Difference between revisions of "Nabonassar"

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Nabû-nāṣir, inscribed in cuneiform as ^dAG-PAB or ^dAG-ŠEŠ-ir, Greek: Ναβονάσσαρος, whence "Nabonassar", and meaning "Nabû (is) protector",^[1]:226 was the king of Babylon 747–734 BC. He deposed a foreign Chaldean usurper named Nabu-shuma-ishkun, bringing native rule back to Babylon after 23 years of Chaldean rule. His reign saw the beginning of a new era characterized by the systematic maintenance of chronologically precise historical records. Both the Babylonian Chronicle^{[i 1]} and the Ptolemaic Canon begin with his accession to the throne. He was contemporary with the Assyrian kings Aššur-nirarī V (755–745 BC) and Tiglath-Pileser III, the latter under whom he became a vassal, and the Elamite kings Humban-Tahrah I (–743 BC) and Humban-Nikaš I (742–717 BC).^{[i 1]:9–10}

History

Nothing is known of his provenance or origin, although it appears he was a native Mesopotamian. His three predecessors were from the migrant Chaldean tribes settled in the far south east of Babylonia since the 9th century BC. The Dynastic Chronicle^{[i 2]} may have been composed during his reign as it records the succession of kings from the antediluvian era until that of his immediate predecessor, Nabû-šuma-iškun.^[2] It records that the “dynasty of Chaldea was terminated” (with Nabû-šuma-iškun) and “its kingship was transferred,” but the remainder is lost. He may also have commissioned a vituperative chronicle^{[i 3]} which vilifies his predecessor for his sacrilegious actions and the Chronicle of the Market Prices^{[i 4]} which mentions the volatile costs of various commodities in reigns up until that of his predecessor. His name appears in the Eclectic Chronicle^{[i 5]} but the context has not been preserved.

Calendar reform

His reign marks the reform of the Babylonian calendar, introducing regular calculated intercalary months, the eighteen-year cycle texts (the 223 month Saros Cycle, named for Edmund Halley’s misreading of a passage in Pliny^[3]) and perhaps even the zodiac.^[4]:187,189 Berossus of Kos reported, in an account preserved by Syncellus, that it was from the reign of Nabû-nāṣir onward that the movements and duration of the stars were recorded. He noted in his work Babyloniaca that "He gathered the records of his predecessors and destroyed them, thus ensuring that the history of the Chaldean kings began with him."^[5]

According to Claudius Ptolemy in his work Almagest, this gave rise to an era beginning noon on February 26, 747 BC when the Anno Nabonassari began, but prior to the Hellenistic period there is no trace of this era.^[6] The Babylonian Chronicle^{[i 1]} covering the years 747 to 668 BC, the best preserved exemplar of this genre, was possibly collated from Babylonian astronomical diaries,^[7] although the earliest exemplar of these dates to 652 BC.^[4]:188 The lists of celestial phenomena^{[i 6]} started with the lunar eclipse of 747–746 BC^[8] (February 6, 746 BC according to Britton^[3]:90 and others^[9]), a spectacular conjunction of the moon and the planets which may have inspired the commencement of recording of accurate astronomical observations.^[1]:227

Assyrian invasion

The country regained from Nabû-šuma-iškun was one driven by internal divisions and conflicts with the immigrant tribes of Arameans and Chaldeans, where the central authority was greatly diminished.

In Nabû-nāṣir's third year, the Assyrian general Tukultī-apil-Ešarra, better known under the Hebraic rendition "Tiglath-Pileser III", came to power in the Neo Assyrian Empire,^{[i 1]:1–2} overthrowing the existing regime, and in the first of two campaigns to secure his southern and eastern frontiers invaded Babylonia. During the first of these (745 BC) he sacked Rabbilu and Hamranu, abducted the gods of Šapazza,^{[i 1]:3–5} subjugated the numerous Aramean and Chaldean tribes, and destroyed the capital of the Chaldean tribe the Bit-Shilani, Sarrabanu, impaling its leader, Nabû-ušabši. His forces skirted the metropolitan areas of Dur-Kurigalzu and Sippar and may have reached as far as the region of Nippur.^[10]:41

Whether or not he actually solicited military aid from the Assyrians, Nabû-nāṣir seems to have been the main beneficiary of these actions as his regime was stabilized and he was subsequently able to put down a revolt in Borsippa.^{[i 1]:6–8} His hold over Uruk remained tenuous, as two local dignitaries complained of the neglect of the Akītu temple in their inscription^{[i 7]} commemorating their own restorations, usurping monarchic privilege.^[11]

In fact, according to the Babylonian Chronicle, Nabonassar seems to have become a vassal king of Tiglath-Pileser III after the Assyrian invasion.^[12]

Economic activity

Twenty-three tablets^[13] survive dealing with agricultural production, animal husbandry, weaving and sales from his first to his fourteenth year^[6] and these seem to represent a recovery in economic activity.^[10]:40 A letter archive excavated in 1973 in Nippur contains the correspondence between Kudurru the šandabakku or governor of Nippur and an individual of this name who is greeted as “brother”, which may be him.^[14]

He is recorded as having succumbed to illness and died in his palace during his fourteenth year.^{[i 1]:11} He was succeeded by his son, Nabû-nādin-zēri, the only known hereditary succession in Babylonia in a period from 810 BC to the rise of the Neo-Babylonian Empire in 626 BC.^[10]:16

Inscriptions

1. ↑ ^{1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6} Tablet BM 92502 The Chronicle on the Reigns from Nabû-Nasir to Šamaš-šuma-ukin (ABC 1) lines 1 to 12.
2. ↑ The Dynastic Chronicle (ABC 18) vi 11.
3. ↑ Chronographic document concerning Nabu-šuma-iškun, excavation number W 22660/0, CM 52 in J. J. Glassner’s “Chronique Mésopotamiennes,” 1993, pp. 235–240.
4. ↑ Chronicle of the Market Prices (ABC 23), tablet BM 48498.
5. ↑ The Eclectic Chronicle (ABC 24), tablet BM 27859, r. 17.
6. ↑ Lunar eclipse table for the years 747–744 BC BM 041985, LBAT 1413 at CDLI
7. ↑ Cylinder BM 113205 and fragmentary cylinders NBC 2502 and YBC 2170.

References

1. ↑ ^{1.0 1.1} J. A. Brinkman (1968). "Nabonassar". A political history of post-Kassite Babylonia, 1158-722 B.C. Analecta Orientalia. pp. 226–235. 
2. ↑ W. W. Hallo (1984–85). "The Concept of Eras from Nabonassar to Seleucus". Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society (16/17): 149. 
3. ↑ ^{3.0 3.1} John P. Britton (2007). "Studies in Babylonian Lunar Theory: Part I. Empirical Elements for Modeling Lunar and Solar Anomalies". Archive for History of Exact Sciences. 61: 83–145. doi:10.1007/s00407-006-0121-9. JSTOR 41134242. 
4. ↑ ^{4.0 4.1} W. W. Hallo (1988). "The Nabonassar Era and other epochs in Mesopotamian Chronology and Chronography". In E. Leichty; M. deJ. Ellis; P. Gerardi. A Scientific Humanist: Studies in Memory of Abraham Sachs. Philadelphia. pp. 186–189. 
5. ↑ Jean-Jacques Glassner (2004). Mesopotamian Chronicles. Brill. p. 111. 
6. ↑ ^{6.0 6.1} J. A. Brinkman (2001). "Nabonassar". In Erich Ebeling; Bruno Meissner; Dietz Otto Edzard. Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie: Nab – Nuzi. Walter De Gruyter Inc. pp. 5–6. 
7. ↑ J. A. Brinkman (1990). "The Babylonian Chronicle revisited". In T. Abusch; J. Huehnergard; P. Steinkeller. Lingering over words. Studies in ancient Near Eastern literature in honor of William L. Moran. Atlanta. pp. 75, 95. 
8. ↑ John M. Steele (2000). Observations and Predictions of Eclipse Times by Early Astronomers. Kluwer Academic Publications. pp. 43–45. 
9. ↑ A. Aaboe; J. P. Britton; J. A. Henderson; O. Neugebauer; A. J. Sachs (1991). "Saros Cycle Dates and Related Babylonian Astronomical Texts". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 81 (6): 20. doi:10.2307/1006543. 
10. ↑ ^{10.0 10.1 10.2} J. A. Brinkman (1984). Prelude to Empire: Babylonian Society and Politics, 747-626 B.C. 7. Philadelphia: Occasional Publications of the Babylonian Fund. pp. 16, 39–42. 
11. ↑ J. A. Brinkman (1969). "The Akītu Inscription of Bēl-ibni and Nabû-zēra-ušabši". Die Welt des Orients. 5 (1): 39–41. JSTOR 25682623. 
12. ↑ Babylonian Chronicle (ABC 1 Col.1:5).
13. ↑ J. A. Brinkman; D. A. Kennedy (Jan–Apr 1983). "Documentary Evidence for the Economic Base of Early Neo-Babylonian Society: A Survey of Dated Babylonian Economic Texts, 721-626 B.C.". Journal of Cuneiform Studies. 35 (1/2): 63–65. JSTOR 3515942.  lists 22 and AFn.2
14. ↑ S. W. Cole (1996). Nippur in late Assyrian Times, c. 755–612 BC (SAAS 4). Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project. pp. 52, 84–85, 89–90.