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<translate><!--T:1--><languages/></translate>{{About|Chaldean church in the Middle EastMesopotamia Iraq, Syria, Turkey and Iran|Assyrian Church of the East in India|Chaldean Syrian Church}}

|image = [[File:flaglogoPatriarchum Babylonensis Chaldenorum.jpg|200px]]|image = [[File:Patriairch emblem1.gif|200px]]

|founder = Traces ultimate origins to [[Thomas the Apostle]], [[Addai]] and [[Saint Mari|Mari]]; emerged from the [[Church of the East]] in 1830the 3rd Century

|language = [[Syriac Chaldean language|SyriacChaldean]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnewa.org/default.aspx?ID=59&pagetypeID=9&sitecode=HQ&pageno=1 |title=The Chaldean Catholic Church |publisher=CNEWA |date= |accessdate=11 May 2013}}</ref> [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]]|population = 2,500,000<ref name="CNEWA website">{{cite web

{{Eastern Catholicism}}[[File:Church-In Basra-Iraq كنيسة في البصرة العراق.JPG|thumbnail|A [[Chaldean Catholic]] Church in [[Basra]] 2014]]The '''Chaldean Catholic Church''' ({{lang-syc|ܥܕܬܐ ܟܠܕܝܬܐ ܩܬܘܠܝܩܝܬܐ}}, ''ʿītha kaldetha qāthuliqetha''), is an [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Eastern]] [[Syriac Christianity|Syriac]] [[Particular church#Autonomous particular Churches or Rites|particular church]] of the [[Catholic Church]], under the [[Apostolic see|Holy See]] of the [[Catholicos]]-[[Patriarch of Babylon]], maintaining [[full communion]] with the [[Bishop of Rome]] and the rest of the Catholic Church. The Chaldean Catholic Church presently comprises an estimated 2,500,000 people who are ethnic [[Assyrian Chaldean people|AssyriansChaldeans]]<ref>Parpola, Simo (2004). "National and Ethnic Identity in the Neo-Assyrian Empire and Assyrian Identity in Post-Empire Times" (PDF). Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies (JAAS) 18 (2): pp. 22.</ref><ref>History of Mikhael The Great Chabot Edition p. 748, 750, quoted after Addai Scher, Hestorie De La Chaldee Et De "Assyrie"[1]</ref><ref>"Especially in view of the very early establishment of Christianity in Assyria and its continuity to the present and the continuity of the population, I think there is every likelihood that ancient Assyrians are among the ancestors of modern Assyrians of the area." Biggs, pp. 10</ref><ref>Assyrians After Assyria, Parpola</ref><ref>Nisan, M. 2002. Minorities in the Middle East: A History of Struggle for Self Expression .Jefferson: McFarland & Company.</ref><ref>a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Travis, Hannibal. Genocide in the Middle East: The Ottoman Empire, Iraq, and Sudan. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2010, 2007, pp. 237-77, 293–294</ref> [[indigenous peoples|indigenous]] to northern [[Iraq]], which was [[Assyria]] from the 25th century BC to 7th century AD, and areas bordering it in southeast [[Turkey]], northeast [[Syria]] and northwest [[Iran]].

==Chaldean Church History==The history of the Chaldean Church is the history of the [[Church of the East]] founded between the 1st and 3rd 2nd centuries AD in Mesopotamia [[AssyriaChaldea]] (Persian Chaldeans ruled [[AssuristanMesopotamia]]) — represented today by at least eleven different churches, (then ruled by the successive Parthian and Sassanid Empires, where it was known by derivative names for Assyria; [[Athura]] and [[Assuristan]]Chaldea) — between the 1st and 3rd centuries AD. The region of Assyria Chaldea was also the birthplace of the [[Syriac language]] and [[Syriac script]], both of which remain important within all strands of [[Syriac Christianity]]. The terms ''Syriac'' and ''Syrian'' originally being [[Indo-Anatolian]] derivatives of ''Assyrian''.<ref>Frye, R. N. (October 1992). "Assyria and Syria: Synonyms" (PDF). Journal of Near Eastern Studies 51 (4): 281–285. doi:10.1086/373570.</ref>

It was originally a part of [[The Assyrian Church of the East]] before the 1553 consecration of [[Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa]] who entered communion with the [[Roman Catholic Church]], when it was renamed the ''Church of Athura (Assyria) and Mosul''. Subsequent to this, it was again renamed by Rome in 1683 as the Chaldean Catholic Church, despite none in recognition of its Assyrian adherents being connected ethnically, historically or geographically to the long-extinct [[Chaldea]]ns, who had been completely absorbed into the general population native Chaldean people of [[Babylonia]] in the 6th century BC, disappearing from historyMesopotamia Iraq where Father Ibrahim was raised and lived at UR of Chaldeans.

After the extensive massacres of Assyrian Chaldean and other Christians by [[Tamerlane]] around 1400 AD had devastated many Assyrian Chaldean bishoprics and finally destroyed the 4000 year old city of [[AssurNineveh]], the Church of the East — which had extended as far as [[China]], [[Central Asia]], [[Mongolia]] and [[India]] — was largely reduced to [[AssyriaMesopotamia]], its place of origin. It was followed by its core founders of [[Eastern Aramaic]] speaking ethnic [[Assyrian Chaldean people|AssyrianChaldean]]s who lived largely in the area of northern Mesopotamia between [[Diyarbakır|Amid (Diyarbakır)]], [[Mardin]], [[Harran]] and [[Hakkari]] in the north to [[Mosul]], [[Irbil]] and [[Kirkuk]] in the south, and from [[Salmas]] and [[Urmia]] in the east to [[Al-Hassakeh]], [[Tur Abdin]] and [[Edessa]] in the west; an area approximately encompassing ancient [[AssyriaChaldea]].<ref name="Frazee">Charles A. Frazee, ''Catholics and Sultans: The Church and the Ottoman Empire 1453-1923'', Cambridge University Press, 2006 ISBN 0-521-02700-4</ref>{{rp|55}} The [[episcopal see]] was moved to [[Alqosh]], in the Mosul region, and Patriarch Mar [[Shimun IV Basidi]] (1437–1493) made the office of patriarch hereditary in his own family.<ref name="newCath Encyclopedia">Chaldean Catholic Church (Eastern Catholic), The new Catholic Encyclopedia, The Catholic University of America, Vol. 3, 2003 p. 366.</ref>

Dissent over the hereditary succession grew until 1552, when a group of Assyrian Chaldean bishops, from the northern regions of [[Amid]] and [[Salmas]], elected a priest, Mar [[Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa|Yohannan Sulaqa]], as a rival patriarch. To look for a bishop of [[metropolitan bishop|metropolitan]] rank to consecrate him patriarch, Sulaqa traveled to the [[pope]] in Rome and entered into communion with the [[Catholic Church]], after first being refused by the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]]. In 1553 he was consecrated bishop and elevated to the rank of patriarch taking the name of Mar Shimun VIII. He was granted the title of "Patriarch of the East AssyriansChaldeans", and his church was named ''The Church of Athura and Mosul''.<ref>George V. Yana (Bebla), "Myth vs. Reality," ''JAA Studies'', Vol. XIV, No. 1, 2000 p. 80</ref>

Mar Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa returned to northern [[Mesopotamia]] in the same year and fixed his seat in [[Amid]]. Before being put to death by the partisans radical Nestorians of the [[Assyrian Church of the East]] patriarch of [[Alqosh]],<ref name="Frazee"/>{{rp|57}} he ordained five metropolitan Chaldean bishops thus beginning a new ecclesiastical hierarchy: the patriarchal line known as the ''Shimun line''. The area of influence of this patriarchate soon moved from Amid east, fixing the See, after many places, in the isolated Assyrian Chaldean village of [[Qochanis]].

The connections with Rome loosened up under Sulaqa's successors: The last patriarch to be formally recognized by the Pope died in 1600, the hereditary of the office was reintroduced and, in 1692, the [[Full communion|communion]] with Rome was formally broken, with this part of the church once more rejoining the [[Assyrian Church of the East]].[[File:Chaldean Bishops worldwide.jpg|thumb|Chaldean Bishops worldwide representing the Chaldean Church led by Chaldean Cardinal Emmanuel Delly III visit the Holy Pope, The Vatican, Italy, 2013]]

A new so-called In 1672, 'Chaldean' Patriarchate occurred in 1672 when Chaldean [[Joseph I (Chaldean Patriarch)|Mar Joseph I]], Archbishop of Amid, entered in [[Full communion|communion]] with Rome, separating from the Assyrian Church Patriarchal see of Alqosh. In 1681 the [[Holy See]] granted him the title of "Patriarch of the Chaldeans deprived of its patriarch."

It is believed that the term The 'Chaldean Catholic' arose due to a Catholic [[Latin language|Latin]] misinterpretation in recognition of the native Chaldean people of Mesopotamia and misreading of the [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] ''Ur Kasdim'' (according to long held Jewish tradition, the birthplace of Abraham in northern Mesopotamia) as meaning ''Ur of the Chaldees''.<ref>''Biblical Archaeology Review'', May/June 2001: Where Was Abraham's Ur? by Allan R. Millard</ref> The Hebrew ''Kasdim'' does not mean or refer to the ''Chaldeans''. Ur Kasdim is generally believed by many to have been somewhere in [[Assyria]], northeastern [[Syria]] or southeastern [[Anatolia]]. The 18th century [[Roman Catholic Church]] then applied this misinterpreted name to their new diocese in northern Mesopotamia, a region whose indigenous inhabitants had always previously been referred to ethnically as ''Assurayu, Assyrians, Assouri, Ashuriyun, East Syrian, Athurai, Atoreh'', etc., and by the denominational terms ''Syriac Christians, Jacobites and Nestorians''.

Thus the term The 'Chaldean Catholic' is historically, usually and properly taken purely as a [[doctrinal]] and [[theological]] term for Assyrian converts to Chaldean People believers of Catholicism.<ref>Travis, Hannibal. ''Genocide in the Middle East: The Ottoman Empire, Iraq, and Sudan''. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2010, 2007, pp. 237-77, 293–294</ref><ref name="conference.osu.eu">http://conference.osu.eu/globalization/publ/08-bohac.pdf</ref><ref name="conference.osu.eu"/> The modern Chaldean Catholics are [[Assyrian Chaldean people|AssyriansChaldeans]]<ref>Nisan, M. 2002. ''[http://www.upenn.edu/pennpress/book/14225.html Minorities in the Middle East: A History of Struggle for Self Expression]''. Jefferson: McFarland & Company.</ref> and originated from ancient Assyrian Chaldean communities living in and indigenous to the north of Iraq/Upper Mesopotamia which was known as Assyria Chaldea from the 25th century BC until the 7th century AD (rather than the long-extinct [[Chaldea]]ns/[[Chaldees]], who were 9th century BC migrants from [[The Levant]], and always resided in the far southeast of Mesopotamia, and wholly disappeared from history circa 550 BC). Chaldean Catholics originate from the exact same cities, towns and villages as other Assyrians, speak exactly the same dialects of Eastern Aramaic, have exactly the same family, tribal and personal names, and have the same genetic profile.  Despite this, ''a minority'' of Chaldean Catholics (particularly in the [[United States]]) have in recent times confused a purely religious term with an ethnic identity, and espoused a separate ethnic identity to their Assyrian brethren, despite there being no historical, academic, cultural, geographic, archaeological, linguistic, anthropological or genetic evidence supporting a link (or any sort of [[Chaldean continuity]]) to the late Iron Age Chaldean land or race, rather they are regarded as part of the [[Assyrian continuity]] by scholars. [[Raphael Bidawid]], the then patriarch of the Chaldean Catholic Church commented on the [[Assyrian name dispute]] in 2003 and clearly differentiated between the name of a church and an ethnicity: : “I personally think that these different names serve to add confusion. The original name of our Church was the ‘Church of the East’ … When a portion of the Church of the East became Catholic in the 17th Century, the name given to the 'church' was ‘Chaldean’ based on the Magi kings who were believed by some to have come from what once had been the land of the Chaldean, to Bethlehem. The name ‘Chaldean’ does not represent an ethnicity, just a church… We have to separate what is ethnicity and what is religion… I myself, my sect is Chaldean, but ethnically, I am [[Assyrian people|Assyrian]].”<ref name="Parpola">{{cite journal | author = Parpola, Simo | year = 2004 | title = National and Ethnic Identity in the Neo-Assyrian Empire and Assyrian Identity in Post-Empire Times | journal = [[Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies]] | volume = 18 | issue = 2 | pages = pp. 22 | publisher = JAAS | url = http://www.jaas.org/edocs/v18n2/Parpola-identity_Article%20-Final.pdf | format = PDF | authorlink = Simo Parpola }}</ref> In an interview with the ''[[Assyrian Star]]'' in the September–October 1974 issue, he was quoted as saying:: “Before I became a priest I was an Assyrian, before I became a bishop I was an Assyrian, I am an Assyrian today, tomorrow, forever, and I am proud of it.”<ref>Mar Raphael J Bidawid. ''The Assyrian Star''. September–October, 1974:5.</ref>

[[File:Two Chaldean bishops ordination (Bishop Baselio Yaldo and Bishop Shaleta).jpg|thumb|Chaldean Bishops Ordination in Michigan 2015 (Bishop Yaldo and Bishop Shalita)]][[File:Diyarbakir P1050612 20080427130622.JPG|thumb|Chaldean Monastery, Dyar Bakir, Turkey, Established 3rd Century AD]]Nevertheless its influence expanded from the original towns of [[Amid]] and [[Mardin]] towards the area of [[Mosul]] and the [[Nineveh plains]]. The ''Josephite line'' merged unified in 1830 with the Chaldean [[Alqosh]] patriarchate that in the meantime entered in [[full communion]] with Rome.

In 1804, after Eliyya Isho-Yab's death, Yohannan Hormizd remained the only patriarch of Alqosh. There were thus two patriarchates in communion with Rome, the larger one in Alqosh, The largest and in Amid that ruled by oldest [[Augustine Hindiepiscopal see|Augustine (Yousef V) Hindipatriarchal see]]. Rome did not want to choose between the two candidates and granted neither the title of Patriarch, even if from 1811 it was Augustine Hindi who ruled the Chaldean Church. After Hindi's death, on of the July 5, 1830, Yohannan Hormizd East was formally confirmed Patriarch by based at the [[Pope Pius VIIIRabban Hormizd Monastery|Rabban Hormizd]] with the title monastery of "Patriarch of Babylon of the ChaldeansAlqosh."<ref name="angold">{{cite bookIt spread from [[Aqrah]] up to [[Siirt|last=O’Mahony |first=Anthony Seert]] and [[Nusaybin|editor=AngoldNisibis]], Michael |title=Eastern Christianity |series=Cambridge History covering in the south the rich plain of Christianity|volume=5|year=2006|publisher=[[Cambridge University PressMosul]] |isbn=978-0-521-81113-2 |chapter=Syriac Christianity . Already in the modern Middle East}}</ref>{{rpshort period between 1610 and 1617 it entered in [[Full communion|528}} The merger of communion]] with Rome, and in 1771 the patriarchates patriarch Eliya Denkha signed a Catholic confession of Alqosh and Amid faith, but no formal union resulted. When Eliya Denkha died, his succession was completeddisputed by two cousins: Eliyya Isho-Yab, who was recognized by Rome but soon broke the communion, and [[Yohannan Hormizd]], who considered himself a Catholic.

On the other handIn 1804, after Eliyya Isho-Yab's death, Yohannan Hormizd remained the Shimun line only patriarch of patriarchsAlqosh. There were thus two patriarchates in communion with Rome, based the larger one in Alqosh, and in Amid that ruled by [[QochanisAugustine Hindi|Augustine (Yousef V) Hindi]], remained in . Rome did not want to choose between the Assyrian church, independent two candidates and granted neither the title of Patriarch, even if from 1811 it was Augustine Hindi who ruled the new Chaldean Church. The Patriarchate of After Hindi's death, on the present-day July 5, 1830, Yohannan Hormizd was formally confirmed Patriarch by [[Assyrian Church of the EastPope Pius VIII]], with its See in Chicago, forms the continuation title of that line"Patriarch of Babylon of the Chaldeans."<ref name="Murreangold">{{cite webbook|urllast=http://syrcom.cua.edu/Hugoye/Vol2No2/HV2N2Murre.html O’Mahony |first=Anthony |editor=Angold, Michael |title=The Patriarchs Eastern Christianity |series=Cambridge History of the Church of the East from the Fifteenth to Eighteenth Centuries Christianity|volume=5|year=2006|publisher=Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies [[Cambridge University Press]] |accessdateisbn=2009978-020-04 521-81113-2 |authorchapter=Heleen H.L. MurreSyriac Christianity in the modern Middle East}}</ref>{{rp|528}} The merger of the patriarchates of Alqosh and Amid was completed.

[[File:King Faisal I with Chaldean bishops (1852 1947).jpg|thumbnail|right|[[Faisal I of Iraq]] with all the Chaldean bishops and the Patriarch [[Yousef VI Emmanuel II Thomas]] , 1921 ]]The following years of the Chaldean Church were marked by externally originating violence: in 1838 the monastery of [[Rabban Hormizd Monastery|Rabban Hormizd]] and the town of Alqosh was attacked by the [[Kurds]] of [[Soran Emirate|Soran]] and hundreds of Christian Assyrians Chaldeans died.<ref name="Wilm">David Wilmshurst, ''The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318-1913'', Peeters Publishers, 2000 ISBN 90-429-0876-9</ref>{{rp|32}} In 1843 the Kurds started to collect as much money as they could from Assyrian Chaldean villages, killing those who refused: more than 10,000 Assyrian Chaldean Christians of all denominations were killed and the icons of the Rabban Hormizd monastery defaced.<ref name="Frazee"/>{{rp|298}} {{Eastern Catholicism}}In 1846 the Chaldean Church was recognized by the [[Ottoman Empire]] as a '[[millet (Ottoman Empire)|millet]]', a distinctive 'religious community' in the Empire, thus obtaining its civic emancipation.<ref name="angold">Michael Angold ''Eastern Christianity'', Cambridge University Press, 2006 ISBN 0-521-81113-9 pag 528</ref> The most famous patriarch of the Chaldean Church in the 19th century was [[Joseph Audo|Joseph VI Audo]] who is remembered also for his clashes with [[Pope Pius IX]] mainly about his attempts to extend the Chaldean jurisdiction over the Indian [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]]. This was a period of expansion for the Chaldean Catholic Church. In the early 20th century [[Russian Orthodox]] missionaries established two dioceses in north [[Assyria]]. Many Assyrian leaders believed that the [[Russian Empire]] would be more interested in protecting them than the [[British Empire]] and the [[French colonial empire|French Empire]].<ref name="Wilm"/>{{rp|36}} Hoping for the support of the Russians, [[World War I]] and the subsequent [[Assyrian Genocide]] was seen as the right time to rebel against the Ottoman Empire. An [[Assyrian War of Independence]] was launched, led by [[Agha Petros]] and [[Malik Khoshaba]]. On 4 November 1914 the Turkish [[Enver Pasha]] announced the [[Jihad]], the holy war, against the Christians.<ref name="Bauer">{{cite book|first=Baumer|last=Christoph|year=2006|title=The File:Church of the East: An Illustrated History of Assyrian Christianity|isbn=978-1In Basra-84511-115-1Iraq كنيسة في البصرة العراق.JPG|publisher=I B Tauris & Co}}</ref>{{rpthumbnail|161}} Assyrian forces fought successfully against overwhelming odds in northern Iraq, southeast Turkey and northwest Iran for a time. However, the A [[Russian RevolutionChaldean Catholic]] Church in 1917 and the collapse of [[ArmeniaBasra]]n resistance left the Assyrians cut off from supplies of food and ammunition, vastly outnumbered and surrounded. Assyrian territories were overrun by the [[Ottoman Empire2014]] and their [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]] and [[Arab]] allies, and the people forced to flee: most who escaped In the early 20th century massacres and continuation of the [[Assyrian Chaldean Genocide]] died from cold in the winter or hunger. The disaster struck mainly the regions of the Assyrian Chaldean Church of the East and the Chaldean dioceses in north Assyria Chaldea (Amid, [[Siirt]] and [[Gazarta]]) were ruined (the Chaldeans metropolitans [[Addai Scher]] of [[Siirt]] and [[Philip Abraham]] of [[Gazarta]] were killed in 1915).<ref name="Wilm"/>{{rp|37}}

In 2008, Mar Bawai Soro of the [[Assyrian Church of the East]] and 1,000 Assyrian Chaldean families were received into full communion with the Chaldean Catholic Church from the Assyrian Chaldean Church of the East.<ref name="Assyrian Chaldean Bishop Mar Bawai Soto explains his journey into communion with the Catholic Church" >{{cite web

|title=Assyrian Chaldean Bishop Mar Bawai Soto explains his journey into communion with the Catholic Church

Assyrians Chaldeans of all denominations, and other religious minorities in Iraq, have endured extensive persecution since 2003, including the abductions and murders of their religious leaders, threats of violence or death if they do not abandon their homes and businesses, and the bombing or destruction of their churches and other places of worship. All this has occurred as anti-Christian emotions rise within Iraq after the American invasion and the fall of Saddam Hussein in 2003 and the rise of militant [[Jihadists]] and religious militias.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chaldean.org/Home/tabid/36/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/308/Iraqs-Persecution-of-Christians-Continues-to-Spiral-out-of-Control.aspx |title=Iraq's Persecution of Christians Continues to Spiral out of Control |accessdate=2009-02-07}}</ref>

*Film about Chaldean Christians: [[The Last AssyriansChaldean Voices]]*[[Assyrian Chaldean People]]*[[List of Assyrians]]*[[Names of Syriac Christians]]

*[http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/documents/rc_pc_chrstuni_doc_20011025_chiesa-caldea-assira_en.html Guidelines for Chaldean Catholics receiving the Eucharist in Assyrian Chaldean Churches]

*[http://pauluschurch.com/ St Pauls Chaldean Assyrian church]