View source for Chaldean Catholic Church/fr

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L''''Église catholique chaldéenne''', '''Église chaldéenne catholique''' ou '''Église chaldéenne de l'Orient''' est une des [[Églises catholiques orientales]]. Le chef de l'Église porte le titre de ''[[Catholicos de l'Orient|Catholicos]]-[[Patriarche (religion)|Patriarche]] de Babylone des Chaldéens'', avec résidence à [[Bagdad]] en [[Irak]]. Le titulaire actuel est le patriarche [[Louis Raphaël Ier Sako|Louis Raphaël {{Ier}} Sako]], élu le 31 janvier 2013 <ref>[http://www.mission-chaldeenne.org/actualite_mgr-louis-sako-nouveau-patriarche-des-chaldeens.php Mgr Louis Sako nouveau patriarche des Chaldéens].</ref>.

== Histoire ==
Les premiers contacts entre l'Église de l'Orient et l'Église de Rome se produisirent au XIIIème siècle au cours des ambassades dominicaine et franciscaine vers les Mongols initiées par [[Innocent IV]]<ref>cf. articles [[André de Longjumeau]], [[Guillaume de Rubrouck]]</ref>. Ils se poursuivirent lors des tentatives de rapprochement diplomatique entre les "Francs" et les Mongols installés au Moyen-Orient. Ainsi, en 1289, le moine "nestorien" [[Rabban Bar Sauma]], rapporta de sa mission en Occident une lettre du pape [[Nicolas IV]] au catholicos [[Yahballaha III]] (1281-1317). En 1290, Yahballaha reçoit le dominicain [[Ricoldo da Monte Croce]] ; il écrit en 1302 à [[Boniface VIII]]. 

En 1340, les Chaldéens résidant à Chypre entrèrent en communion avec Rome<ref>DOC p. 163</ref>. L'Union fut réitérée au [[Concile de Florence]], par le décret Benedictus du 7 août 1445. 

Au XVIème siècle, des évêques indignés par la transmission héréditaire du patriarcat d'oncle à neveu adoptée en 1450, refusèrent, en 1552, l'autorité du Patriarche Simon VII Ishoyahb et élirent, malgré lui, l'abbé [[Yohannan Soulaqa]] comme patriarche. Il fut envoyé à Rome pour demander la consécration épiscopale et la communion avec le [[Saint-Siège]]. Le Pape [[Jules III]] l'ordonna évêque et le proclama Patriarche des chaldéens sous le nom de Simon VIII Soulaqa.

Le retour de Simon VIII en Orient provoqua de vives querelles ; lui-mêmes fut exécuté en 1555 et sa communauté fut en grande partie réintégrée à l'Église assyrienne ; il s'ensuivit une période troublée où catholiques et nestoriens se combattirent avec acharnement en changeant de temps à autres de parti. 

Ce n'est qu'en 1830 que la situation se stabilisa, avec la confirmation par [[Pie VIII]] de Jean Hormizdas comme Patriarche de Babylone des chaldéens, sous le nom de Youhanan VIII Hormez, avec son siège à [[Mossoul]]. Les catholiques devinrent largement majoritaires parmi les assyriens, mais souffrirent lourdement des [[génocide assyrien|massacres de 1918]], perdant 70 000 fidèles ; il en résulta un mouvement des chaldéens vers le sud, et le siège patriarcal fut finalement transféré à Bagdad en 1950.

En 1994, [[Jean-Paul II]] signa un accord christologique avec le Patriarche assyrien [[Mar Dinkha IV]] Khanania, mettant fin à la controverse nestorienne, ce qui améliora spectaculairement les relations entre les chaldéens catholiques et l'Église assyrienne, liens resserrées encore par les événements actuels et les violences islamistes qui pèsent sur l'ensemble de la chrétienté irakienne.

== Liturgie ==
L'Église chaldéenne utilise la langue liturgique [[syriaque]] dérivée de l'[[araméen]].

== Organisation ==
=== Organisation territoriale ===

'''''[[Irak]]'''''
[[File:Chaldean Catholic Cathedral of Saint Joseph 2005 (Ankawa, Erbil, Iraq).jpg|alt=|thumb| Cathédrale Saint Joseph d'Erbil]]
* Métropole de Bagdad
* Métropole de Kirkouk
* Archéparchie d'Erbil
* Archéparchie de Bassorah
* Archéparchie de Mossoul
* Éparchie d'Alqosh
* Éparchie d'Amadiyah
* Éparchie d'Aqra
* Éparchie de Sulaimaniya
* Éparchie de Zakho

'''''[[Iran]]'''''

* Métropole de Téhéran
* Métropole d'Ourmia
* Archéparchie de Ahwaz
* Éparchie de Salmas

'''''Reste du [[Moyen-Orient]]'''''

* Archéparchie de Diarbekir
* Éparchie d'Alep (siège: [[cathédrale Saint-Joseph d'Alep]])
* Éparchie de Beyrouth
* Éparchie du Caire
* Vicariat patriarcal de Jordanie
* Territoire patriarcal de [[Jérusalem]]

'''''Reste du monde'''''

* [[Éparchie Saint-Thomas l'Apôtre de Détroit des Chaldéens|Éparchie Saint-Thomas l'Apôtre de Détroit]] (États-Unis)
* [[Éparchie Saint-Pierre Apôtre de San Diego des Chaldéens|Éparchie Saint-Pierre Apôtre de San Diego]] (États-Unis)
* [[Éparchie Mar Addaï de Toronto des Chaldéens|Éparchie Mar Addaï de Toronto]] (Canada)
* [[Éparchie Saint-Thomas l'Apôtre de Sydney des Chaldéens|Éparchie Saint-Thomas l'Apôtre de Sydney]] (Australie)
* Vicariat patriarcal de France
* Vicariat patriarcal de Russie et de la [[Communauté des États indépendants|CEI]]

=== Les Instituts de vie consacrée et apostolique ===

Un ordre religieux masculin et deux congrégations religieuses féminines :

* L'ordre Antonin Chaldéen de saint Hormizda.
* La congrégation des Filles chaldéennes de Marie.
* La congrégation du Sacré-Cœur.

== Relations avec les autres Églises ==

L'Église est membre du [[Conseil des Églises du Moyen-Orient]] et reconnue par le Vatican.

=== Relations avec les autres Églises de tradition syriaque ===
{{loupe|Dialogue entre les Églises de tradition syriaque}}
Depuis [[1994]], l'Église catholique chaldéenne participe à une série de discussions œcuméniques avec les autres Églises de tradition syriaque, à l'initiative de la Fondation [[Pro Oriente]], organisme dépendant du diocèse catholique de [[Vienne (Autriche)|Vienne]] en [[Autriche]]. Ces discussions rassemblent des représentants d'Églises catholiques et séparées, de tradition syriaque occidentale ([[Église syriaque orthodoxe]], [[Église catholique syriaque]], [[Église malankare orthodoxe]], [[Église catholique syro-malankare]], [[Église maronite]]) et de tradition syriaque orientale ([[Église apostolique assyrienne de l'Orient]], [[Ancienne Église de l'Orient]], Église catholique chaldéenne, [[Église catholique syro-malabare]]).

==== Relations avec l'Église apostolique assyrienne de l'Orient. ====
Par la [http://www.pro.urbe.it/dia-int/ac-rc/doc/e_ac-rc_1994.html « Déclaration christologique commune »] de 1994, signée par le pape [[Jean-Paul II]] et le patriarche [[Mar Dinkha IV]], le principal problème dogmatique existant entre l'Église catholique et l'Église assyrienne d'Orient a été résolu. Par conséquent, le rapprochement œcuménique entre l'Église chaldéenne et l'Église assyrienne d'Orient est parvenu à une nouvelle phase de développement. 

Le 29 novembre 1996, le patriarche Mar Raphaël Bidawid et le patriarche Mar Dinkha IV signent une liste de propositions communes dans le but de parvenir au rétablissement de la pleine unité ecclésiale entre les deux héritières historiques de l'antique [[Église de l'Orient]]. 

Le 15 août 1997, les synodes des deux Églises approuvent ce programme et le confirment par un [http://www.pro.urbe.it/dia-int/ac-rc/doc/e_ac-rc_joint-synodal.html Décret synodal conjoint]. Les deux patriarches approuvent, avec l'appui de leurs synodes respectifs, une nouvelle série  d'initiatives  visant  à  promouvoir le  rétablissement  progressif  de  leur unité ecclésiale.

Le 20 juillet 2001, le Conseil pontifical pour la promotion de l'unité des chrétiens publie des
[http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/documents/rc_pc_chrstuni_doc_20011025_chiesa-caldea-assira_fr.html orientations pour l'admission à l'Eucharistie entre l'Église chaldéenne et l'Église assyrienne d'Orient] en reconnaissant la validité de l'Eucharistie célébrée avec l'anaphore de Addai et Mari.

== Voir aussi ==
=== Liens et références ===
<references />
{{About|Chaldean church in Mesopotamia Iraq, Syria, Turkey and Iran|Church of the East in India|Chaldean Syrian Church}}
{{Infobox Orthodox Church|
|show_name = Chaldean Catholic Church<br>ܥܕܬܐ ܟܠܕܝܬܐ ܩܬܘܠܝܩܝܬܐ<br>''Ecclesia Chaldaeorum Catholica''
|image = [[File:Patriarchum Babylonensis Chaldenorum.jpg|200px]]
|caption = Emblem of the [[List of Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon|Chaldean Patriarchate]]
|founder = Traces ultimate origins to [[Thomas the Apostle]], [[Addai]] and [[Saint Mari|Mari]]; emerged from the [[Church of the East]] in the 3rd Century 
|independence = [[Apostolic Age|Apostolic Era]]
|recognition = [[Catholic Church]], [[Eastern Catholic Churches]]
|primate = [[Louis Raphaël I Sako]]
|headquarters = [[Baghdad]], [[Iraq]] 
|territory = [[Iraq]], [[Iran]], [[Turkey]], [[Syria]], [[Lebanon]], [[Jordan]], [[Israel]], [[Egypt]], [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], [[Austria]], [[Belgium]], [[France]], [[Greece]], [[Netherlands]], [[Denmark]], [[Germany]], [[Georgia (country)]], [[Sweden]], [[United Kingdom]]
 
|language = [[Chaldean language|Chaldean]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnewa.org/default.aspx?ID=59&pagetypeID=9&sitecode=HQ&pageno=1 |title=The Chaldean Catholic Church |publisher=CNEWA |date= |accessdate=11 May 2013}}</ref> [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]]
|population = 2,500,000<ref name="CNEWA website">{{cite web
|url=http://www.cnewa.org/source-images/Roberson-eastcath-statistics/eastcatholic-stat10.pdf
|author=Ronald Roberson
|title=The Eastern Catholic Churches 2010
|publisher=Catholic Near East Welfare Association
|accessdate=December 2010}} Information sourced from ''Annuario Pontificio'' 2010 edition</ref><ref name=cnewa.org>[http://www.cnewa.org/ecc-bodypg-us.aspx?eccpageID=59&IndexView=toc CNEWA - Chaldean Catholic Church]</ref>
|website = http://www.saint-adday.com/
}}
The '''Chaldean Catholic Church''' ({{lang-syc|ܥܕܬܐ ܟܠܕܝܬܐ ܩܬܘܠܝܩܝܬܐ}}, ''ʿītha kaldetha qāthuliqetha''), is an [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Eastern]] [[Syriac Christianity|Syriac]] [[Particular church#Autonomous particular Churches or Rites|particular church]] of the [[Catholic Church]], under the [[Apostolic see|Holy See]] of the [[Catholicos]]-[[Patriarch of Babylon]], maintaining [[full communion]] with the [[Bishop of Rome]] and the rest of the Catholic Church. The Chaldean Catholic Church presently comprises an estimated 2,500,000 people who are ethnic [[Chaldean people|Chaldeans]]

==Chaldean Church History==
The history of the Chaldean Church is the history of the [[Church of the East]] founded between the 1st and 2nd  centuries AD in Mesopotamia [[Chaldea]] (Chaldeans ruled [[Mesopotamia]]) — represented today by at least eleven different churches, (then ruled by the successive Parthian and Sassanid Empires, where it was known by derivative names for Chaldea) — between the 1st and 3rd centuries AD. The region of Chaldea was also the birthplace of the [[Syriac language]] and [[Syriac script]], both of which remain important within all strands of [[Syriac Christianity]].  

It was originally a part of [[The Church of the East]] before the 1553 consecration of [[Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa]] who entered communion with the [[Roman Catholic Church]], when it was renamed the ''Church of Mosul''. Subsequent to this, it was again renamed by Rome in 1683 as the Chaldean Catholic Church in recognition of the native Chaldean people of Mesopotamia Iraq where Father Ibrahim was raised and lived at UR of Chaldeans. 

After the extensive massacres of Chaldean and other Christians by [[Tamerlane]] around 1400 AD had devastated many Chaldean bishoprics and finally destroyed the 4000 year old city of [[Nineveh]], the Church of the East — which had extended as far as [[China]], [[Central Asia]], [[Mongolia]] and [[India]] — was largely reduced to [[Mesopotamia]], its place of origin. It was followed by its core founders of [[Eastern Aramaic]] speaking ethnic [[Chaldean people|Chaldean]]s who lived largely in Mesopotamia between [[Diyarbakır|Amid (Diyarbakır)]], [[Mardin]], [[Harran]] and [[Hakkari]] in the north to [[Mosul]], [[Irbil]] and [[Kirkuk]] in the south, and from [[Salmas]] and [[Urmia]] in the east to [[Al-Hassakeh]], [[Tur Abdin]] and [[Edessa]] in the west; an area approximately encompassing ancient [[Chaldea]].

===1552: Yohannan Sulaqa===
Dissent over the hereditary succession grew until 1552, when a group of Chaldean bishops, from the northern regions of [[Amid]] and [[Salmas]], elected a priest, Mar [[Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa|Yohannan Sulaqa]], as a rival patriarch. To look for a bishop of [[metropolitan bishop|metropolitan]] rank to consecrate him patriarch, Sulaqa traveled to the [[pope]] in Rome and entered into communion with the [[Catholic Church]], after first being refused by the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]]. In 1553 he was consecrated bishop and elevated to the rank of patriarch taking the name of Mar Shimun VIII. He was granted the title of "Patriarch of the Chaldeans", and his church was named ''The Church of Mosul''. 
 
Mar Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa returned to northern [[Mesopotamia]] in the same year and fixed his seat in [[Amid]]. Before being put to death by the radical Nestorians of the [[Church of the East]] patriarch of [[Alqosh]],<ref name="Frazee" />{{rp|57}} he ordained five metropolitan Chaldean bishops thus beginning a new ecclesiastical hierarchy: the patriarchal line known as the ''Shimun line''. The area of influence of this patriarchate soon moved from Amid east, fixing the See, after many places, in the Chaldean village of [[Qochanis]].

The connections with Rome loosened up under Sulaqa's successors: The last patriarch to be formally recognized by the Pope died in 1600, the hereditary of the office was reintroduced and, in 1692, the [[Full communion|communion]] with Rome was formally broken, with this part of the church once more rejoining the [[Church of the East]].
[[File:Chaldean Bishops worldwide.jpg|thumb|Chaldean Bishops worldwide representing the Chaldean Church led by Chaldean Cardinal Emmanuel Delly III visit the Holy Pope, The Vatican, Italy, 2013]]
{{See also|Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa}}

===1672: The ''Josephite line'' of Amid===
In 1672, 'Chaldean' Patriarchate Chaldean [[Joseph I (Chaldean Patriarch)|Mar Joseph I]], Archbishop of Amid, entered in [[Full communion|communion]] with Rome. In 1681 the [[Holy See]] granted him the title of "Patriarch of the Chaldeans deprived of its patriarch."

The 'Chaldean Catholic' arose due to a Catholic [[Latin language|Latin]] in recognition of the native Chaldean people of Mesopotamia and of the [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] ''Ur Kasdim'' (according to long held Jewish tradition, the birthplace of Abraham in northern Mesopotamia) as meaning ''Ur of the Chaldees''.<ref>''Biblical Archaeology Review'', May/June 2001: Where Was Abraham's Ur? by Allan R. Millard</ref>  

The 'Chaldean Catholic' is historically, usually and properly taken purely as a [[doctrinal]] and [[theological]] term for Chaldean People believers of Catholicism.<ref>Travis, Hannibal. ''Genocide in the Middle East: The Ottoman Empire, Iraq, and Sudan''. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2010, 2007, pp. 237-77, 293–294</ref><ref name="conference.osu.eu">http://conference.osu.eu/globalization/publ/08-bohac.pdf</ref><ref name="conference.osu.eu" /> The modern Chaldean Catholics are [[Chaldean people| Chaldeans]]<ref>Nisan, M. 2002. ''[http://www.upenn.edu/pennpress/book/14225.html Minorities in the Middle East: A History of Struggle for Self Expression]''. Jefferson: McFarland & Company.</ref> and originated from ancient Chaldean communities living in and indigenous to the north of Iraq/Upper Mesopotamia which was known as Chaldea from the 25th century BC until the 7th century AD.

All Joseph I's successors took the name of Joseph. The life of this patriarchate was difficult: at the beginning due to the vexations from the traditionalists, under which they were subject from a legal point of view, and later it struggled with financial difficulties due to the tax burden imposed by the [[Ottoman Empire|Turkish]] authorities.
[[File:Two Chaldean bishops ordination (Bishop Baselio Yaldo and Bishop Shaleta).jpg|thumb|Chaldean Bishops Ordination in Michigan 2015 (Bishop Yaldo and Bishop Shalita)]]
[[File:Diyarbakir P1050612 20080427130622.JPG|thumb|Chaldean Monastery, Dyar Bakir, Turkey, Established 3rd Century AD]]
Nevertheless its influence expanded from the original towns of [[Amid]] and [[Mardin]] towards the area of [[Mosul]] and the [[Nineveh plains]]. The ''Josephite line'' unified in 1830 with the Chaldean [[Alqosh]] patriarchate that in the meantime entered in [[full communion]] with Rome.

===The Alqosh Patriarchate in communion with Rome===

The largest and oldest [[episcopal see|patriarchal see]] of the Chaldean Church of the East was based at the [[Rabban Hormizd Monastery|Rabban Hormizd]] monastery of Alqosh. It spread from [[Aqrah]] up to [[Siirt|Seert]] and [[Nusaybin|Nisibis]], covering in the south the rich plain of [[Mosul]]. Already in the short period between 1610 and 1617 it entered in [[Full communion|communion]] with Rome, and in 1771 the patriarch Eliya Denkha signed a Catholic confession of faith, but no formal union resulted. When Eliya Denkha died, his succession was disputed by two cousins: Eliyya Isho-Yab, who was recognized by Rome but soon broke the communion, and [[Yohannan Hormizd]], who considered himself a Catholic.

In 1804, after Eliyya Isho-Yab's death, Yohannan Hormizd remained the only patriarch of Alqosh. There were thus two patriarchates in communion with Rome, the larger one in Alqosh, and in Amid that ruled by [[Augustine Hindi|Augustine (Yousef V) Hindi]]. Rome did not want to choose between the two candidates and granted neither the title of Patriarch, even if from 1811 it was Augustine Hindi who ruled the Church. After Hindi's death, on the July 5, 1830, Yohannan Hormizd was formally confirmed Patriarch by [[Pope Pius VIII]] with the title of "Patriarch of Babylon of the Chaldeans."<ref name="angold">{{cite book|last=O’Mahony |first=Anthony |editor=Angold, Michael |title=Eastern Christianity |series=Cambridge History of Christianity|volume=5|year=2006|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-81113-2 |chapter=Syriac Christianity in the modern Middle East}}</ref>{{rp|528}} The merger of the patriarchates of Alqosh and Amid was completed.

===19th century: expansion and disaster===
[[File:King Faisal I with Chaldean bishops (1852 1947).jpg|thumbnail|[[Faisal I of Iraq]] with all the Chaldean bishops and the Patriarch [[Yousef VI Emmanuel II Thomas]], 1921 ]]
The following years of the Chaldean Church were marked by externally originating violence: in 1838 the monastery of [[Rabban Hormizd Monastery|Rabban Hormizd]] and the town of Alqosh was attacked by the [[Kurds]] of [[Soran Emirate|Soran]] and hundreds of Christian Chaldeans died.<ref name="Wilm">David Wilmshurst, ''The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318-1913'', Peeters Publishers, 2000 ISBN 90-429-0876-9</ref>{{rp|32}} In 1843 the Kurds started to collect as much money as they could from Chaldean villages, killing those who refused: more than 10,000 Chaldean Christians of all denominations were killed and the icons of the Rabban Hormizd monastery defaced.<ref name="Frazee" />{{rp|298}}{{Eastern Catholicism}}In 1846 the Chaldean Church was recognized by the [[Ottoman Empire]] as a '[[millet (Ottoman Empire)|millet]]', a distinctive 'religious community' in the Empire, thus obtaining its civic emancipation.<ref name="angold">Michael Angold ''Eastern Christianity'', Cambridge University Press, 2006 ISBN 0-521-81113-9 pag 528</ref> The most famous patriarch of the Chaldean Church in the 19th century was [[Joseph Audo|Joseph VI Audo]] who is remembered also for his clashes with [[Pope Pius IX]] mainly about his attempts to extend the Chaldean jurisdiction over the Indian [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]]. This was a period of expansion for the Chaldean Catholic Church.[[File:Church-In Basra-Iraq كنيسة في البصرة العراق.JPG|thumbnail|A [[Chaldean Catholic]] Church in [[Basra]] 2014]]In the early 20th century massacres and continuation of the [[Chaldean Genocide]] died from cold in the winter or hunger. The disaster struck mainly the regions of the Chaldean Church of the East and the Chaldean dioceses in north Chaldea (Amid, [[Siirt]] and [[Gazarta]]) were ruined (the Chaldeans metropolitans [[Addai Scher]] of [[Siirt]] and [[Philip Abraham]] of [[Gazarta]] were killed in 1915).<ref name="Wilm" />{{rp|37}}

A further massacre occurred in 1933 at the hands of the [[Iraqi Army]], in the form of the [[Simele massacre]], which resulted in thousands of deaths.

===21st century: eparchies around the world===
A recent development in the Chaldean Catholic Church has been the creation in 2006 of the [[Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Saint Thomas the Apostle|Eparchy of Oceania]], with the title of 'St Thomas the Apostle of Sydney of the Chaldeans'.<ref>{{Catholic-hierarchy|diocese|dsych|Eparchy of Saint Thomas the Apostle of Sydney (Chaldean)|21 January 2015}}</ref> This jurisdiction includes the Chaldean Catholic communities of [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]], and the first Bishop, named by [[Pope Benedict XVI]] on 21 October 2006, is Archbishop [[Jibrail Kassab|Djibrail (Jibrail) Kassab]], until this date, Archbishop of [[Bassorah]] in Iraq.<ref>{{Catholic-hierarchy|bishop|bkassab|Archbishop Djibrail Kassab|21 January 2015}}</ref>

There has been a large immigration to the [[United States]] particularly to [[southeast Michigan]].<ref>{{Catholic-hierarchy|diocese|ddech|Eparchy of Saint Thomas the Apostle of Detroit (Chaldean)|21 January 2015}}</ref> Although the largest population resides in southeast Michigan, there are populations in parts of [[California]] and [[Arizona]] as well. [[Canada]] in recent years has shown growing communities in both eastern provinces, such as [[Ontario]], and in western Canada, such as [[Saskatchewan]].

In 2008, Mar Bawai Soro of the [[Church of the East]] and 1,000 Chaldean families were received into full communion with the Chaldean Catholic Church from the Chaldean Church of the East.<ref name="Chaldean Bishop Mar Bawai Soto explains his journey into communion with the Catholic Church">{{cite web
 |url= http://www.kaldaya.net/2008/DailyNews/06/June06_08_E1_MARBAWAI.html
 |title=Chaldean Bishop Mar Bawai Soto explains his journey into communion with the Catholic Church
 |work=kaldaya.net
 |accessdate=11 September 2012
}}</ref>

On Friday, June 10, 2011, [[Pope Benedict XVI]] erected a new Chaldean Catholic eparchy in [[Toronto, Canada]] and named [[Archbishop]] Mar [[Yohannan Zora]], who has worked alongside four priests with Catholics in Toronto (the largest community of Chaldeans) for nearly 20 years and who was previously an [[ad personam]] [[Archbishop]] (he will retain this rank as head of the eparchy) and the Archbishop of the Archdiocese (Archeparchy) of [[Ahwaz, Iran]] (since 1974). The new eparchy, or diocese, will be known as the [[Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Mar Addai]]. There are 38,000 Chaldean Catholics in Canada. Archbishop Zora was born in [[Batnaia, Iraq]], on March 15, 1939. He was ordained in 1962 and worked in Iraqi parishes before being transferred to Iran in 1969.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.catholicnews.com/data/briefs/cns/20110610.htm#head5 |title=CNS NEWS BRIEFS Jun-10-2011 |publisher=Catholicnews.com |date= |accessdate=11 May 2013}}</ref>

The 2006 Australian census counted a total of 4,498 Chaldean Catholics in that country.<ref>{{cite web|author=2006 Religious Affiliation (Full Classification) |url=http://www.census-campaign.org.au/?page_id=27 |title=» 2006 Religious Affiliation (Full Classification) The Census Campaign Australia |publisher=Census-campaign.org.au |date= |accessdate=11 May 2013}}</ref>

===Persecution in Iraq===
Chaldeans of all denominations, and other religious minorities in Iraq, have endured extensive persecution since 2003, including the abductions and murders of their religious leaders, threats of violence or death if they do not abandon their homes and businesses, and the bombing or destruction of their churches and other places of worship. All this has occurred as anti-Christian emotions rise within Iraq after the American invasion and the fall of Saddam Hussein in 2003 and the rise of militant [[Jihadists]] and religious militias.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chaldean.org/Home/tabid/36/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/308/Iraqs-Persecution-of-Christians-Continues-to-Spiral-out-of-Control.aspx |title=Iraq's Persecution of Christians Continues to Spiral out of Control |accessdate=2009-02-07}}</ref>

Father [[Ragheed Aziz Ganni]], the pastor of the Chaldean Church of the Holy Spirit in [[Mosul]] who graduated from the [[Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas|Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, ''Angelicum'']] in Rome in 2003 with a licentiate in ecumenical theology, was killed on 3 June 2007 in [[Mosul]] alongside the subdeacons Basman Yousef Daud, Wahid Hanna Isho, and Gassan Isam Bidawed, after he celebrated mass.

Chaldean Archbishop [[Paulos Faraj Rahho]] and three companions were abducted on 29 February 2008, in Mosul, and murdered a few days later.

== Structure ==
The Chaldean Catholic Church has the following dioceses:
* Patriarchate of [[Chaldean Catholic Patriarchate of Babylon|Babylon]]
* Metropolitan Archdioceses of [[Chaldean Catholic Metropolitan Archdiocese of Baghdad|Baghdad]], [[Chaldean Catholic Metropolitan Archdiocese of Kirkuk|Kirkuk]], [[Chaldean Catholic Metropolitan Archdiocese of Tehran|Tehran]], [[Chaldean Catholic Metropolitan Archdiocese of Urmya|Urmya]]
* Archdioceses of [[Chaldean Catholic Archdiocese of Ahwaz|Ahwaz]], [[Chaldean Catholic Archdiocese of Basra|Basra]], [[Chaldean Catholic Archdiocese of Diyarbakir|Diyarbakir]], [[Chaldean Catholic Archdiocese of Erbil|Erbil]], [[Chaldean Catholic Archeparchy of Mosul|Mosul]]
* Eparchies of [[Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Aleppe|Aleppe]], [[Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Alquoch|Alquoch]], [[Amadiya (Chaldean Diocese)|Amadia]], [[Aqra|Akra]], [[Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Beirut|Beirut]], [[Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Cairo|Cairo]], [[Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Saint Peter The Apostle|St Peter the Apostle of San Diego]], [[Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Saint Thomas the Apostle of Detroit|St Thomas the Apostle of Detroit]], [[Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Mar Addai of Toronto]], [[Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Saint Thomas the Apostle|St Thomas the Apostle of Sydney]], [[Salmas (Chaldean Archdiocese)|Salmas]], [[Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Sulaimaniya|Sulaimaniya]], [[Zakho (Chaldean Diocese)|Zaku]]
* Territories dependent on the Patriarch: [[Chaldean Catholic Territory Dependent on the Patriarch of Jerusalem|Jerusalem]], [[Chaldean Catholic Territory Dependent on the Patriarch of Jordan|Jordan]]

===Hierarchy===
The current Patriarch is [[Louis Sako]], elected in January 2013. In October 2007, his predecessor, Emmanuel III Delly became the first Chaldean Catholic patriarch to be elevated to the rank of [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal]] within the Catholic Church.<ref>[http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5jrwm778S-HyuIfgZAXj6WPONyV8wD8SB0N8O0 AP]{{dead link|date=November 2012|bot=Legobot}}</ref>

The present Chaldean episcopate (January 2014) is as follows:

*Mar [[Louis Raphael I Sako|Louis Raphaël I Sako]], Patriarch of Babylon (since February 2013);
*Mar [[Emmanuel III Delly]], Patriarch emeritus of Babylon (December 2003 – 2012)
*[[Emil Shimoun Nona]], Archbishop of Mosul (since November 2009);
*[[Bashar Warda]], Archbishop of [[Arbil]] (since July 2010)
*[[Ramzi Garmou]], Archbishop of Teheran (since February 1999);
*Thomas Meram, Archbishop of Urmia and Salmas (since 1984);
*Yohannan Zora, Archbishop of Toronto (since June 2011);
*[[Archbishop Jibrail Kassab|Jibrail Kassab]], Archbishop of Sydney (since October 2006);
*[[Mar Jacques Ishaq]], Titular Archbishop of Nisibis and curial Bishop of Babylon (since December 2005);
*Habib Al-Naufali, Archbishop of Basra (since 2014)
*Yousif Mirkis, Archbishop of Kirkuk and Suleimanya (since 2014)
*Mar Mikha Pola Maqdassi, Bishop of Alqosh (since December 2001)
*[[Mar Shlemon Warduni]], curial Bishop of Babylon (since 2001).
*Mar Saad Sirop, auxiliary Bishop of Babylon (since 2014)
*Mar Antony Audo, Bishop of Aleppo (since January 1992);
*Mar Michael Kassarji, Bishop of Lebanon (since 2001);
*Mar Rabban Al-Qas, Bishop of [[Amadiya (Chaldean Diocese)|{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}Amadiya]] and [[Zakho (Chaldean Diocese)|Zakho]] (since December 2001);
*[[Mar Ibrahim Namo Ibrahim|Mar Ibrahim Ibrahim]], Bishop of [[Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Saint Thomas the Apostle of Detroit|Saint Thomas the Apostle of Detroit]] (since April 1982 – 2014);
*[[Mar Francis Kalabat]], Bishop of [[Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Saint Thomas the Apostle of Detroit|Saint Thomas the Apostle of Detroit]] (since June 2014)
*[[Mar Sarhad Yawsip Jammo|Mar Sarhad Joseph Jammo]], Bishop of Saint Peter the Apostle of San Diego (since July 2002);
*Mar Bawai Soro, Titular Bishop of Foratiana and auxiliary bishop of Saint Peter the Apostle of San Diego (since 2014)

Several sees are vacant: 
Archeparchy of Diyarbakir, 
Archeparchy of Ahwaz, 
Eparchy of 'Aqra, 
Eparchy of Cairo.

==Liturgy==
The Chaldean Catholic Church uses the [[East Syrian Rite]].

A slight reform of the liturgy was effective since 6 January 2007, and it aimed to unify the many different uses of each parish, to remove centuries-old additions that merely imitated the [[Roman Rite]], and for pastoral reasons. The main elements of variations are: the [[Anaphora (liturgy)|Anaphora]] said aloud by the priest, the return to the ancient architecture of the churches, the restoration of the ancient use where the bread and wine are readied before a service begins, and the removal from the [[Credo|Creed]] of the ''[[Filioque]]'' clause.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kaldu.org/14_Reformed_ChaldeanMass/QA_NewMass.html |title=TQ & A on the Reformed Chaldean Mass |accessdate=2009-02-07}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon]]
*[[Eastern Catholicism]]
*Liturgies: [[East Syrian Rite]], [[Holy Qurbana of Addai and Mari]]
*Film about Chaldean Christians: [[Chaldean Voices]]
*[[Chaldean People]]
*[[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.easterncatholics.net/ Chaldean Catholic Church Mass Times]
*[http://www.cnewa.org/default.aspx?ID=59&pagetypeID=9&sitecode=HQ&pageno=1 Article on the Chaldean Catholic Church by Ronald Roberson on the CNEWA web site]
*[http://www.kaldu.org/index.htm Chaldean Catholic Diocese of Saint Peter]
*[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14413a.htm East Syrian Rite] ([[Catholic Encyclopedia]])
*[http://stthomascc.org/daughters-of-mary-immaculate/ Daughters of the Immaculate Conception, a congregation located in Michigan]
*[http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/documents/rc_pc_chrstuni_doc_20011025_chiesa-caldea-assira_en.html Guidelines for Chaldean Catholics receiving the Eucharist in Chaldean Churches]
*[http://christiansofiraq.com/reply.html History of the Chaldean Church]
*[http://nasrani.net/2008/10/31/qambel-maran-syriac-chants-from-south-india// Qambel Maran- Syriac chants from South India- a review and liturgical music tradition of Syriac Christians revisited]
*[http://pauluschurch.com/ St Pauls Chaldean church]
*[http://www.chaldean.org/Home/tabid/36/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/308/Iraqs-Persecution-of-Christians-Continues-to-Spiral-out-of-Control.aspx]
*[http://www.chaldeanfederation.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=47&Itemid=53]
*[http://chaldean.org/CommunityPages/ChaldeanChurches/MarAddaiMIUSA/tabid/118/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/440/Chaldeans-in-Baghdad-Celebrate-The-First-Ever-Public-Christmas-Event.aspx]
*[http://www.newsmax.com/KenTimmerman/joseph-kassab-christians-iraq/2010/11/02/id/375698]
{{Chaldean Catholic Hierarchy}}
{{Syriacs}}
{{Catholicism}}

[[Category:Chaldean Catholic Church| ]]
[[Category:Eastern Catholicism in Iraq]]
[[Category:Eastern Catholicism]]
[[Category:National churches|Iraq]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic Church in Iraq]]