|transliterated]] as ''Oroumieh'', ''Oroumiyeh'', ''Orūmīyeh'' and ''Urūmiyeh''</ref><ref group=nb>{{GEOnet3|-3077456}}</ref> ({{IPA-fa|oɾumiˈje|pron|Urmia-2.ogg}}) ([[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]]:'''اورمیّه''' ,ﺍﻭﺭﻣﻮ , Urmiyə, Urmu or ''Urumiyeh'', or ''Urumiah'', {{lang-hy|Ուրմիա}}, {{lang-arc|ܐܘܪܡܝܐ}}, {{lang-fa|ارومیه}}, {{lang-ku|Ûrmiye}}) is a city in and the capital of [[West Azerbaijan Province]], [[Iran]]. Urmia is situated at an altitude of 1,330&nbsp;m above sea level, and is located along the Shahar Chay river (City River) on the [[Urmia Plain]]. [[Lake Urmia]], one of the world's largest [[salt lake]]s, lies to the east of the city and the mountainous [[Turkey|Turkish]] border area lies to the west.
 
'''Urmia'''<ref group=nb>Variously [[Romanization of Persian|transliterated]] as ''Oroumieh'', ''Oroumiyeh'', ''Orūmīyeh'' and ''Urūmiyeh''</ref><ref group=nb>{{GEOnet3|-3077456}}</ref> ({{IPA-fa|oɾumiˈje|pron|Urmia-2.ogg}}) ([[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]]:'''اورمیّه''' ,ﺍﻭﺭﻣﻮ , Urmiyə, Urmu or ''Urumiyeh'', or ''Urumiah'', {{lang-hy|Ուրմիա}}, {{lang-arc|ܐܘܪܡܝܐ}}, {{lang-fa|ارومیه}}, {{lang-ku|Ûrmiye}}) is a city in and the capital of [[West Azerbaijan Province]], [[Iran]]. Urmia is situated at an altitude of 1,330&nbsp;m above sea level, and is located along the Shahar Chay river (City River) on the [[Urmia Plain]]. [[Lake Urmia]], one of the world's largest [[salt lake]]s, lies to the east of the city and the mountainous [[Turkey|Turkish]] border area lies to the west.
  
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Urmia is the [[List of Iran cities by population|10th most populated]] city in [[Iran]]. At the 2012 census, its population was 667,499 with 197,749 households.<ref>{{IranCensus2006|04}}</ref> The city's inhabitants are predominantly [[Azeris]],<ref name="Country Study Giude-Azerbaijanis">{{cite news|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=0KOSUrLPC6IC&pg=PA152&dq=majority+of+the+population+of+East+Azarbaijan+and+a+majority+of+West+Azarbaijan.#v=onepage&q=majority%20of%20the%20population%20of%20East%20Azarbaijan%20and%20a%20majority%20of%20West%20Azarbaijan.&f=false |title=Country Study Giude-Azerbaijanis |publisher=STRATEGIC INFORMATION AND DEVELOPMENTS-USA |date= |accessdate=13 August 2013}}</ref><ref name="Iran-Azerbaijanis">{{cite news|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ir0052) |title=Iran-Azerbaijanis |publisher=[[Library of Congress Country Studies]] |date=December 1987 |accessdate=13 August 2013}}</ref><ref name="Looklex Encyclopaedia">{{cite web|url=http://looklex.com/e.o/orumiyeh.htm |title=Orumiyeh |publisher=[[Looklex Encyclopaedia]] |date= |accessdate=2013-08-13}}</ref><ref name="Britannica Encyclopaedia">{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/433619/Orumiyeh |title=Orumiye |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |date= |accessdate=2013-08-13}}</ref> who live alongside minorities of [[Kurds]], [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], and [[Armenians]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/433619/Orumiyeh|title=Orumiyeh (Iran)|work=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> The city is the trading center for a fertile agricultural region where fruits (especially [[apple]]s and [[grape]]s) and [[tobacco]] are grown.  
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Urmia is the [[List of Iran cities by population|10th most populated]] city in [[Iran]]. At the 2012 census, its population was 667,499 with 197,749 households.<ref>{{IranCensus2006|04}}</ref> The city's inhabitants are predominantly [[Azeris]],<ref name="Country Study Giude-Azerbaijanis">{{cite news|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=0KOSUrLPC6IC&pg=PA152&dq=majority+of+the+population+of+East+Azarbaijan+and+a+majority+of+West+Azarbaijan.#v=onepage&q=majority%20of%20the%20population%20of%20East%20Azarbaijan%20and%20a%20majority%20of%20West%20Azarbaijan.&f=false |title=Country Study Giude-Azerbaijanis |publisher=STRATEGIC INFORMATION AND DEVELOPMENTS-USA |date= |accessdate=13 August 2013}}</ref><ref name="Iran-Azerbaijanis">{{cite news|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ir0052) |title=Iran-Azerbaijanis |publisher=[[Library of Congress Country Studies]] |date=December 1987 |accessdate=13 August 2013}}</ref><ref name="Looklex Encyclopaedia">{{cite web|url=http://looklex.com/e.o/orumiyeh.htm |title=Orumiyeh |publisher=[[Looklex Encyclopaedia]] |date= |accessdate=2013-08-13}}</ref><ref name="Britannica Encyclopaedia">{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/433619/Orumiyeh |title=Orumiye |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |date= |accessdate=2013-08-13}}</ref> who live alongside minorities of [[Kurds]], [[Chaldean people|Chaldeans]], and [[Armenians]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/433619/Orumiyeh|title=Orumiyeh (Iran)|work=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> The city is the trading center for a fertile agricultural region where fruits (especially [[apple]]s and [[grape]]s) and [[tobacco]] are grown.  
  
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An important town by the 9th century, Urmia was seized by the [[Seljuk Turks]] (1184), and later occupied a number of times by the [[Ottoman Turks]]. For centuries the city has had a diverse population which has at times included Muslims ([[Shia]]s and [[Sunni Islam|Sunnis]]), Christians ([[Eastern Catholic Churches|Catholics]], [[Protestantism|Protestants]], [[Assyrian Church of the East|Nestorians]], and [[Oriental Orthodox Church|Orthodox]]), [[Jews]], [[Bahá'í Faith|Bahá'ís]] and [[Sufism|Sufis]]. Around 1900, Christians made up more than 40% of the city's population, however, most of the Christians fled in 1918<ref name=Columbia>http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Urmia.html</ref><ref name="nineveh.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.nineveh.com/Assyrians%20in%20the%20History%20of%20Urmia,%20Iran.html|title=Assyrians in the History of Urmia, Iran|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="nineveh.com"/><ref name="E.J. Brill 1936">E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936, M. Th Houtsma, page 1035, 1987</ref> as a result of the [[Persian Campaign]] during [[World War I]] and the [[Armenian Genocide|Armenian]] and [[Assyrian Genocide]]s.
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An important town by the 9th century, Urmia was seized by the [[Seljuk Turks]] (1184), and later occupied a number of times by the [[Ottoman Turks]]. For centuries the city has had a diverse population which has at times included Muslims ([[Shia]]s and [[Sunni Islam|Sunnis]]), Christians ([[Eastern Catholic Churches|Catholics]], [[Protestantism|Protestants]], [[Chaldean Church of the East|Nestorians]], and [[Oriental Orthodox Church|Orthodox]]), [[Jews]], [[Bahá'í Faith|Bahá'ís]] and [[Sufism|Sufis]]. Around 1900, Christians made up more than 40% of the city's population, however, most of the Christians fled in 1918<ref name=Columbia>http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Urmia.html as a result of the [[Persian Campaign]] during [[World War I]] and the [[Armenian Genocide|Armenian]] and [[Chaldean Genocide]]s.
  
 
== Name ==
 
== Name ==
 
The name Urmia derives from the Kingdom of [[Urartu]]. This is due to Urartian accredited fortresses and countless artifacts found spanning across Azerbaijan and into of what is today the Azerbaijan province of Iran denoting a Urartian etymology.<ref>{{cite web|title=AZERBAIJAN xii. MONUMENTS|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-monuments|website=ENCYCLOPÆDIA IRANICA|publisher=AMI N.F.|accessdate=22 September 2014|archivedate=1972}}</ref> The city's Armenian population also complements the idea of a Urartian origin. According to [[Vladimir Minorsky]], there have been villages in the [[Urmia plain]] some 2000 years B.C., with their civilization under the influence of the Kingdom of Van. The excavations of the ancient ruins near Urmia led to the discovery of utensils that date back to [[20th century BC|2000 years B.C.]]. In the ancient times, the west bank of Urmia lake was called ''Gilzan'', and in the ninth century B.C. an independent government ruled there which later joined the Urartu or Mana empire; in the eighth century B.C., the area was a vassal of the [[Asuzh government]] until it joined the [[Median Empire]] after its formation. Richard Nelson Frye also suggested a Urartian origin for the name.<ref>Richard Nelson Frye, The history of ancient Iran, München (1984), 48-49</ref>
 
The name Urmia derives from the Kingdom of [[Urartu]]. This is due to Urartian accredited fortresses and countless artifacts found spanning across Azerbaijan and into of what is today the Azerbaijan province of Iran denoting a Urartian etymology.<ref>{{cite web|title=AZERBAIJAN xii. MONUMENTS|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-monuments|website=ENCYCLOPÆDIA IRANICA|publisher=AMI N.F.|accessdate=22 September 2014|archivedate=1972}}</ref> The city's Armenian population also complements the idea of a Urartian origin. According to [[Vladimir Minorsky]], there have been villages in the [[Urmia plain]] some 2000 years B.C., with their civilization under the influence of the Kingdom of Van. The excavations of the ancient ruins near Urmia led to the discovery of utensils that date back to [[20th century BC|2000 years B.C.]]. In the ancient times, the west bank of Urmia lake was called ''Gilzan'', and in the ninth century B.C. an independent government ruled there which later joined the Urartu or Mana empire; in the eighth century B.C., the area was a vassal of the [[Asuzh government]] until it joined the [[Median Empire]] after its formation. Richard Nelson Frye also suggested a Urartian origin for the name.<ref>Richard Nelson Frye, The history of ancient Iran, München (1984), 48-49</ref>
  
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T. Burrow connected the origin of the name Urmia to [[Indo-Iranian]] urmi- "wave" and urmya- "undulating, wavy",<ref>The Proto-Indoaryans, by T. Burrow, The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, No. 2 (1973), pp. 123-140, Published by: Cambridge University Press, see 139</ref> which is due to the local Assyrian folk etymology for the name which related "Mia" to [[Syriac language|Syriac]] meaning "water." Hence ''Urmia'' simply means 'Watertown" — a befitting name for a city situated by a lake and surrounded by rivers, would be the cradle of water.<ref>{{cite journal | title=History of Assyrins in Urmia | author=Ishaya, Arianne | journal=JAAS | year=2002 | volume=XVI | issue=1}}</ref> This also suggests, that the Assyrians referred to the Urartian influence in Urmia as ancestors of the inhabitants of the Sumerian city state [[Ur]], referenced Biblically as "Ur of the Chaldees". Further association of the Urmia/Urartian/Ur etymology from the Assyrian folk legend is the fact that the [[Urartian language]] is also referenced as the Chaldean language, a standardized simplification of Neo-Assyrian cuneiform, which originated from the accreditation to Urartian chief god [[Ḫaldi]] or Khaldi. Thus the root of Urmia is an Assyrian reference to the etymology of the Urartu/Ur Kingdoms and the Aramaic word "Mia" meaning water, which as T. Burrow noted, referenced the city that is situated by a lake and surrounded by rivers.
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T. Burrow connected the origin of the name Urmia to [[Indo-Iranian]] urmi- "wave" and urmya- "undulating, wavy",<ref>The Proto-Indoaryans, by T. Burrow, The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, No. 2 (1973), pp. 123-140, Published by: Cambridge University Press, see 139</ref> which is due to the local Chaldean folk etymology for the name which related "Mia" to [[Syriac language|Syriac]] meaning "water." Hence ''Urmia'' simply means 'Watertown" — a befitting name for a city situated by a lake and surrounded by rivers, would be the cradle of water. This also suggests, that the Chaldeans referred to the Urartian influence in Urmia as ancestors of the inhabitants of the Chaldean city state [[Ur]], referenced Biblically as "Ur of the Chaldees". Further association of the Urmia/Urartian/Ur etymology from the Chaldean folk legend is the fact that the [[Urartian language]] is also referenced as the Chaldean language, a standardized simplification of Neo-Chaldean cuneiform, which originated from the accreditation to Urartian chief god [[Ḫaldi]] or Khaldi. Thus the root of Urmia is a Chaldean reference to the etymology of the Urartu/Ur Kingdoms and the Aramaic word "Mia" meaning water, which as T. Burrow noted, referenced the city that is situated by a lake and surrounded by rivers.
  
 
As of 1921, Urmia was also called, ''Urumia'' and ''Urmi''.<ref name=Sykes>{{cite book|last=Sykes|first=Percy|title=A History of Persia|year=1921|publisher=Macmillan and Company|location=London|page=67|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/7307/view/1/67/}}</ref> During the [[Pahlavi Dynasty]] (1925–1979), the city was called ''Rezaiyeh''<ref group=nb>Also ''Rezaeyeh'', ''Rezā’īyeh'', ''Rezâiyye''</ref> ({{lang-fa|رضائیه}}) after [[Rezā Shāh]], the dynasty's founder, whose name ultimately derives from the Islamic concept of ''[[rida]]'' via the [[The Twelve Imams|Eighth Imam]] in [[Twelver]] [[Shia Islam]], [[Ali al-Ridha]].
 
As of 1921, Urmia was also called, ''Urumia'' and ''Urmi''.<ref name=Sykes>{{cite book|last=Sykes|first=Percy|title=A History of Persia|year=1921|publisher=Macmillan and Company|location=London|page=67|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/7307/view/1/67/}}</ref> During the [[Pahlavi Dynasty]] (1925–1979), the city was called ''Rezaiyeh''<ref group=nb>Also ''Rezaeyeh'', ''Rezā’īyeh'', ''Rezâiyye''</ref> ({{lang-fa|رضائیه}}) after [[Rezā Shāh]], the dynasty's founder, whose name ultimately derives from the Islamic concept of ''[[rida]]'' via the [[The Twelve Imams|Eighth Imam]] in [[Twelver]] [[Shia Islam]], [[Ali al-Ridha]].
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The [[Ottoman Turks]] made several incursions into the city, but the [[Safavid]]s were soon able to regain control over the area. The first monarch of Iran's [[Qajar dynasty]], [[Agha Muhammad Khan]], was crowned in Urmia in 1795.
 
The [[Ottoman Turks]] made several incursions into the city, but the [[Safavid]]s were soon able to regain control over the area. The first monarch of Iran's [[Qajar dynasty]], [[Agha Muhammad Khan]], was crowned in Urmia in 1795.
  
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Due to the presence of substantial [[Christian]] minority at the end of the 19th century, Urmia was also chosen as a site of the first [[United States|American]] Christian mission in Iran in 1835. Another mission soon became operational in nearby [[Tabriz]] as well. During [[World War I]] the population was estimated as 30,000 by Dr. Caujole, a quarter of which (7,500) were Assyrians and 1,000 were Jews.<ref name="E.J. Brill 1936"/>
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Due to the presence of substantial [[Christian]] minority at the end of the 19th century, Urmia was also chosen as a site of the first [[United States|American]] Christian mission in Iran in 1835. Another mission soon became operational in nearby [[Tabriz]] as well. During [[World War I]] the population was estimated as 30,000 by Dr. Caujole, a quarter of which (7,500) were Chaldeans and 1,000 were Jews.<ref name="E.J. Brill 1936"/>
  
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During the 19th century, the region became the center of a short lived Assyrian renaissance with many books and newspapers being published in [[Syriac]]. Urmia was also the seat of a [[Dioceses of the Church of the East, 1552–1913|Chaldean diocese]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15225a.htm|title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Urmiah|publisher=}}</ref><ref name=naby>{{cite journal|last=Naby|first=Eden|title=Theater, Language and Inter-Ethnic Exchange: Assyrian Performance before World War I  Eden Naby1|journal=Iranian Studies, 40:4|date=September 2007|volume=40|series=4|pages=501–510|url=http://www.aina.org/articles/tlaieeapbww1.pdf|accessdate=30 September 2011}}</ref>
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During the 19th century, the region became the center of a short lived Chaldean renaissance with many books and newspapers being published in [[Syriac]]. Urmia was also the seat of a [[Dioceses of the Church of the East, 1552–1913|Chaldean diocese]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15225a.htm|title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Urmiah|publisher=}}</ref>  
  
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At the beginning of the [[First World War]] tens of thousands of Assyrians and Armenians from Anatolia found refuge in Urmia. The city changed hands several times between Russians and Kurds the following two years.<ref name="TejirianSimon2012">{{cite book|last1=Tejirian|first1=Eleanor H.|last2=Simon|first2=Reeva S.|title=Conflict, conquest, and conversion|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=bHwMD0-X7aYC&pg=PT351|accessdate=7 April 2013|date=1 September 2012|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-51109-4|pages=350–351}}</ref> The influx of Christian refugees and their alliance with the Russians angered the Muslims who attacked the Christian quarter in February 1918, The better armed Assyrians managed however to capture the whole city following a brief battle.<ref name="TejirianSimon2012"/> The region descended into chaos again after the assassination of the Assyrian patriarch [[Shimun XXI Benyamin]] at the hands of [[Simko Shikak]] one month later. Turkish armies and Samko managed to finally take and plunder the city in June/July 1918.<ref name="Atabaki2006">{{cite book|last=Atabaki|first=Touraj|title=Iran and the First World War: Battleground of the Great Powers|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=M3adD9kNH1gC&pg=PA87|accessdate=7 April 2013|date=4 September 2006|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-86064-964-6|page=87}}</ref> Thousands of Assyrians were massacred, others found refuge under British protection in Iraq.<ref name="Atabaki2006"/><ref>{{citation|last1=Gaunt|first1=David|last2= Beṯ-Şawoce|first2=Jan|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=4mug9LrpLKcC|title=Massacres, resistance, protectors: Muslim-Christian relations in Eastern Anatolia during World War I|pages=106–107|year=2006|publisher=Gorgias Press LLC|isbn=978-1-59333-301-0}}</ref>
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At the beginning of the [[First World War]] tens of thousands of Chaldeans and Armenians from Anatolia found refuge in Urmia. The city changed hands several times between Russians and Kurds the following two years.<ref name="TejirianSimon2012">{{cite book|last1=Tejirian|first1=Eleanor H.|last2=Simon|first2=Reeva S.|title=Conflict, conquest, and conversion|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=bHwMD0-X7aYC&pg=PT351|accessdate=7 April 2013|date=1 September 2012|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-51109-4|pages=350–351}}</ref> The influx of Christian refugees and their alliance with the Russians angered the Muslims who attacked the Christian quarter in February 1918, The better armed Chaldeans managed however to capture the whole city following a brief battle.<ref name="TejirianSimon2012"/> The region descended into chaos again after the assassination of the Chaldean patriarch [[Shimun XXI Benyamin]] at the hands of [[Simko Shikak]] one month later. Turkish armies and Samko managed to finally take and plunder the city in June/July 1918.<ref name="Atabaki2006">{{cite book|last=Atabaki|first=Touraj|title=Iran and the First World War: Battleground of the Great Powers|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=M3adD9kNH1gC&pg=PA87|accessdate=7 April 2013|date=4 September 2006|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-86064-964-6|page=87}}</ref> Thousands of Chaldeans were massacred, others found refuge under British protection in Iraq.<ref name="Atabaki2006"/><ref>{{citation|last1=Gaunt|first1=David|last2= Beṯ-Şawoce|first2=Jan|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=4mug9LrpLKcC|title=Massacres, resistance, protectors: Muslim-Christian relations in Eastern Anatolia during World War I|pages=106–107|year=2006|publisher=Gorgias Press LLC|isbn=978-1-59333-301-0}}</ref>
  
 
== Demographics ==
 
== Demographics ==
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=== People ===
 
=== People ===
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The city has been home to various [[ethnic groups]] during its long history. The population of Urmia in the early Islamic period were Christian.<ref name="EI">URMIYA, Encyclopaedia of Islam(edition 2)</ref> At the beginning of the 20th century, the city's population had a significant Christian minority (Assyrians and Armenians).<ref name=Columbia/><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=RT0bAgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Baker+iran&hl=en&sa=X&ei=EFVcVLC8NLOp7Abe5IHoDw&ved=0CB8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=urmia&f=false|title=Iran|publisher=}}</ref> By 1900 the Christianity population of the town had grown to some 40-50 percent.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.questia.com/read/1E1-Urmia/urmia|title=Urmia|publisher=}}</ref><ref>http://www..com/EBchecked/topic/433619/Orumiyeh</ref> According to Macuch, and Ishaya, the city was the spiritual capital of the [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]] were influenced by four Christian missions which were established in the city from period from 1830 to the end of [[World War I]].<ref name="Macuch">{{cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/assyrians-in-iran|title=ASSYRIANS IN IRAN|publisher=}}</ref> A large number of the Assyrians and Armenians were killed in 1914 as result of the [[Armenian Genocide|Armenian]] and [[Assyrian Genocide]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K3monyE4CVQC&pg=PA271&lpg=PA271&dq=assyrian+genocide+urmia&source=bl&ots=fHtN0oKuzA&sig=OEOXRcDXDd5CnVBNH0dIhuJxZkw&hl=en&sa=X&ei=OD6OVOvDA4-1sASJ-IKADg&ved=0CEIQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=assyrian%20genocide%20urmia&f=false|title=The Armenian Genocide|publisher=}}</ref> which led to a shift in the city's demographics.<ref name="Macuch"/> During the era of [[Reza Shah Pahlavi]], Iranian Assyrians were invited to return to the region and several thousand did return. There are around 5,000 Assyrians left in the city,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.academia.edu/1846175/Evidence_in_Stone_and_Wood_The_Assyrian_Syriac_History_and_Heritage_of_the_Urmia_Region_in_Iran_as_Reconstructed_from_Epigraphic_Evidence |title=Evidence in Stone and Wood: The Assyrian/Syriac History and Heritage of the Urmia Region in Iran |publisher=academia.edu}}</ref> or around 1% of the population.  
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The city has been home to various [[ethnic groups]] during its long history. The population of Urmia in the early Islamic period were Christian.<ref name="EI">URMIYA, Encyclopaedia of Islam(edition 2)</ref> At the beginning of the 20th century, the city's population had a significant Christian minority (Chaldeans and Armenians).<ref name=Columbia/><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=RT0bAgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Baker+iran&hl=en&sa=X&ei=EFVcVLC8NLOp7Abe5IHoDw&ved=0CB8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=urmia&f=false|title=Iran|publisher=}}</ref> By 1900 the Christianity population of the town had grown to some 40-50 percent.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.questia.com/read/1E1-Urmia/urmia|title=Urmia|publisher=}}</ref><ref>http://www..com/EBchecked/topic/433619/Orumiyeh</ref> According to Macuch, and Ishaya, the city was the spiritual capital of the [[Chaldean people|Chaldeans]] were influenced by four Christian missions which were established in the city from period from 1830 to the end of [[World War I]]. A large number of the Chaldeans and Armenians were killed in 1914 as result of the [[Armenian Genocide|Armenian]] and [[Chaldean Genocide]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K3monyE4CVQC&pg=PA271&lpg=PA271&dq=Chaldean+genocide+urmia&source=bl&ots=fHtN0oKuzA&sig=OEOXRcDXDd5CnVBNH0dIhuJxZkw&hl=en&sa=X&ei=OD6OVOvDA4-1sASJ-IKADg&ved=0CEIQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=Chaldean%20genocide%20urmia&f=false|title=The Armenian Genocide|publisher=}}</ref> which led to a shift in the city's demographics.<ref name="Macuch"/> During the era of [[Reza Shah Pahlavi]], Iranian Chaldeans were invited to return to the region and several thousand did return. There are around 5,000 Chaldeans left in the city, or around 1% of the population.  
  
 
Until the [[Iran crisis of 1946]] and the [[Establishment of the State of Israel]] in 1947 several thousand Jews also lived Urmia and their language ([[Lishán Didán]]) is still spoken by an aging community in [[Israel]].  
 
Until the [[Iran crisis of 1946]] and the [[Establishment of the State of Israel]] in 1947 several thousand Jews also lived Urmia and their language ([[Lishán Didán]]) is still spoken by an aging community in [[Israel]].  
  
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Today the population is mostly made up of [[Azerbaijanis]]<ref name="Country Study Giude-Azerbaijanis" /><ref name="Iran-Azerbaijanis" /><ref name="Looklex Encyclopaedia" /><ref name="Britannica Encyclopaedia" /> who live alongside Christians, [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]],<ref name="Looklex Encyclopaedia" /><ref name="Britannica Encyclopaedia" /> [[Assyrian people|Assyrian]]<ref name="Looklex Encyclopaedia" /><ref name="Britannica Encyclopaedia" /> and [[Armenians|Armenian]]<ref name="Looklex Encyclopaedia" /><ref name="Britannica Encyclopaedia" /> minorities.  
+
Today the population is mostly made up of [[Azerbaijanis]]<ref name="Country Study Giude-Azerbaijanis" /><ref name="Iran-Azerbaijanis" /><ref name="Looklex Encyclopaedia" /><ref name="Britannica Encyclopaedia" /> who live alongside Christians, [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]],<ref name="Looklex Encyclopaedia" /><ref name="Britannica Encyclopaedia" /> [[Chaldean people|Chaldean]]<ref name="Looklex Encyclopaedia" /><ref name="Britannica Encyclopaedia" /> and [[Armenians|Armenian]]<ref name="Looklex Encyclopaedia" /><ref name="Britannica Encyclopaedia" /> minorities.  
  
 
Today the majority of the population can also speak the official language of Iran, [[Persian language|Farsi]], in addition to their own native tongue.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/iran/42.htm|title=Iran - Azarbaijanis|publisher=}}</ref><ref>دكتر م پناهايان، مجموعه اي در چهار جلد به نام " فرهنگ جغرافياي ملي تركان ايران زمين " سال 1351</ref><ref>سيري در تاريخ زبان ولهجه هاي تركي , دكتر جواد هئيت- چاپ سوم , سال1380,ص 307</ref>
 
Today the majority of the population can also speak the official language of Iran, [[Persian language|Farsi]], in addition to their own native tongue.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/iran/42.htm|title=Iran - Azarbaijanis|publisher=}}</ref><ref>دكتر م پناهايان، مجموعه اي در چهار جلد به نام " فرهنگ جغرافياي ملي تركان ايران زمين " سال 1351</ref><ref>سيري در تاريخ زبان ولهجه هاي تركي , دكتر جواد هئيت- چاپ سوم , سال1380,ص 307</ref>
Line 93: Line 93:
 
=== Religions ===
 
=== Religions ===
 
{{no references|section|date=April 2015}}
 
{{no references|section|date=April 2015}}
−
The majority of people are followers of [[Shia]] [[Islam]]. There are also [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Catholic]], [[Protestantism|Protestant]], [[Assyrian Church of the East|Nestorian]], and [[Oriental Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] [[Christian]]s.{{cn|date=April 2015}} The city is also home to followers of [[Sunni Islam]], followers of the [[Bahá'í Faith]], followers of [[Judaism]]{{cn|date=April 2015}} and followers of different kinds of [[Sufism]].{{cn|date=April 2015}}  
+
The majority of people are followers of [[Shia]] [[Islam]]. There are also [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Catholic]], [[Protestantism|Protestant]], [[Chaldean Church of the East|Nestorian]], and [[Oriental Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] [[Christian]]s.{{cn|date=April 2015}} The city is also home to followers of [[Sunni Islam]], followers of the [[Bahá'í Faith]], followers of [[Judaism]]{{cn|date=April 2015}} and followers of different kinds of [[Sufism]].{{cn|date=April 2015}}  
  
 
== Geography ==
 
== Geography ==
Line 451: Line 451:
 
* [[William Abbott Oldfather|William Oldfather]] (1889-1945) - American classical scholar
 
* [[William Abbott Oldfather|William Oldfather]] (1889-1945) - American classical scholar
 
* [[Eugene Dooman]] (1890-1969) - American diplomat
 
* [[Eugene Dooman]] (1890-1969) - American diplomat
−
* [[Freydun Atturaya]] (1891-1926) - [[Assyrian people|Assyrian]] physician and politician
+
* [[Freydun Atturaya]] (1891-1926) - [[Chaldean people|Chaldean]] physician and politician
 
* Jalal Afshar (1894-1974) - entomologist
 
* Jalal Afshar (1894-1974) - entomologist
 
* [[Joseph Shimmon]] (1894-1992) - American wrestler
 
* [[Joseph Shimmon]] (1894-1992) - American wrestler
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[[Category:Cities in Iran]]
 
[[Category:Cities in Iran]]
 
[[Category:Populated places in Urmia County]]
 
[[Category:Populated places in Urmia County]]
−
[[Category:Assyrian settlements]]
+
[[Category:Chaldean settlements]]
 
[[Category:Iranian provincial capitals]]
 
[[Category:Iranian provincial capitals]]
 
[[Category:Cities in West Azerbaijan Province]]
 
[[Category:Cities in West Azerbaijan Province]]
 
[[Category:Populated places along the Silk Road]]
 
[[Category:Populated places along the Silk Road]]
 
[[Category:World Digital Library related]]
 
[[Category:World Digital Library related]]

Latest revision as of 09:40, 7 August 2015

For other uses, see Urmia (disambiguation).
"Rezaiyeh" redirects here. For the villages in Yazd Province, see Rezaiyeh, Bafq and Rezaiyeh, Mehriz.
Urmia
اورمیه
city
250px
Template:Infobox settlement/columns
Nickname(s): Cradle of Water, Paris of Iran
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Coordinates: 37°33′19″N 45°04′21″E / 37.55528°N 45.07250°E / 37.55528; 45.07250Coordinates: 37°33′19″N 45°04′21″E / 37.55528°N 45.07250°E / 37.55528; 45.07250{{#coordinates:37|33|19|N|45|04|21|E|type:city(680228)_region:IR |primary |name=

}}
Country  Iran
Province West Azerbaijan
County Urmia
Bakhsh Central
Government
 • Mayor Hazratpoor (حضرت پور)[1]
Elevation Template:Infobox settlement/lengthdisp
Population (2012)
 • Total 680,228
 • Population Rank in Iran 11th
Time zone IRST (UTC+3:30)
 • Summer (DST) IRDT (UTC+4:30)
Area code(s) 0443
Website www.urmia.ir
Welcome to Bakeri City

Urmia[nb 1][nb 2] (Template:IPA-fa) (Azerbaijani:اورمیّه ,ﺍﻭﺭﻣﻮ , Urmiyə, Urmu or Urumiyeh, or Urumiah, Template:Lang-hy, Aramaic: ܐܘܪܡܝܐ‎, Template:Lang-fa, Kurdish: Ûrmiye) is a city in and the capital of West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. Urmia is situated at an altitude of 1,330 m above sea level, and is located along the Shahar Chay river (City River) on the Urmia Plain. Lake Urmia, one of the world's largest salt lakes, lies to the east of the city and the mountainous Turkish border area lies to the west.

Urmia is the 10th most populated city in Iran. At the 2012 census, its population was 667,499 with 197,749 households.[2] The city's inhabitants are predominantly Azeris,[3][4][5][6] who live alongside minorities of Kurds, Chaldeans, and Armenians.[7] The city is the trading center for a fertile agricultural region where fruits (especially apples and grapes) and tobacco are grown.

An important town by the 9th century, Urmia was seized by the Seljuk Turks (1184), and later occupied a number of times by the Ottoman Turks. For centuries the city has had a diverse population which has at times included Muslims (Shias and Sunnis), Christians (Catholics, Protestants, Nestorians, and Orthodox), Jews, Bahá'ís and Sufis. Around 1900, Christians made up more than 40% of the city's population, however, most of the Christians fled in 1918Cite error: Closing </ref> missing for <ref> tag The city's Armenian population also complements the idea of a Urartian origin. According to Vladimir Minorsky, there have been villages in the Urmia plain some 2000 years B.C., with their civilization under the influence of the Kingdom of Van. The excavations of the ancient ruins near Urmia led to the discovery of utensils that date back to 2000 years B.C.. In the ancient times, the west bank of Urmia lake was called Gilzan, and in the ninth century B.C. an independent government ruled there which later joined the Urartu or Mana empire; in the eighth century B.C., the area was a vassal of the Asuzh government until it joined the Median Empire after its formation. Richard Nelson Frye also suggested a Urartian origin for the name.[8]

T. Burrow connected the origin of the name Urmia to Indo-Iranian urmi- "wave" and urmya- "undulating, wavy",[9] which is due to the local Chaldean folk etymology for the name which related "Mia" to Syriac meaning "water." Hence Urmia simply means 'Watertown" — a befitting name for a city situated by a lake and surrounded by rivers, would be the cradle of water. This also suggests, that the Chaldeans referred to the Urartian influence in Urmia as ancestors of the inhabitants of the Chaldean city state Ur, referenced Biblically as "Ur of the Chaldees". Further association of the Urmia/Urartian/Ur etymology from the Chaldean folk legend is the fact that the Urartian language is also referenced as the Chaldean language, a standardized simplification of Neo-Chaldean cuneiform, which originated from the accreditation to Urartian chief god Ḫaldi or Khaldi. Thus the root of Urmia is a Chaldean reference to the etymology of the Urartu/Ur Kingdoms and the Aramaic word "Mia" meaning water, which as T. Burrow noted, referenced the city that is situated by a lake and surrounded by rivers.

As of 1921, Urmia was also called, Urumia and Urmi.[10] During the Pahlavi Dynasty (1925–1979), the city was called Rezaiyeh[nb 3] (Template:Lang-fa) after Rezā Shāh, the dynasty's founder, whose name ultimately derives from the Islamic concept of rida via the Eighth Imam in Twelver Shia Islam, Ali al-Ridha.

History

People of Ourmiah awaiting the Shah, 1911
Error creating thumbnail:
Ourmiah Fruit Market, 1911

According to historical documents, the western part of the Urmia Lake has been a center of attention of the prehistoric nations, 6 km (3.7 mi) southeast of the lake which competes with the oldest hills of Mesopotamia, Asia the Minor, and the Iranian Plateau.

Urmia was the birthplace of Zoroaster (also called Zarahustra).

The Columbia Encyclopedia mentions that Urmia was an important town in the region during the 9th century.

The Ottoman Turks made several incursions into the city, but the Safavids were soon able to regain control over the area. The first monarch of Iran's Qajar dynasty, Agha Muhammad Khan, was crowned in Urmia in 1795.

Due to the presence of substantial Christian minority at the end of the 19th century, Urmia was also chosen as a site of the first American Christian mission in Iran in 1835. Another mission soon became operational in nearby Tabriz as well. During World War I the population was estimated as 30,000 by Dr. Caujole, a quarter of which (7,500) were Chaldeans and 1,000 were Jews.[11]

During the 19th century, the region became the center of a short lived Chaldean renaissance with many books and newspapers being published in Syriac. Urmia was also the seat of a Chaldean diocese.[12]

At the beginning of the First World War tens of thousands of Chaldeans and Armenians from Anatolia found refuge in Urmia. The city changed hands several times between Russians and Kurds the following two years.[13] The influx of Christian refugees and their alliance with the Russians angered the Muslims who attacked the Christian quarter in February 1918, The better armed Chaldeans managed however to capture the whole city following a brief battle.[13] The region descended into chaos again after the assassination of the Chaldean patriarch Shimun XXI Benyamin at the hands of Simko Shikak one month later. Turkish armies and Samko managed to finally take and plunder the city in June/July 1918.[14] Thousands of Chaldeans were massacred, others found refuge under British protection in Iraq.[14][15]

Demographics

According to official census of 2012, the population of Urmia city is about 667,499 (with 197,749 households).[16]

People

The city has been home to various ethnic groups during its long history. The population of Urmia in the early Islamic period were Christian.[17] At the beginning of the 20th century, the city's population had a significant Christian minority (Chaldeans and Armenians).[18][19] By 1900 the Christianity population of the town had grown to some 40-50 percent.[20][21] According to Macuch, and Ishaya, the city was the spiritual capital of the Chaldeans were influenced by four Christian missions which were established in the city from period from 1830 to the end of World War I. A large number of the Chaldeans and Armenians were killed in 1914 as result of the Armenian and Chaldean Genocide[22] which led to a shift in the city's demographics.[23] During the era of Reza Shah Pahlavi, Iranian Chaldeans were invited to return to the region and several thousand did return. There are around 5,000 Chaldeans left in the city, or around 1% of the population.

Until the Iran crisis of 1946 and the Establishment of the State of Israel in 1947 several thousand Jews also lived Urmia and their language (Lishán Didán) is still spoken by an aging community in Israel.

Today the population is mostly made up of Azerbaijanis[3][4][5][6] who live alongside Christians, Kurdish,[5][6] Chaldean[5][6] and Armenian[5][6] minorities.

Today the majority of the population can also speak the official language of Iran, Farsi, in addition to their own native tongue.[24][25][26]

Religions

Template:No references The majority of people are followers of Shia Islam. There are also Catholic, Protestant, Nestorian, and Orthodox Christians.[citation needed] The city is also home to followers of Sunni Islam, followers of the Bahá'í Faith, followers of Judaism[citation needed] and followers of different kinds of Sufism.[citation needed]

Geography

Template:Empty section

Parks and touristic centers

Error creating thumbnail:
A general view of Urmia

Urmia has many parks and touristic costal villages in the shore of Urmia Lake. The oldest park in Urmia, called Park-e Saat, was established in the first Pahlavi's era. Urmia's largest park is Ellar Bagi Park (Azerbaijani "People`s Garden") along the Shahar Chayi, or the "City River".

Lakes and Ponds:

  • Urmia Lake Natural Park
  • Hasanloo Lake
  • Marmisho Lake
  • Shahrchay ِDam
  • Urmia Lake Islands

Lagoons:

  • Haft Abad
  • Soole Dokel
  • Dana Boğan
  • Ali Pancesi
  • Isti Sou

Parks:

  • Park-e Saat (Clock Park)
  • Park-e Jangali (Jungle Park)
  • Ellar Bagi (People`s Garden)
  • Park-e Shahr (City Park)
  • Park-e Saheli (Riverside Park)
  • Park-e Shaghayegh
  • Alghadir Park
  • Tokhmemorghi (Oval) Park
  • Ghaem Park

and ....

Touristic Costal Villages:

  • Chichest
  • Bari
  • Fanoos
  • Sier
  • Band
  • Khoshako

Landscape Attractions:

  • Ghasemloo Valley
  • Kazem Dashi Islet in Lake Urmia
  • Kashtiban Village
  • Imamzada Village
  • Silvana Region
  • Rashekan to Dash Aghol
  • Nazloo
  • Dalamper
  • Kaboodan Island[27]

Climate

Urmia's climate is cold semi-arid (Köppen: BSk) with cold winters, mild springs, hot dry summers and warm autumns. Precipitation is heavily concentrated in late autumn, winter, and especially spring, while summer precipitation is very scarce.

Template:Weather box

Sport

Sport is an important part of Urmia's culture. The most popular sport in Urmia is volleyball. Urmia is Iran's volleyball capital,its because of ranks that Shahrdari Urmia VC got in Iranian Volleyball Super League and for the great volleyball players that are in Iran men's national volleyball team (such as Saeed Marouf Lakrani, Abdurreza Alizadeh, Milad Ebadipour, etc.) and first class coaches in Iran. Recently Urmia is also called "the city of volleyball lovers" by the Asian volleyball confederation official website.

2010 Asian Men's Cup Volleyball Championship was held in Ghadir Arena in Urmia.

Culture

Error creating thumbnail:
Jameh Mosque of Urmia.

Museums

  • Natural History Museum – Displays the animals native to the vicinity of Urmia.
  • Urmia Museum – Archaeological museum affiliated with the faculty of Shahid Beheshti University.
  • Urmia Museum of Crafts and Classical Arts.
  • Urmia Museum of َAntrophology.

Education

Error creating thumbnail:
A School in Urmia (1910)

The first modern style school established in urmia in 1834.[28]

Error creating thumbnail:
Urmia University's hall

Higher education

Urmia was an important center for higher education approximately a century ago, indeed, medical faculty of Urmia which was built by Joseph Cochran and a team of American medical associates in 1878, is the first University of Iran. Unfortunately the faculty became shut down even before establishment of first official university of Iran, University of Tehran.
Nowadays Urmia has become a considerable educational city. The city owns state and private universities and institutes listed below.

Universities in Urmia:

University Web Site
Urmia University [1]
Malek Ashtar University of Technology Urmia Branch [2]
Urmia University of Medical Sciences [3]
Urmia University of Technology [4]
Islamic Azad University of Urmia [5]
Payame Noor University of Urmia [6]
Elmi Karbordi University of Urmia [7]
University College of Saba [8]
University College of Azarabadegan [9]
University College of Elm O fan [10]
University College of Kamal [11]
Shahid Beheshti Technical School [12]
Ghazi Tabatabaee Technical School [13]
The Girls Technical School of Urmia [14]
Najand Institute of Higher Education [15]
University College Afagh [16]

Libraries

Media

Television

Urmia has one state-owned television channel, West Azerbaijan TV. This channel's broadcasts are in both Azerbaijani and Farsis and it broadcasts internationally through satellite Intelsat 902.[29]

Radio

Urmia has one radio channel broadcasting in both Azerbaijani, and Farsi. The name of the local radio is Chichest.[29]

Press

Newsletter:

  • Orumiye

Weekly:

  • Sedaye Urmia
  • Amanat
  • Koosha
  • Araz

Beside other minor Press that are being published regularly.

Infrastructure

Transportation

Most of Urmia's residents travel by car through the system of roads and highways. Urmia is also served by Taxis and public Buss. There are also some private groups which provide services called "Phone-taxi."[citation needed] A metro line for Urmia is under research.[citation needed]

Urmia is linked to Europe through Turkey's roads and Sero border crossing. Urmia Airport opened in 1964 and was the first international airport in West Azerbaijan county, Iran. As of April 2015 it only has regularly scheduled domestic flights to Tehran's Mehrabad International Airport. The city is not servied by Iran National Railways (IRIR, Persian: رجا ).

Health systems

The Iranian government operates public hospitals in the Urmia metropolitan region. There are also a number of private hospitals and medical centers in the city. Hospitals include:[citation needed]

  • Imam Khomeiny Hospital
  • Motahari Hospital
  • Imam Riza Hospital
  • Beheshti Hospital
  • Taleghani Hospital
  • Fatimiye Pro-Medical Clinic
  • Kosar Women's Pro-Medical Clinic
  • Shafa Hospital
  • Solati Hospital
  • Seyedoshohada Heart Pr0-Hospital
  • Gholipour Children's Pro-Hospital
  • Razi Psychiatry Pro-Hospital
  • 504 Artesh Hospital
  • Arefian Hospital
  • Azerbaijan Hospital
  • Milad international medical center[30]
  • Omid Cancer Pro-Clinic

Consulates

The Turkish government has a consulate on Beheshti Ave., Urmia, Iran.

Notable people

See also

Portal iconIran portal
Portal iconIranian Azerbaijan portal

Notes

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Use <references />, or <references group="..." />

References

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External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Urmia.

Template:Iranian Architecture Template:West Azerbaijan Province Template:Urmia County

  1. ↑ http://www.urmia.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=1609
  2. ↑ Template:IranCensus2006
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Country Study Giude-Azerbaijanis". STRATEGIC INFORMATION AND DEVELOPMENTS-USA. Retrieved 13 August 2013. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Iran-Azerbaijanis". Library of Congress Country Studies. December 1987. Retrieved 13 August 2013. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 "Orumiyeh". Looklex Encyclopaedia. Retrieved 2013-08-13. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 "Orumiye". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2013-08-13. 
  7. ↑ "Orumiyeh (Iran)". Encyclopedia Britannica. 
  8. ↑ Richard Nelson Frye, The history of ancient Iran, München (1984), 48-49
  9. ↑ The Proto-Indoaryans, by T. Burrow, The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, No. 2 (1973), pp. 123-140, Published by: Cambridge University Press, see 139
  10. ↑ Sykes, Percy (1921). A History of Persia. London: Macmillan and Company. p. 67. 
  11. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named E.J._Brill_1936
  12. ↑ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Urmiah". 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Tejirian, Eleanor H.; Simon, Reeva S. (1 September 2012). Conflict, conquest, and conversion. Columbia University Press. pp. 350–351. ISBN 978-0-231-51109-4. Retrieved 7 April 2013. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Atabaki, Touraj (4 September 2006). Iran and the First World War: Battleground of the Great Powers. I.B.Tauris. p. 87. ISBN 978-1-86064-964-6. Retrieved 7 April 2013. 
  15. ↑ Gaunt, David; Beṯ-Şawoce, Jan (2006), Massacres, resistance, protectors: Muslim-Christian relations in Eastern Anatolia during World War I, Gorgias Press LLC, pp. 106–107, ISBN 978-1-59333-301-0 
  16. ↑ 2012 census
  17. ↑ URMIYA, Encyclopaedia of Islam(edition 2)
  18. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Columbia
  19. ↑ Iran. 
  20. ↑ "Urmia". 
  21. ↑ http://www..com/EBchecked/topic/433619/Orumiyeh
  22. ↑ "The Armenian Genocide". 
  23. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Macuch
  24. ↑ "Iran - Azarbaijanis". 
  25. ↑ دكتر م پناهايان، مجموعه اي در چهار جلد به نام " فرهنگ جغرافياي ملي تركان ايران زمين " سال 1351
  26. ↑ سيري در تاريخ زبان ولهجه هاي تركي , دكتر جواد هئيت- چاپ سوم , سال1380,ص 307
  27. ↑ http://www.bari.ir/bari/en/tours/jazebeha/kaboodan/
  28. ↑ "معاون شهرسازی و معماری شهردار ارومیه خبر داد تخصیص بودجه 550 میلیارد تومانی شهرداری ارومیه". 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 "پایگاه اطلاع رسانی صدا و سیمای مرکز آذربایجان غربی". 
  30. ↑ "بیمارستان بین‌المللی 300 تختخوابی ارومیه". 


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