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{{About|Chaldean church in Mesopotamia Iraq, Syria, Turkey and Iran|Church of the East in India|Chaldean Syrian Church}}
{{Infobox Orthodox Church|
|show_name = Chaldean Catholic Church<br>ܥܕܬܐ ܟܠܕܝܬܐ ܩܬܘܠܝܩܝܬܐ<br>''Ecclesia Chaldaeorum Catholica''
|image = [[File:flaglogoPatriarchum Babylonensis Chaldenorum.jpg|200px]]|image = [[File:Patriairch emblem1.gif|200px]]
|caption = Emblem of the [[List of Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon|Chaldean Patriarchate]]
|founder = Traces ultimate origins to [[Thomas the Apostle]], [[Addai]] and [[Saint Mari|Mari]]; emerged from the [[Church of the East]] in 1830the 3rd Century
|independence = [[Apostolic Age|Apostolic Era]]
|recognition = [[Catholic Church]], [[Eastern Catholic Churches]]
|territory = [[Iraq]], [[Iran]], [[Turkey]], [[Syria]], [[Lebanon]], [[Jordan]], [[Israel]], [[Egypt]], [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], [[Austria]], [[Belgium]], [[France]], [[Greece]], [[Netherlands]], [[Denmark]], [[Germany]], [[Georgia (country)]], [[Sweden]], [[United Kingdom]]
|language = [[Syriac Chaldean language|SyriacChaldean]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnewa.org/default.aspx?ID=59&pagetypeID=9&sitecode=HQ&pageno=1 |title=The Chaldean Catholic Church |publisher=CNEWA |date= |accessdate=11 May 2013}}</ref> [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]]|population = 2,500,000<ref name="CNEWA website">{{cite web
|url=http://www.cnewa.org/source-images/Roberson-eastcath-statistics/eastcatholic-stat10.pdf
|author=Ronald Roberson
|website = http://www.saint-adday.com/
}}
==Chaldean Church History==
The history of the Chaldean Church is the history of the [[Church of the East]] founded between the 1st and 3rd 2nd centuries AD in Mesopotamia [[Chaldea]] (Persian Chaldeans ruled [[Mesopotamia]]) — represented today by at least eleven different churches, (then ruled by the successive Parthian and Sassanid Empires, where it was known by derivative names for Chaldea) — between the 1st and 3rd centuries AD. The region of Chaldea was also the birthplace of the [[Syriac language]] and [[Syriac script]], both of which remain important within all strands of [[Syriac Christianity]].
It was originally a part of [[The Church of the East]] before the 1553 consecration of [[Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa]] who entered communion with the [[Roman Catholic Church]], when it was renamed the ''Church of Mosul''. Subsequent to this, it was again renamed by Rome in 1683 as the Chaldean Catholic Church in recognition of the native Chaldean people of Mesopotamia Iraq where Father Ibrahim was raised and lived at UR of Chaldeans.
Dissent over the hereditary succession grew until 1552, when a group of Chaldean bishops, from the northern regions of [[Amid]] and [[Salmas]], elected a priest, Mar [[Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa|Yohannan Sulaqa]], as a rival patriarch. To look for a bishop of [[metropolitan bishop|metropolitan]] rank to consecrate him patriarch, Sulaqa traveled to the [[pope]] in Rome and entered into communion with the [[Catholic Church]], after first being refused by the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]]. In 1553 he was consecrated bishop and elevated to the rank of patriarch taking the name of Mar Shimun VIII. He was granted the title of "Patriarch of the Chaldeans", and his church was named ''The Church of Mosul''.
Mar Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa returned to northern [[Mesopotamia]] in the same year and fixed his seat in [[Amid]]. Before being put to death by the partisans radical Nestorians of the [[Assyrian Church of the East]] patriarch of [[Alqosh]],<ref name="Frazee"/>{{rp|57}} he ordained five metropolitan Chaldean bishops thus beginning a new ecclesiastical hierarchy: the patriarchal line known as the ''Shimun line''. The area of influence of this patriarchate soon moved from Amid east, fixing the See, after many places, in the isolated Chaldean village of [[Qochanis]].
The connections with Rome loosened up under Sulaqa's successors: The last patriarch to be formally recognized by the Pope died in 1600, the hereditary of the office was reintroduced and, in 1692, the [[Full communion|communion]] with Rome was formally broken, with this part of the church once more rejoining the [[Church of the East]].
[[File:Chaldean Bishops worldwide.jpg|thumb|Chaldean Bishops worldwide representing the Chaldean Church led by Chaldean Cardinal Emmanuel Delly III visit the Holy Pope, The Vatican, Italy, 2013]]
{{See also|Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa}}
===1672: The ''Josephite line'' of Amid===
The 'Chaldean Catholic' is historically, usually and properly taken purely as a [[doctrinal]] and [[theological]] term for Chaldean converts to People believers of Catholicism.<ref>Travis, Hannibal. ''Genocide in the Middle East: The Ottoman Empire, Iraq, and Sudan''. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2010, 2007, pp. 237-77, 293–294</ref><ref name="conference.osu.eu">http://conference.osu.eu/globalization/publ/08-bohac.pdf</ref><ref name="conference.osu.eu"/> The modern Chaldean Catholics are [[Assyrian Chaldean people|AssyriansChaldeans]]<ref>Nisan, M. 2002. ''[http://www.upenn.edu/pennpress/book/14225.html Minorities in the Middle East: A History of Struggle for Self Expression]''. Jefferson: McFarland & Company.</ref> and originated from ancient Chaldean communities living in and indigenous to the north of Iraq/Upper Mesopotamia which was known as Chaldea from the 25th century BC until the 7th century AD.
All Joseph I's successors took the name of Joseph. The life of this patriarchate was difficult: at the beginning due to the vexations from the traditionalists, under which they were subject from a legal point of view, and later it struggled with financial difficulties due to the tax burden imposed by the [[Ottoman Empire|Turkish]] authorities.
[[File:Two Chaldean bishops ordination (Bishop Baselio Yaldo and Bishop Shaleta).jpg|thumb|Chaldean Bishops Ordination in Michigan 2015 (Bishop Yaldo and Bishop Shalita)]][[File:Diyarbakir P1050612 20080427130622.JPG|thumb|Chaldean Monastery, Dyar Bakir, Turkey, Established 3rd Century AD]]Nevertheless its influence expanded from the original towns of [[Amid]] and [[Mardin]] towards the area of [[Mosul]] and the [[Nineveh plains]]. The ''Josephite line'' merged unified in 1830 with the Chaldean [[Alqosh]] patriarchate that in the meantime entered in [[full communion]] with Rome.
===The Alqosh Patriarchate in communion with Rome===
The largest and oldest [[episcopal see|patriarchal see]] of the Chaldean Church of the East was based at the [[Rabban Hormizd Monastery|Rabban Hormizd]] monastery of Alqosh. It spread from [[Aqrah]] up to [[Siirt|Seert]] and [[Nusaybin|Nisibis]], covering in the south the rich plain of [[Mosul]]. Already in the short period between 1610 and 1617 it entered in [[Full communion|communion]] with Rome, and in 1771 the patriarch Eliya Denkha signed a Catholic confession of faith, but no formal union resulted. When Eliya Denkha died, his succession was disputed by two cousins: Eliyya Isho-Yab, who was recognized by Rome but soon broke the communion, and [[Yohannan Hormizd]], who considered himself a Catholic.
In 1804, after Eliyya Isho-Yab's death, Yohannan Hormizd remained the only patriarch of Alqosh. There were thus two patriarchates in communion with Rome, the larger one in Alqosh, and in Amid that ruled by [[Augustine Hindi|Augustine (Yousef V) Hindi]]. Rome did not want to choose between the two candidates and granted neither the title of Patriarch, even if from 1811 it was Augustine Hindi who ruled the Church. After Hindi's death, on the July 5, 1830, Yohannan Hormizd was formally confirmed Patriarch by [[Pope Pius VIII]] with the title of "Patriarch of Babylon of the Chaldeans."<ref name="angold">{{cite book|last=O’Mahony |first=Anthony |editor=Angold, Michael |title=Eastern Christianity |series=Cambridge History of Christianity|volume=5|year=2006|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-81113-2 |chapter=Syriac Christianity in the modern Middle East}}</ref>{{rp|528}} The merger of the patriarchates of Alqosh and Amid was completed.
===19th century: expansion and disaster===
[[File:King Faisal I with Chaldean bishops (1852 1947).jpg|thumbnail|right|[[Faisal I of Iraq]] with all the Chaldean bishops and the Patriarch [[Yousef VI Emmanuel II Thomas]] , 1921 ]]The following years of the Chaldean Church were marked by externally originating violence: in 1838 the monastery of [[Rabban Hormizd Monastery|Rabban Hormizd]] and the town of Alqosh was attacked by the [[Kurds]] of [[Soran Emirate|Soran]] and hundreds of Christian Chaldeans died.<ref name="Wilm">David Wilmshurst, ''The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318-1913'', Peeters Publishers, 2000 ISBN 90-429-0876-9</ref>{{rp|32}} In 1843 the Kurds started to collect as much money as they could from Chaldean villages, killing those who refused: more than 10,000 Chaldean Christians of all denominations were killed and the icons of the Rabban Hormizd monastery defaced.<ref name="Frazee"/>{{rp|298}} {{Eastern Catholicism}}In 1846 the Chaldean Church was recognized by the [[Ottoman Empire]] as a '[[millet (Ottoman Empire)|millet]]', a distinctive 'religious community' in the Empire, thus obtaining its civic emancipation.<ref name="angold">Michael Angold ''Eastern Christianity'', Cambridge University Press, 2006 ISBN 0-521-81113-9 pag 528</ref> The most famous patriarch of the Chaldean Church in the 19th century was [[Joseph Audo|Joseph VI Audo]] who is remembered also for his clashes with [[Pope Pius IX]] mainly about his attempts to extend the Chaldean jurisdiction over the Indian [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]]. This was a period of expansion for the Chaldean Catholic Church. In the early 20th century [[Russian Orthodox]] missionaries established two dioceses in north [[Assyria]]. Many Chaldean leaders believed that the [[Russian Empire]] would be more interested in protecting them than the [[British Empire]] and the [[French colonial empire|French Empire]].<ref name="Wilm"/>{{rp|36}} Hoping for the support of the Russians, [[World War I]] and the subsequent [[Assyrian Genocide]] was seen as the right time to rebel against the Ottoman Empire. An [[Assyrian War of Independence]] was launched, led by [[Agha Petros]] and [[Malik Khoshaba]]. On 4 November 1914 the Turkish [[Enver Pasha]] announced the [[Jihad]], the holy war, against the Christians.<ref name="Bauer">{{cite book|first=Baumer|last=Christoph|year=2006|title=The File:Church of the East: An Illustrated History of Assyrian Christianity|isbn=978-1In Basra-84511-115-1Iraq كنيسة في البصرة العراق.JPG|publisher=I B Tauris & Co}}</ref>{{rpthumbnail|161}} Chaldean forces fought successfully against overwhelming odds in northern Iraq, southeast Turkey and northwest Iran for a time. However, the A [[Russian RevolutionChaldean Catholic]] Church in 1917 and the collapse of [[ArmeniaBasra]]n resistance left the Chaldeans cut off from supplies of food and ammunition, vastly outnumbered and surrounded. Chaldean territories were overrun by the [[Ottoman Empire2014]] and their [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]] and [[Arab]] allies, and the people forced to flee: most who escaped In the early 20th century massacres and continuation of the [[Assyrian Chaldean Genocide]] died from cold in the winter or hunger. The disaster struck mainly the regions of the Chaldean Church of the East and the Chaldean dioceses in north Chaldea (Amid, [[Siirt]] and [[Gazarta]]) were ruined (the Chaldeans metropolitans [[Addai Scher]] of [[Siirt]] and [[Philip Abraham]] of [[Gazarta]] were killed in 1915).<ref name="Wilm"/>{{rp|37}}
A further massacre occurred in 1933 at the hands of the [[Iraqi Army]], in the form of the [[Simele massacre]], which resulted in thousands of deaths.
There has been a large immigration to the [[United States]] particularly to [[southeast Michigan]].<ref>{{Catholic-hierarchy|diocese|ddech|Eparchy of Saint Thomas the Apostle of Detroit (Chaldean)|21 January 2015}}</ref> Although the largest population resides in southeast Michigan, there are populations in parts of [[California]] and [[Arizona]] as well. [[Canada]] in recent years has shown growing communities in both eastern provinces, such as [[Ontario]], and in western Canada, such as [[Saskatchewan]].
In 2008, Mar Bawai Soro of the [[Assyrian Church of the East]] and 1,000 Chaldean families were received into full communion with the Chaldean Catholic Church from the Chaldean Church of the East.<ref name="Assyrian Chaldean Bishop Mar Bawai Soto explains his journey into communion with the Catholic Church" >{{cite web
|url= http://www.kaldaya.net/2008/DailyNews/06/June06_08_E1_MARBAWAI.html
|title=Assyrian Chaldean Bishop Mar Bawai Soto explains his journey into communion with the Catholic Church
|work=kaldaya.net
|accessdate=11 September 2012
Chaldean Archbishop [[Paulos Faraj Rahho]] and three companions were abducted on 29 February 2008, in Mosul, and murdered a few days later.
== Structure ==
*[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14413a.htm East Syrian Rite] ([[Catholic Encyclopedia]])
*[http://stthomascc.org/daughters-of-mary-immaculate/ Daughters of the Immaculate Conception, a congregation located in Michigan]
*[http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/documents/rc_pc_chrstuni_doc_20011025_chiesa-caldea-assira_en.html Guidelines for Chaldean Catholics receiving the Eucharist in Assyrian Chaldean Churches]
*[http://christiansofiraq.com/reply.html History of the Chaldean Church]
*[http://nasrani.net/2008/10/31/qambel-maran-syriac-chants-from-south-india// Qambel Maran- Syriac chants from South India- a review and liturgical music tradition of Syriac Christians revisited]
*[http://pauluschurch.com/ St Pauls Chaldean Assyrian church]
*[http://www.chaldean.org/Home/tabid/36/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/308/Iraqs-Persecution-of-Christians-Continues-to-Spiral-out-of-Control.aspx]
*[http://www.chaldeanfederation.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=47&Itemid=53]
