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{{About|both the mythological and religious figures}}
{{See also|Phosphorus (morning star)|Phanes (mythology)|}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2012}}
[[File:Venus over Otter Lake, from Goddard Bay.JPG|thumb|Planet Venus seen from Earth]]

'''Lucifer''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|uː|s|ɪ|f|ər}} {{respell|LOO|sif-ər}}) is a name that, according to dictionaries of the English language,{{refn|{{MerriamWebsterDictionary|accessdate=2017-07-26|Lucifer}}}}{{refn|{{OxfordDictionaries.com|accessdate=2017-07-26|Lucifer}}}}{{refn|{{Dictionary.com|accessdate=2017-07-26|Lucifer}}}} refers to the [[Devil]] or to the [[planet]] [[Venus]] when appearing as the morning star.

As a name for the Devil, the more common meaning in English, "Lucifer" is the rendering of the [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] word {{lang|he|הֵילֵל}}{{need IPA}} in [[Book of Isaiah|Isaiah]] ({{bibleref2|Isaiah|14:12|KJV}}) given in the [[King James Version]]. This Bible version took the word from the [[Latin]] [[Vulgate]],<ref name=Kohler1923>{{cite book|last=Kohler|first=Dr. Kaufmann|title=Heaven and Hell in Comparative Religion with Special Reference to Dante's Divine Comedy|url=https://books.google.com/?id=xIaQYpGrmdIC&pg=PA5&lpg=PA4&dq=Encyclopedia+of+Religion+lucifer#v=snippet&q=vulgate&f=false|date=2006|publisher=The MacMillanCompagny|location=New York|isbn=0-76616608-2|pages=4–5|quote="Lucifer, is taken from the Latin version, the Vulgate"}}</ref> which translated הֵילֵל by the Latin word ''lucifer'' (uncapitalized),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drbo.org/lvb/chapter/27014.htm |title=Latin Vulgate Bible: Isaiah 14 |publisher=DRBO.org |accessdate=22 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="Vulgate Latin: Isaiah Chapter 14">{{cite web|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/bib/vul/isa014.htm#012 |title=Vulgate: Isaiah Chapter 14 |publisher=Sacred-texts.com |accessdate=22 December 2012 |language=Latin}}</ref> meaning "the morning star, the planet Venus", or, as an adjective, "light-bringing".<ref name=Lewis&S>{{cite web|url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3Dlucifer |title=Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, "A Latin Dictionary" |publisher=Perseus.tufts.edu |accessdate=22 December 2012}}</ref>

As a name for the morning star, "Lucifer" is a [[proper name]] and is capitalized in English. In the [[Greco-Roman world|Greco-Roman civilization]] the morning star was also personified and considered a [[paganism|pagan]] [[God (male deity)|god]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=2U7okUE3PIcC&pg=PA193&dq=dixon-kennedy+lucifer&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=dixon-kennedy%20lucifer&f=false Mike Dixon-Kennedy, ''Encyclopedia of Greco-Roman Mythology'' (ABC-CLIO 1998), p. 193] {{isbn|9781576070949}}</ref> At that time the distinction between capitalized and lower-case letters had not yet been invented.<ref>[http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20150902-the-mysterious-origins-of-punctuation Keith Houston, "The mysterious origins of punctuation"]</ref>

== In Isaiah 14:12 ==
The Hebrew word, transliterated ''Hêlêl''<ref name="biblesuite">{{cite web | url=http://biblesuite.com/hebrew/heilel_1966.htm | title=Hebrew Concordance: hê·lêl – 1 Occurrence – Bible Suite | work=Bible Hub | publisher=Biblos.com | location=[[Leesburg, Florida]] | accessdate=8 September 2013}}</ref> or ''Heylel'' (pron. as ''HAY-lale''),<ref name="H1966">[http://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=H1966&t=KJV Strong's Concordance, H1966]: "shining one, morning star, Lucifer; of the king of [[Babylon]] and Satan (fig.)"</ref> occurs once in the [[Hebrew Bible]]<ref name="biblesuite"/> and according to the KJV-based [[Strong's Concordance]] means "shining one, light-bearer".<ref name="H1966"/> The [[Septuagint]] renders הֵילֵל in [[Greek language|Greek]] as ἑωσφόρος<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.septuagint.org/LXX/Isaiah/14 |title=LXX Isaiah 14 |publisher=Septuagint.org |accessdate=22 December 2012 |language= Greek}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://bibledatabase.net/html/septuagint/23_014.htm |title=Greek OT (Septuagint/LXX): Isaiah 14 |publisher=Bibledatabase.net |accessdate=22 December 2012 |language=Greek}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sepd.biblos.com/isaiah/14.htm |title=LXX Isaiah 14 |publisher=Biblos.com |accessdate=6 May 2013 |language= Greek}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/bib/sep/isa014.htm#012 |title=Septuagint Isaiah 14 |publisher=Sacred Texts |accessdate=6 May 2013 |language= Greek}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.blueletterbible.org/Bible.cfm?b=Isaiah&c=14&t=LXX |title=Greek Septuagint (LXX) Isaiah – Chapter 14 |publisher=Blue Letter Bible |accessdate=6 May 2013 |language= Greek}}</ref> (''heōsphoros''),<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=4W5gzptzfxUC&pg=136&dq=heosphoros+septuagint |title=The Old Enemy: Satan and the Combat Myth |author=Neil Forsyth |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]| isbn=978-0-69101474-6 |date=1989 |page=136 |accessdate=22 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=SD6-YKBqGr0C&pg=PA35&dq=heosphoros+septuagint |title=The Devil: What Does He Look Like? |author=Nwaocha Ogechukwu Friday |publisher=American Book Publishing |isbn=978-1-58982662-5 |date=30 May 2012 |page=35 |accessdate=22 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="Adelman">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z7Ue5kAkw20C&printsec=frontcover |title=The Return of the Repressed: Pirqe De-Rabbi Eliezer and the Pseudepigrapha | first=Rachel | last=Adelman | date=2009 | publisher=[[Brill Publishers|BRILL]] | location=[[Leiden]] | page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Z7Ue5kAkw20C&pg=PA67&dq=heosphoros+%22Dante+and+Milton%22 67] |isbn=978-9-00417049-0}}</ref> a name, literally "bringer of dawn", for the morning star.<ref>{{cite book|last=Taylor|first=Bernard A.; with word definitions by J. Lust|title=Analytical lexicon to the Septuagint|date=2009|publisher=Hendrickson Publishers, Inc.|location=Peabody, Mass.|isbn=1-56563516-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JNaDupoSycMC&pg=256&dq=ἑωσφόρος|edition=Expanded|author2=Eynikel, E. |author3=Hauspie, K. |page=256}}</ref><!-- Is this comment worth keeping, especially in the lead? (In spite of the unanimous testimony of published texts of the Septuagint, [[Kaufmann Kohler]] says that the Greek Septuagint translation is "[[Phosphorus (morning star)|Phosphoros]]".)<ref name=Kohler1923/> -->

According to both Christian<ref>[http://biblehub.com/commentaries/isaiah/14-12.htm Examples of Christian literal exegesis of Isaiah 14:12]</ref> and [[Jewish exegesis]], in the [[Book of Isaiah]], chapter 14, the [[Neo-Babylonian Empire|King of Babylon]], [[Nebuchadnezzar II#Helel.2C Son of the Morning|Nebuchadnezzar II]], conqueror of Jerusalem, is condemned in a [[Prophecy|prophetic vision]] by the prophet Isaiah and is called the "Morning Star" (planet Venus).<ref>''Helel ben Shaḥar'' "day-star, son of the dawn"; planet [[Venus]] is one of the brightest celestial bodies at night, which can be seen in the early morning when no other star can be seen any more, but vanishes when the sun, the real light, rises.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=ASTRONOMY – Helel Son of the Morning|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/2052-astronomy|work=The unedited full-text of the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia|publisher=JewishEncyclopedia.com|accessdate=1 July 2012}}</ref> In this chapter the [[Hebrew]] text says {{lang|he|הֵילֵל&nbsp;בֶּן-שָׁחַר (''Helel ben [[Shahar (god)|Shachar]]'', "shining one, son of the morning")}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=ASTRONOMY – Helel, Son of the Morning.|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/2052-astronomy|work=The unedited full-text of the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia|publisher=JewishEncyclopedia.com|accessdate=1 July 2012}}</ref> "''Helel ben Shahar''" may refer to the [[Venus|Morning Star]], but the text in Isaiah 14 gives no indication that Helel was a star or planet.<ref>Gunkel, "Schöpfung und Chaos," pp. 132 et seq.</ref><ref name=MM-Isa14>{{cite web|title=Isaiah Chapter 14|url=http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1014.htm|website=mechon-mamre.org|publisher=The Mamre Institute|accessdate=29 December 2014}}</ref>

Later [[Christian tradition]] came to use the Latin word for "morning star", ''lucifer'', as the [[proper name]] ("Lucifer") of the [[Devil in Christianity|Devil]] as he was before his fall.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/350594/Lucifer | title=Lucifer | publisher=''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' | accessdate=6 September 2013}}</ref> As a result, "Lucifer has become a byword for [[Satan]] / the [[Devil]] in the church and in popular literature",<ref name=Kohler1923/> as in [[Dante Alighieri]]'s ''[[Inferno (Dante)|Inferno]]'', [[Joost van den Vondel]]'s ''Lucifer'', and [[John Milton]]'s ''[[Paradise Lost]]''.<ref name="Adelman"/> However, unlike the English word, the Latin word was not used exclusively in this way and was applied to others also, including [[Jesus in Christianity|Jesus]].<ref>See [[#Latin word ''lucifer''|Latin word ''lucifer'']] below.</ref> The image of a morning star fallen from the sky is generally believed among [[bible scholar|scholars]] to have [[Attar (god)|a parallel]] in [[Canaanite mythology]].<ref>See [[#Mythology]]</ref>

== Literal meaning ==
The translation of הֵילֵל as "Lucifer", as in the King James Version, has been abandoned in modern English translations of Isaiah 14:12. Present-day translations render הֵילֵל as "morning star" ([[New International Version]], [[New Century Version]], [[New American Standard Bible]], [[Good News Bible|Good News Translation]], [[Holman Christian Standard Bible]], [[Contemporary English Version]], [[Common English Bible]], [[Messianic Bible translations|Complete Jewish Bible]]), "daystar" ([[New Jerusalem Bible]], [[The Message (Bible)|The Message]]), "Day Star" ([[New Revised Standard Version]], [[English Standard Version]]), "shining one" ([[New Life Version]], [[New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures|New World Translation]], [[JPS Tanakh]]), or "shining star" ([[New Living Translation]]).

The term appears in the context of an oracle against a dead king of Babylon,<ref name=Eerdmans /> who is addressed as הילל בן שחר (''Hêlêl ben Šāḥar''),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://interlinearbible.org/isaiah/14-12.htm |title=Isaiah 14 Biblos Interlinear Bible |publisher=Interlinearbible.org |accessdate=22 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://wlc.hebrewtanakh.com/isaiah/14.htm |title=Isaiah 14 Hebrew OT: Westminster Leningrad Codex |publisher=Wlc.hebrewtanakh.com |accessdate=22 December 2012}}</ref> rendered in the King James Version as "O Lucifer, son of the morning!" and in others as "morning star, son of the dawn".

In a modern translation from the original Hebrew, the passage in which the phrase "Lucifer" or "morning star" occurs begins with the statement: "On the day the Lord gives you relief from your suffering and turmoil and from the harsh labour forced on you, you will take up this taunt against the king of Babylon: How the oppressor has come to an end! How his fury has ended!"<ref>{{bibleverse||Isaiah|14:3–4|NIV}}</ref> After describing the death of the king, the taunt continues:

::"How you have fallen from heaven, ''morning star'', son of the dawn! You have been cast down to the earth, you who once laid low the nations! You said in your heart, 'I will ascend to the heavens; I will raise my throne above the stars of God; I will sit enthroned on the mount of assembly, on the utmost heights of [[Mount Aqraa|Mount Zaphon]]. I will ascend above the tops of the clouds; I will make myself like the Most High.' But you are brought down to the realm of the dead, to the depths of the pit. Those who see you stare at you, they ponder your fate: 'Is this the man who shook the earth and made kingdoms tremble, the man who made the world a wilderness, who overthrew its cities and would not let his captives go home?'"<ref>{{bibleverse||Isaiah|14:12–17|NIV}}</ref>

J. Carl Laney has pointed out that in the final verses here quoted, the king of Babylon is described not as a god or an angel but as a man; and that man may have been not [[Nebuchadnezzar II]], but rather his son, [[Belshazzar]]. Nebuchadnezzar was gripped by a spiritual fervor to build a temple to the moon god [[Sin (mythology)|Sin]] (possibly analogous with [[Hubal]], the primary god of pre-Islamic [[Mecca]]), and his son ruled as regent. The Abrahamic scriptural texts could be interpreted as a weak usurping of true kingly power, and a taunt at the failed regency of Belshazzar.<ref name=Laney/><ref>{{bibleverse||Isaiah|14:16|NIV}}</ref>

For the unnamed<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=Yf-BVeN6TbIC&pg=PA34&lpg=PA34&dq=Dempsey+%22king+remains+obscure%22 |title=Isaiah: God's Poet of Light |author=Carol J. Dempsey |publisher=Chalice Press |page=34 |isbn=978-0-82721630-3 |date=2010 |accessdate=22 December 2012}}</ref> "king of Babylon" a wide range of identifications have been proposed.<ref name=Manley>{{cite book |last=Manley|first=Johanna|title=Isaiah through the Ages|date=1995|publisher=St Vladimir's Seminary Press|location=Menlo Park, Calif. |isbn=978-0-96225363-8|pages=259–260|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y17fkvqXOBcC&pg=PA260&dq=manley+%22assyrian+rather+than+a+Babylonian%22 |author2=Manley, edited by Johanna |accessdate=22 December 2012}}</ref> They include a [[Babylonia#Neo-Babylonian Empire (Chaldean Era)|Babylonian]] ruler of the prophet [[Isaiah]]'s own time<ref name=Manley/> the later [[Nebuchadnezzar II]], under whom the [[Babylonian captivity]] of the Jews began, or [[Nabonidus]],<ref name=Manley/><ref name=Melugin>{{cite book|author=Roy F. Melugin|title=New Visions of Isaiah|date=1996|publisher=Continuum International |location=Sheffield |isbn=978-1-85075584-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wA_odaujfPMC&pg=PA116&lpg=PA116&dq=%22specific+ruler+of+Babylon%22 |author2=Marvin Alan Sweeney |accessdate=22 December 2012|page=116}}</ref> and the [[Neo-Assyrian Empire|Assyrian]] kings [[Tiglath-Pileser III|Tiglath-Pileser]], [[Sargon II]] and [[Sennacherib]].<ref name=Laney>{{cite book|last=Laney|first=J. Carl|title=Answers to Tough Questions from Every Book of the Bible|date=1997|publisher=Kregel Publications|location=Grand Rapids, MI |isbn=978-0-82543094-7 |page=127|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sIWn6lYS-MQC&pg=PA127&lpg=PA127&dq=Laney+%22king+of+babylon++mentioned%22&source=bl&ots=yDPtc0zJkP&sig=xP6hkM1nQYXX2nq0OiRq1m4XMYk&hl=en&sa=X&ei=yKkXUIC6AYK2hAfu2YD4CA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Laney%20%22king%20of%20babylon%20%20mentioned%22&f=false|accessdate=22 December 2012}}</ref><ref name=Manley/><ref>{{cite book |last=Doorly |first=William J.|title=Isaiah of Jerusalem|date=1992|publisher=Paulist Press|location=New York |isbn=978-0-80913337-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oPGVPbOXbccC&pg=PA93&dq=Doorly+%22identification+of+the+king%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=fZ8JUMDaIdK2hAfqzo33CQ&sqi=2&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Doorly%20%22identification%20of%20the%20king%22&f=false|accessdate=22 December 2012|page=93}}</ref> Herbert Wolf held that the "king of Babylon" was not a specific ruler but a generic representation of the whole line of rulers.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wolf|first=Herbert M.|title=Interpreting Isaiah: The Suffering and Glory of the Messiah |date=1985|publisher=Academie Books|location=Grand Rapids, Mich.|isbn=978-0-31039061-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hQ6YdyS_ATEC&pg=PA112&dq=herbert+wolf+%22refer+to+a+specific+ruler%22|page=112}}</ref>

==Mythology==
=== Canaanite mythology ===
In ancient [[Ancient Canaanite religion|Canaanite mythology]], the morning star is pictured as a god, [[Attar (god)|Attar]], who attempted to occupy the throne of [[Baal|Ba'al]] and, finding he was unable to do so, descended and ruled the [[underworld]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=y-gfwlltlRwC John Day, Yahweh and the gods and goddesses of Canaan] (Continuum International Publishing Group, 2002. {{ISBN|0-82646830-6}}. {{ISBN|978-0-8264-6830-7}}), pp. 172–173</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Hj791_BeAF0C Gregory A. Boyd, God at War: The Bible & Spiritual Conflict] (InterVarsity Press, 1997 {{ISBN|0-8308-1885-5}}. {{ISBN|978-0-8308-1885-3}}), pp. 159–160</ref> The original myth may have been about a lesser god Helel trying to dethrone the Canaanite high god [[El (deity)|El]] who lived on a mountain to the north.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ns4UAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Pope+%22El+in+the+Ugaritic+texts%22 |title=Marvin H. Pope, '&#39;El in the Ugaritic Texts'&#39; |publisher=|accessdate=22 December 2012}}</ref><ref name=GVS/> [[Hermann Gunkel]]'s reconstruction of the myth told of a mighty warrior called Hêlal, whose ambition was to ascend higher than all the other stellar divinities, but who had to descend to the depths; it thus portrayed as a battle the process by which the bright morning star fails to reach the highest point in the sky before being faded out by the rising sun.<ref name=Gunkel/>

Similarities have been noted with the [[East Semitic]] story of [[Ishtar]]'s or [[Inanna]]'s descent into the underworld,<ref name=GVS>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cLN08jf_C2EC&pg=PA314&dq=%22several+attempts+to+find+mythical+allusions%22 |author1=Gary V. Smith |title=Isaiah 1–30 |ISBN=978-0-80540115-8 |pages=314–315 |publisher=B&H Publishing Group |date=30 August 2007 |accessdate=23 December 2012}}</ref> Ishtar and Inanna being associated with the [[planet]] [[Venus]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BdSzj9-SZv0C&pg=PA238&dq=%22identified+with+the+morning+star%22 |author1=Marvin Alan Sweeney |title=Isaiah 1–39 |ISBN=978-0-80284100-1 |page=238 |publisher=Eerdmans |date=1996 |accessdate=23 December 2012}}</ref> A connection has been seen also with the [[Babylonia]]n myth of [[Etana]]. The ''[[Jewish Encyclopedia]]'' comments:

::"The brilliancy of the morning star, which eclipses all other stars, but is not seen during the night, may easily have given rise to a myth such as was told of Ethana and [[Zu (mythology)|Zu]]: he was led by his pride to strive for the highest seat among the star-gods on the northern mountain of the gods ... but was hurled down by the supreme ruler of the Babylonian Olympus."<ref name="Jewish">{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/10177-lucifer |title=Lucifer |publisher=''[[Jewish Encyclopedia]]'' |accessdate=9 September 2013}}</ref>

The Greek myth of [[Phaethon]], whose name, like that of הֵילֵל, means "Shining One", has also been seen as similar.<ref name=Gunkel>{{cite book | title=Creation And Chaos in the Primeval Era And the Eschaton. A Religio-historical Study of Genesis 1 and Revelation 12 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pNstLQ8i3nsC&printsec=frontcover | chapter=Isa 14:12–14 (pp. 89ff.) |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pNstLQ8i3nsC&pg=PA89&dq=%22Isa+14:12-14%22 | first=Hermann | last=Gunkel | authorlink=Hermann Gunkel | others=Contributor [[Heinrich Zimmern]], foreword by Peter Machinist, translated by K. William Whitney Jr.| date=2006 | origyear=Originally published in German in 1895 | publisher=[[William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company|Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing]] | location=[[Grand Rapids, Michigan]] |isbn=978-0-8028-2804-0}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=pNstLQ8i3nsC&pg=PA90&dq=%22it+is+even+more+definitely+certain+that+we+are+dealing+with+a+native+myth!%22 page 90: "it is even more definitely certain that we are dealing with a native myth!"]</ref>

The Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible points out that no evidence has been found of any Canaanite myth of a god being thrown from heaven, as in Isaiah 14:12. It concludes that the closest parallels with Isaiah's description of the king of Babylon as a fallen morning star cast down from heaven are to be found not in any lost Canaanite and other myths but in traditional ideas of the Jewish people themselves, echoed in the Biblical account of the fall of Adam and Eve, cast out of God's presence for wishing to be as God, and the picture in {{bibleverse||Psalm|82|NIV}} of the "gods" and "sons of the Most High" destined to die and fall.<ref name=Eerdmans>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&pg=PA511&dq=%22any+Canaanite+myth%22 |author=James D. G. Dunn |author2=John William Rogerson |title=Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible |ISBN=978-0-80283711-0 |page=511 |publisher=Eerdmans |date=2003 |accessdate=23 December 2012}}</ref> This Jewish tradition has echoes also in Jewish [[pseudepigrapha]] such as [[2 Enoch]] and the ''[[Life of Adam and Eve]]''.<ref name=Eerdmans/><ref name="Jewish"/><ref name=Schwartz>{{cite book|last=Schwartz|first=Howard|authorlink=Howard Schwartz|title=Tree of souls: The mythology of Judaism|date=2004|publisher=OUP|location=New York|isbn=0-19508679-1|page=108}}</ref>

=== Classical mythology ===
[[File:Altar Selene Louvre Ma508.jpg|thumb|A 2nd-century Roman sculpture of the Moon-goddess [[Selene]] or [[Luna (goddess)|Luna]] accompanied by the [[Dioscuri]] (Castor and Pollux), or [[Phosphoros]] (the Morning Star) and [[Hesperus|Hesperos]] (the Evening Star), in Latin called Lucifer and Vesper. Marble altar, Roman artwork, 2nd century CE. From Italy]]
In classical mythology, Lucifer ("light-bringer" in Latin), [[Phosphorus]] (same meaning in Greek), Eosphoros ("dawn-bringer" in Greek) was a  [[anthropomorphism|personification]] of the morning star as a male figure bearing a torch,<ref name=EBLCM>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lucifer-classical-mythology "Lucifer]" in ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'']</ref> "the fabled son of [[Aurora (mythology)|Aurora]]<ref name="Auffarth">{{cite book | editor1-first=Christoph | editor1-last=Auffarth | editor2-first=Loren T. | editor2-last=Stuckenbruck | title=The Fall of the Angels | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lhNyGFkT3QYC&printsec=frontcover | date=2004 | publisher=BRILL | location=Leiden | page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=lhNyGFkT3QYC&pg=PA62&dq=%22Lucifer+who+in+Roman+mythology+is+the+son+of+Aurora%22%22This+corresponds+to+the+Greek+mythology+where+Eos,+the+goddess+of+dawn,+gives+birth+to+the+morning+star+Phosphorus%3B+see+Hesiod,+Theog.+986f.%22 62] |isbn=978-9-00412668-8}}</ref> and [[Cephalus]], and father of [[Ceyx]]". There is almost no legend about the Lucifer of classical mythology, but he was often presented in poetry as heralding the dawn.<ref name=EBLCM/>

==Latin==
[[File:Lucifer (the morning star). Engraving by G.H. Frezza, 1704, Wellcome V0035916.jpg|thumb|left|Lucifer (the morning star) represented as a winged child pouring light from a jar. Engraving by G.H. Frezza, 1704]]
As an adjective, the [[Latin language|Latin]] word ''lucifer'' meant "light-bringing" and was applied to the moon.<ref name=Lewis&S/> As a noun, it meant "morning star", or, in [[Roman mythology]], its divine personification, as indicated above under [[#Classical mythology|Classical mythology]], or. in poetry, one day in a succession of days.<ref name=Lewis&S/>

{{bibleverse||Isaiah|14:12}} is not the only place where the Vulgate uses the word ''lucifer''. It uses the same word four more times, in contexts where it clearly has no reference to a fallen angel: {{bibleverse|2|Peter|1:19}} (meaning "morning star"), {{Bibleverse||Job|11:17}} ("the light of the morning"), {{bibleverse||Job|38:32}} ("the signs of the zodiac") and {{bibleverse||Psalms|110:3}} ("the dawn").<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09410a.htm Anthony Maas, "Lucifer" in ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' (New York 1910)]</ref> ''Lucifer'' is not the only expression that the Vulgate uses to speak of the morning star: three times it uses ''stella matutina'': {{Bibleverse||Sirach|50:6}} (referring to the actual morning star), and {{bibleverse||Revelation|2:28}} (of uncertain reference) and {{bibleverse-nb||Revelation|22:16}} (referring to [[Jesus]]).

Indications that in Christian tradition the Latin word ''lucifer'', unlike the English word, did not necessarily call a fallen angel to mind exist also outside the text of the Vulgate. Two bishops bore that name: Saint [[Lucifer of Cagliari]], and [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Siena-Colle di Val d'Elsa-Montalcino#Bishops of Siena|Lucifer of Siena]].

In Latin, the word is applied to [[John the Baptist]] and is used as a title of Jesus himself in several early Christian hymns. The morning hymn ''Lucis largitor splendide'' of [[Hilary of Poitiers|Hilary]] contains the line: "''Tu verus mundi lucifer''" (you are the true light bringer of the world).<ref>March, Francis Andrew ''Latin Hymns with English Notes'', Douglass Series of Christian Greek and Latin Writers. Vol.1 Latin Hymns. Notes p218 "Lucifer: God – Christ is here addressed as the true light bringer, in distinction from the planet Venus. Such etymological turns are common in the hymns. Lucifer is a familiar epithet of John the Baptist in the early church, as well as of the "Son of the morning," mentioned in Isaiah xiv., ... This description of the King of Babylon was applied by Tertullian and others to Satan, and the mistake has led to the present meanings of Lucifer. See Webster's Dictionary."</ref> Some interpreted the mention of the morning star (''lucifer'') in [[Ambrose]]'s hymn ''Aeterne rerum conditor'' as referring allegorically to Jesus and the mention of the cock, the herald of the day (''praeco'') in the same hymn as referring to John the Baptist.<ref>March Notes p224 "Lucifer: this the lovers of allegory interpreted of Christ, making John the Baptist the ''praeco''."</ref> Likewise, in the medieval hymn ''Christe qui lux es et dies'', some manuscripts have the line "Lucifer lucem proferens".<ref>March Notes p235 "For the use of Lucifer for Christ, see Hilary's hymn as above".</ref>

The Latin word ''lucifer'' is also used of Jesus in the [[Exsultet|Easter Proclamation]] prayer to God regarding the [[paschal candle]]: ''Flammas eius lucifer matutinus inveniat: ille, inquam, lucifer, qui nescit occasum. Christus Filius tuus, qui, regressus ab inferis, humano generi serenus illuxit, et vivit et regnat in saecula saeculorum'' ("May this flame be found still burning by the Morning Star: the one Morning Star who never sets, Christ your Son, who, coming back from death's domain, has shed his peaceful light on humanity, and lives and reigns for ever and ever"). In the works of Latin grammarians, Lucifer, like Daniel, was discussed as an example of a personal name.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=kDi9rHgh8lYC&pg=PA66&dq=Amsler+Lucifer+%22proper+name%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=fjFUUp-JGdKGhQfD6YHwBA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Amsler%20Lucifer%20%22proper%20name%22&f=false Mark Amsler, ''Etymology and Grammatical Discourse in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages'' (John Benjamins 1989)] {{ISBN|978-9-02724527-4}}, p. 66</ref>

== Jewish exegesis ==
{{see also|Satan#Judaism|label 1=Satan in Judaism}}
The [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] words {{lang|he|הֵילֵל&nbsp;בֶּן-שָׁחַר (''Helel ben Shaḥar'', "day-star, son of the morning")}}<ref name="H1966"/><ref name=MM-Isa14/> in Isaiah 14:12 are part of a [[prophecy|prophetic vision]] against an oppressive king of Babylon.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wilken|first=Robert|title=Isaiah: Interpreted by Early Christian and Medieval Commentators|date=2007|publisher=Wm Eerdmans Publishing|location=Grand Rapids MI|isbn=978-0-8028-2581-0|pages=171}}</ref> [[Jewish exegesis]] of Isaiah 14:12–15 identified the king of Babylon as [[Nebuchadnezzar II#Helel.2C Son of the Morning|Nebuchadnezzar II]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Breslauer|first=edited by S. Daniel|title=The seductiveness of Jewish myth : challenge or response?|date=1997|publisher=State University of New York Press|location=Albany|isbn=0-79143602-0|page=280}}</ref> Verse 20 says that this king of Babylon will not be "joined with them [all the kings of the nations] in burial, because thou hast destroyed thy land, thou hast slain thy people; the seed of evil-doers shall not be named for ever", but rather be cast out of the grave, while "All the kings of the nations, all of them, sleep in glory, every one in his own house".<ref name="MM-Isa14"/><ref>Isaiah 14:18</ref>

==Apocrypha and pseudepigrapha==
{{see also|Biblical apocrypha|New Testament apocrypha|Pseudepigrapha|Second Temple Judaism}}
In the [[Second Temple period]] literature the main possible reference is found in [[2 Enoch]], also known as [[Slavonic Enoch]]:
{{quote|2 Enoch 29:3 Here Satanail was hurled from the height together with his angels}}

However the editor of the standard modern edition (Charlesworth, ''Old Testament Pseudepigrapha'' Vol.1) pipelines{{clarify|date=January 2016}} the verse as a probable later [[Christian interpolation]] on the grounds that "Christian explanations of the origin of evil linked Lk 10:18 with Isa 14 and eventually Gen. 3 so vs 4 could be a Christian interpolation... Jewish theology concentrated on Gen 6., and this is prominent in the Enoch cycle as in other apocalypses." Furthermore, the name used in 2 Enoch, [[Satanail]], is not directly related to the Isaiah 14 text, and the surrounding imagery of fire suggests {{bibleref2|Ezekiel|28:17–18}}.<ref>Charlesworth ''Old Testament Pseudepigrapha'' vol.1 p. 139 "Origen falls back on the Bible when he expands the fall of Lucifer" p. 148 2 Enoch 29:3 Here Satanail was hurled from the height together with his angels "form of the Lucifer myth found here in 2En" p. 149 2 Enoch footnote Christian explanations of the origin of evil linked Lk 10:18 with Isa 14 and eventually Gen. 3 so vs 4 could be a Christian interpolation. In the Byzantine tradition Satan's revolt took place on the fourth day, not the second as here. Jewish theology concentrated on Gen 6., and this is prominent in the Enoch cycle as in other apocalypses.</ref>

Other instances of ''lucifer'' in the [[list of Old Testament pseudepigrapha|Old Testament pseudepigrapha]] are related to the "star" [[Venus]], in the [[Sibylline Oracles]] battle of the constellations (line 517) "Lucifer fought mounted on the back of Leo",<ref>Charlesworth Vol.1 p. 405 Sibylline Oracles line 517 "Lucifer fought mounted on the back of Leo"</ref> or the entirely rewritten Christian version of the [[Greek Apocalypse of Ezra]] 4:32 which has a reference to Lucifer as [[Antichrist]].<ref>p. 567 Greek Apocalypse of Ezra Antichrist "the 'Lucifer' theme (4:32)</ref>

An association of Isaiah 14:12–18 with a [[Evil#Christianity|personification of evil]], called the [[devil]] developed outside of mainstream [[Rabbinic Judaism]] in pseudepigrapha and Christian writings,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7R0IGTSvIVIC&pg=PA199&dq=Origen+name+Lucifer |author=David L. Jeffrey |title=A Dictionary of Biblical Tradition in English Literature |isbn=978-0-80283634-2 |page=199 |publisher=Eerdmans |date=1992 |accessdate=23 December 2012}}</ref> particularly with the [[apocalypse]]s.<ref name=ODJR>{{cite book |editor-first=Adele |editor-last=Berlin |editor-link=Adele Berlin |title=The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hKAaJXvUaUoC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Oxford+dictionary+of+the+Jewish+Religion&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ygmMU6KJIcnm7AbKnYH4Bg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22expanded%20role%22&f=false |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hKAaJXvUaUoC&pg=651&dq=%22cast+out+of+heaven+as+a+fallen+angel+(a+misinterpretation+of+Is.%22 651] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=2011 |isbn=978-0-19973004-9 |quote=The notion of Satan as the opponent of God and the chief evil figure in a panoply of demons seems to emerge in the Pseudepigrapha ... Satan's expanded role describes him as ... cast out of heaven as a fallen angel (a misinterpretation of ''Is'' 14.12)."}}</ref>

Especially Isaiah 14:12, became a dominant conception of a [[fallen angel]] motif<ref>{{cite book|last=Herzog|first=Schaff-|title=The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Thought: Chamier-Draendorf|date=1909|publisher=Funk & Wagnalls Co.|location=USA|isbn=1-42863183-6|url=https://books.google.com/?id=lCc4MjCe7B4C&pg=PA400&lpg=PA400&dq=Septuagint+heylel#v=onepage&q=heylel&f=false|edition=Volume 3|editor=Samuel MacAuley Jackson |editor2=Charles Colebrook Sherman |editor3=George William Gilmore|page=[http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/encyc03/Page_400.html 400]|quote=Heylel (Isa. xiv. 12), the "day star, fallen from heaven," is interesting as an early instance of what, especially in pseudepigraphic literature, became a dominant conception, that of fallen angels.}}</ref> in 1 Enoch 86–90 and 2 Enoch 29:3–4.{{clarify|date=January 2016}} Rabbinical Judaism rejected any belief in rebel or fallen angels.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bamberger|first=Bernard J.|title=Fallen Angels: Soldiers of Satan's Realm|date=2006|publisher=Jewish Publ. Soc. of America|location=Philadelphia, Pa.|isbn=0-82760797-0|edition=1. paperback|pages=148, 149}}</ref> In the 11th century, the ''[[Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer|Pirqe de-Rabbi Eliezer]]'' illustrates the origin of the "fallen angel myth" by giving two accounts, one relates to the angel in the [[Garden of Eden]] who seduces Eve, and the other relates to the angels, the ''[[Sons of God|benei elohim]]'' who cohabit with the daughters of man (Genesis 6:1–4).<ref>Adelman, Rachel (2009). pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Z7Ue5kAkw20C&pg=PA62&dq=%22+Book+of+Enoch%22 61–62].</ref>

==Christianity==
{{main article|Devil in Christianity}}
[[File:Lucifer from Petrus de Plasiis Divine Comedy 1491.png|thumb|right|Illustration of Lucifer in the first fully illustrated print edition of [[Dante Alighieri]]'s ''[[Divine Comedy]]''. [[Woodcut]] for ''[[Inferno (Dante)|Inferno]]'', canto 33. Pietro di Piasi, Venice, 1491.]]
Christian writers applied the words of Isaiah 14:12 to Satan. Sigve K Tonstad argues that the [[New Testament]] [[War in Heaven]] theme of {{bibleverse||Revelation|12:7–9|ESV}}, in which the dragon "who is called the devil and Satan … was thrown down to the earth", derives from the passage in Isaiah 14.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YYNJxKrhcDAC&pg=PA75&dq=Tonstad+%22derives+from+the+poem%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=soQJULj0H8SzhAftu4XuCQ&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Tonstad%20%22derives%20from%20the%20poem%22&f=false |author1=Sigve K Tonstad |title=Saving God's Reputation |isbn=978-0-56704494-5 |page=75 |publisher=[[Continuum International Publishing Group|Continuum]] |location=London, New York City |date=20 January 2007 |accessdate=23 December 2012}}</ref> [[Origen]] (184/185 – 253/254) interpreted such Old Testament passages as being about manifestations of the Devil; but writing in Greek, not Latin, he did not identify the devil with the name "Lucifer".<ref name=Mask>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EU7Qt5HSmHAC&printsec=frontcover |title=The Devil: A Mask without a Face |first=Luther |last=Link |publisher=[[Reaktion Books]] |location=[[Clerkenwell]], London |date=1995 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=EU7Qt5HSmHAC&pg=PA24&dq=Augustine's+%22at+the+time+he+was+writing,+Lucifer+was+not+a+common+name+for+the+Devil%22%22two+centuries+earlier,+Origen+interpreted%22%22Isaiah+as+references+to+the+manifestations+of+the+Devil.+But+no-one%22%22identify+the+Devil+with+the+name+of+Lucifer%22 24] |isbn=978-0-94846267-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rg2RJAIZ4k4C&printsec=frontcover |title=The Problem of Evil in the Western Tradition |first=Joseph Francis |last=Kelly |publisher=[[Liturgical Press]] |location=[[Collegeville Township, Stearns County, Minnesota|Collegeville, Minnesota]] |date=2002 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Rg2RJAIZ4k4C&pg=PA44&dq=%22Origen's+approach+had+an+unintended+side+effect,+a+new+name+for+the+devil%22%22allegorized+it+as+Satan+falling+from+heaven.+When+Christians%20translated+the+phrase%22%22into+Latin,+they+used+the+word+lucifer%22 44] |isbn=978-0-81465104-9}}</ref><ref>Auffarth, Christoph; Stuckenbruck, Loren T., eds. (2004). p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=lhNyGFkT3QYC&pg=PA62&dq=Origen+Lucifer 62].</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uEnXbRWbi0AC&printsec=frontcover |title=Isaiah and Prophetic Traditions in the Book of Revelation |first=Jan |last=Fekkes |date=1994 |publisher=Continuum |location=London, New York City |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=uEnXbRWbi0AC&pg=187&dq=%22the+spiritual+interpretation+of+Isa%22%22with+reference+to+a+fall+of+Satan+is+only+first+attested+certainly+with+Origen%22 187] |isbn=978-1-85075456-5}}</ref> [[Tertullian]] (c. 160 – c. 225), who wrote in Latin, also understood {{bibleverse||Isaiah|14:14|NIV}} ("I will ascend above the tops of the clouds; I will make myself like the Most High") as spoken by the Devil,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/02m/0160-0220,_Tertullianus,_Adversus_Marcionem,_MLT.pdf |title=Tertullian, '&#39;Adversus Marcionem'&#39;, book 5, chapters 11 and 17 (Migne, '&#39;Patrologia latina'&#39;, vol. 2, cols. 500 and 514) |format=PDF |accessdate=23 December 2012 |language=Latin}}</ref> but "Lucifer" is not among the numerous names and phrases he used to describe the devil.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxwR74_cpx4C&pg=PA95&lpg=PA95&dq=%22Tertullian+used+many+names+and+phrases%22&source=bl&ots=MSN2Qu_OKv&sig=zZ5SIvtEhHR9W57DxV2avuuYbVQ&hl=en&sa=X&ei=CaMRUKuUBorDhAfyj4G4CA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22Tertullian%20used%20many%20names%20and%20phrases%22&f=false |author=Jeffrey Burton Russell |title=Satan: The Early Christian Tradition |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-0-80149413-0 |page=95 |date=1987 |accessdate=23 December 2012}}</ref> Even at the time of the Latin writer [[Augustine of Hippo]] (354–430), "Lucifer" had not yet become a common name for the Devil.<ref name=Mask/>

Some time later, the metaphor of the morning star that Isaiah 14:12 applied to a king of Babylon gave rise to the general use of the Latin word for "morning star", capitalized, as the original name of the devil before his fall from grace, linking Isaiah 14:12 with {{bibleverse||Luke|10:18|NIV}} ("I saw Satan fall like lightning from heaven") and interpreting the passage in Isaiah as an allegory of Satan's fall from heaven.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IrcZEZ1bOJsC&pg=PA280&lpg=PA280&dq=name+Lucifer+was+born+-magazine&source=bl&ots=7Qwvlc4AZr&sig=UbOS0ltHHmWrzrd36c6z8VSXmus&hl=en&sa=X&ei=z6oRUJ3cEdKZhQfTw4HgDw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=name%20Lucifer%20was%20born%20-magazine&f=false |title=The Merriam-Webster New Book of Word Histories |isbn=978-0-87779603-9 |page=280 |publisher=Merriam-Webster |date=1991 |accessdate=23 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X5-pmLBcw44C&pg=PA57&dq=%22the+name+Lucifer+was+given%22 |author=Harold Bloom |title=Satan |publisher=Infobase Publishing |date=2005 |isbn=978-0-79108386-4 |page=57 |accessdate=23 December 2012}}</ref>

However, the understanding of the morning star in Isaiah 14:12 as a metaphor referring to a king of Babylon continued also to exist among Christians. [[Theodoret of Cyrus]] (c. 393 – c. 457) wrote that Isaiah calls the king "morning star", not as being the star, but as having had the illusion of being it.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y17fkvqXOBcC&pg=PA252&dq=%22Theodoret+of+Cyrus%22%22illusion+of+so+being%22 |author=Johanna Manley |title=Isaiah through the Ages |publisher=St Vladimir's Seminary Press |date=1995 |isbn=978-0-96225363-8 |page=252 |accessdate=23 December 2012}}</ref> The same understanding is shown in Christian translations of the passage, which in English generally use "morning star" rather than treating the word as a proper name, "Lucifer". So too in other languages, such as French,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=%C3%89sa%C3%AFe+14%3A12-15&version=LSG |title=Ésaïe 14:12–15 |publisher=Biblegateway.com |accessdate=23 December 2012 |language=French}}</ref> German,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bibeltext.com/isaiah/14-12.htm |title=Jesaja 14:12 |publisher=Bibeltext.com |accessdate=23 December 2012 |language=German}}</ref> Portuguese,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Isa%C3%ADas+14%3A12-17&version=AA |title=Isaías 14:12–17 |publisher=Biblegateway.com |accessdate=23 December 2012 |language=Portuguese}}</ref> and Spanish.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Isaiah%2014:12&version=LBLA |title=Isaías 14:12 |publisher=Biblegateway.com |accessdate=23 December 2012|language=Spanish}}</ref> Even the Vulgate text in Latin is printed with lower-case ''lucifer'' (morning star), not upper-case ''Lucifer'' (proper name).<ref name="Vulgate Latin: Isaiah Chapter 14"/>

[[John Calvin|Calvin]] said: "The exposition of this passage, which some have given, as if it referred to Satan, has arisen from ignorance: for the context plainly shows these statements must be understood in reference to the king of the Babylonians."<ref>{{cite book |last=Calvin |first=John |others=Translated by John King |title=Commentary on Isaiah |volume=I:404 |date=2007 |publisher=Forgotten Books |location=Charleston, S.C.}}</ref> [[Martin Luther|Luther]] also considered it a gross error to refer this verse to the devil.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ridderbos |first=Jan |others=Translated by John Vriend |title=The Bible Student’s Commentary: Isaiah |page=142 |date=1985 |publisher=Regency |location=Grand Rapids, Michigan}}</ref>
[[File:Lucifer3.jpg|thumb|[[Gustave Doré]], illustration to [http://www.danshort.com/pl/page1.php?p=38 ''Paradise Lost'', book IX, 179–187]: "...&nbsp;he [Satan] held on /His midnight search, where soonest he might finde /The Serpent: him fast sleeping soon he found ..."]]

=== Lucifer as Satan or the devil ===
Adherents of the [[King James Only movement]] and others who hold that Isaiah 14:12 does indeed refer to the devil have decried the modern translations.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=_1Y-9sCXItMC&pg=PA94&dq=%22the+KJV+correctly+translates%22 |title=A Primer on Salvation and Bible Prophecy |author=Larry Alavezos |publisher=TEACH Services |isbn=978-1-57258640-6 |date=29 September 2010 |page=94 |accessdate=22 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=vDrfOawsb4UC&pg=PA64&dq=%22say+Lucifer+or+morning+star%22 |author=David W. Daniels |title=Answers to Your Bible Version Questions |isbn=978-0-75890507-9 |page=64 |publisher=Chick Publications |date=2003 |accessdate=22 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=C7a9fgCKqz8C&pg=PA219&dq=%22refers+preeminently+to+Satan%22 |author=William Dembski |title=The End of Christianity |isbn=978-0-80542743-1 |page=219 |publisher=B&H Publishing Group |date=2009 |accessdate=22 December 2012}}</ref>

Those treating "Lucifer" as a name for Satan may use that name when speaking of such accounts of the devil or Satan as the following:
* Satan inciting [[David]] to number Israel ([[Books of Chronicles|1 Chronicles]] {{Bibleref2-nb|1 Chronicles|21:1}}), though in [[Books of Samuel|2 Samuel]] {{Bibleref2-nb|2 Samuel|24:1}} it is stated that God caused David to take census of Israel
* [[Job (biblical figure)|Job]] tested by Satan ([[Book of Job]])
* Satan ready to accuse the high priest Joshua ([[Book of Zechariah|Zechariah]] {{Bibleref2-nb|Zechariah|3:1–2}})
* [[Sin]] brought into the world through the devil's envy ([[Book of Wisdom|Wisdom]] {{Bibleref2-nb|Wisdom|2:24|63}})
* "The prince of the power of the air, the spirit that is now at work in the sons of disobedience" ([[Epistle to the Ephesians|Ephesians]] {{Bibleref2-nb|Ephesians|2:2|ESV}})
* "The god of this world" ([[Second Epistle to the Corinthians|2 Corinthians]] {{Bibleref2-nb|2 Corinthians|4:4|ESV}}).
* The devil disputing with [[Michael (archangel)|Michael]] about the body of [[Moses]] ([[Epistle of Jude|Jude]] {{Bibleref2-nb|Jude|1:9|ESV}})
* The dragon of the [[Book of Revelation]] "who is called the devil and Satan" ({{Bibleref2|Revelation|12:9;20:2|ESV}})

They may also use the name "Lucifer" when speaking of Satan's motive for rebelling and of the nature of his [[sin]], which, without using the name "Lucifer", [[Origen]], [[John Chrysostom|Chrysostom]], [[Jerome]], [[Ambrose]], and [[Augustine of Hippo|Augustine]] attributed to the devil's [[pride]], and [[Irenaeus]], [[Tertullian]], [[Justin Martyr]], [[Cyprian]], and again Augustine attributed to the devil's [[envy]] of humanity created in the image of God.<ref name=Cain>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vwbtWmJYyIUC&printsec=frontcover |title=The fathers of the church. Jerome. Commentary on Galatians |first=Andrew |last=Cain |date=2011 |publisher=[[Catholic University of America Press|CUA Press]] |location=Washington, D.C. |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vwbtWmJYyIUC&pg=PA74&dq=%22As+for+the+specific+reasons+for+Lucifer's+fall,+some+patristic+writers+suggested+pride,+others+envy:+see+N.+Adkin%22%22Pride+or+Envy?+Some+Notes+on+the+Reason+the+Fathers+Give+for+the+Devil's+Fall%22 74] |isbn=978-0-81320121-4}}</ref><ref name=one>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZ3VbQU0w24C&printsec=frontcover |title=A Companion to Angels in Medieval Philosophy |editor1-first=Tobias |editor1-last=Hoffmann |date=2012 |publisher=BRILL |location=Leiden |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=RZ3VbQU0w24C&pg=262&dq=%22The+patristic+tradition+that+Augustine+inherited+did+not+have+a+unified+view+about+the+nature+of+Lucifer%27s+primal+sin%22+Origen+%22pride+%28superbia%22+Tertullian+%22envy+of+humanity+for+being+created+in+the+image+of+God%22 262] |isbn=978-9-00418346-9}}</ref><ref name=two>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p09CAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover |title=Prediche Quaresimali: Divise In Due Tomi, Volume 2 |author=Nicolas (de Dijon) |date=1730 |publisher=Storti |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=p09CAAAAcAAJ&pg=230&dq=Lucifero+invidia+gelosia+Dio+uomo+Tertulliano+Agostino 230]|language=it}}</ref> [[Jealousy]] of humans, created in the divine image and given authority over the world is the motive that a modern writer, who denies that there is any such person as Lucifer, says that Tertullian attributed to the devil,<ref>{{cite web |first=Ron |last=Corson |url=http://newprotestants.com/LUCIFER.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202201351/http://newprotestants.com/LUCIFER.htm |archivedate=2 February 2013 |title=Who is Lucifer...or Satan misidentified |date=2008 |publisher=newprotestants.com |accessdate=15 July 2013}}</ref> and, while he cited Tertullian and Augustine as giving envy as the motive for the fall, an 18th-century French Capuchin preacher himself described the rebel angel as jealous of Adam's exaltation, which he saw as a diminution of his own status.<ref name=two/>

=== Latter-day Saints ===
Lucifer is regarded within [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] as the [[Mormon cosmology#Pre-mortality|pre-mortal]] name of the devil. [[Beliefs and practices of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|Mormon theology]] teaches that in a [[Mormon cosmology#Council in Heaven|heavenly council]], Lucifer rebelled against the plan of [[God in Mormonism|God the Father]] and was subsequently cast out.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eom.byu.edu/index.php/Lucifer|title=Devils – Encyclopedia of Mormonism|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> Mormon scripture reads:<blockquote>"And this we saw also, and bear record, that an angel of God who was in authority in the presence of God, who rebelled against the Only Begotten Son whom the Father loved and who was in the bosom of the Father, was thrust down from the presence of God and the Son, and was called Perdition, for the heavens wept over him—he was Lucifer, a son of the morning. And we beheld, and lo, he is fallen! is fallen, even a son of the morning! And while we were yet in the Spirit, the Lord commanded us that we should write the vision; for we beheld Satan, that old serpent, even the devil, who rebelled against God, and sought to take the kingdom of our God and his Christ—Wherefore, he maketh war with the saints of God, and encompasseth them round about."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lds.org/scriptures/dc-testament/dc/76.25-29?lang=eng#p24|title=D&C 76:25–29|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref></blockquote>After becoming Satan by his fall, Lucifer "goeth up and down, to and fro in the earth, seeking to destroy the souls of men".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lds.org/scriptures/dc-testament/dc/10.27?lang=eng|title=D&C 10:27|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> Mormons consider Isaiah 14:12 to be referring to both the king of the Babylonians and the devil.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lds.org/scriptures/gs/lucifer?lang=eng|title=Lucifer - lds.org|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/isa/14.12?lang=eng|title=Isaiah 14:12, footnote c|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

==Islam==
===Morning Star in Islamic legend===
In [[Islam]]ic and [[Iran|Persian]] teachings the ''Morning Star'' or ''Ishtar'' is called ''Zohra'' or ''Zohrah'' and commonly related to a "beautiful woman".<ref>Muhammad Asad ''The Road To Mecca'' The Book Foundation 1954 {{ISBN|978-0-992-79810-9}}</ref> Two [[fallen angel]]s named [[Harut and Marut]], were seduced by her beauty to commit [[Shirk (Islam)|shirk]], murder, [[adultery]] and drinking wine. In their drunken state, Zohra elicited from these angels the secret words to ascend to heaven. Then she uttered the secret words, she elevated to the first heaven, but was imprisoned or transformed into [[Venus]].<ref>William Percy ''William Percy's Mahomet and His Heaven: A Critical Edition'' Ashgate Publishing 2006 {{ISBN|978-0-754-65406-3}} page 18</ref>

===Satan in Islam===
{{main article|Iblis}}
In [[Islam]] the [[Devil (Islam)|Devil]] is known as {{transl|ar|ALA|Iblīs}} ({{lang-ar|إبليس}}, plural: {{lang|ar|ابالسة}} ''{{transl|ar|ALA|abālisah}}'') or {{transl|ar|ALA|Shaytān}} ({{lang-ar|شيطان}}, plural: {{lang|ar|شياطين}} ''{{transl|ar|ALA|shayātīn}}''). Iblis is banished from heaven for refusing to [[prostration|prostrate]] himself before Adam, which is similar to the earlier [[3 Enoch]], chapter 4, in which all of the angels prostrate themselves before [[Enoch (ancestor of Noah)|Enoch]], an early descendant of Adam. Thus, he sins ''after'' the creation of man. He asks God for seducing human to sin until [[judgment day]] as long God's curse rest on him.<ref>Mahmoud Ayoub ''The Qur'an and Its Interpreters , Volume 1'' SUNY Press 1984 {{ISBN|978-0-873-95727-4}} page 87</ref> God grants this request, and Iblis then swears revenge by tempting human beings and turning them away from God. God tells him that any humans who follow him will join him in the fire of hell at judgment day, but that Iblis will have no power over all mankind except who wants to follow Iblis. QS (17:63–65) This story is cited multiple times in the Qur'an for different reasons.

Islamic literature presents Iblis as God worshipping and very pious until he refused to prostrate to Adam due to his jealousy and pride.<ref name=Jung>{{cite book|last=Jung|first=Rabbi Leo|title=Fallen angels in Jewish, Christian, and Mohammedan literature|date=2004|edition=Reprint|publisher=Kessinger Reprints|location=Whitefish, MT|isbn=0-76617938-9|pages=34–35}}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=lNAWAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA170&dq=Islam+Iblis+jinn&hl=en&sa=X&ei=SRYYVIC3F-iM7QbLkIGIDQ&ved=0CE4Q6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=Islam%20Iblis%20jinn&f=false Scott B. Noegel, Brannon M. Wheeler, ''The A to Z of Prophets in Islam and Judaism'' (Scarecrow Press 2010)] {{ISBN|978-1-46171895-6}}, p. 170</ref> Iblis is also considered to be a type of supernatural being known as the [[Jinn]], instead of an angel, who were made out of smokeless fire and created before humankind. <ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=O84eYLVHvB0C&pg=PA135&dq=Islam+Iblis+jinn&hl=en&sa=X&ei=SRYYVIC3F-iM7QbLkIGIDQ&ved=0CCAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Islam%20Iblis%20jinn&f=false Patrick Hughes, Thomas Patrick Hughes, ''Dictionary of Islam'' (Asian Educational Services 19950)] {{ISBN|978-81-2060672-2}}, p. 135</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZP_f9icf2roC&pg=PA484&dq=Islam+Iblis+jinn&hl=en&sa=X&ei=lzAYVIaqAemg7AbT0YG4Cg&ved=0CB0Q6AEwADge#v=onepage&q=Islam%20Iblis%20jinn&f=false Wendy Doniger, ''Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions'' (Merriam-Webster 1999)] {{ISBN|978-0-87779044-0}}, p. 484</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&pg=PA402&dq=Islam+Iblis+jinn&hl=en&sa=X&ei=lzAYVIaqAemg7AbT0YG4Cg&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAzge#v=onepage&q=Islam%20Iblis%20jinn&f=false Juan Eduardo Campo, ''Encyclopedia of Islam'' (Ìnfobase 2009)] {{ISBN|978-1-43812696-8}}, p. 402</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=i_AcX5Znv6cC&pg=PA56&dq=Iblis+Lucifer&hl=en&sa=X&ei=GTMYVI32GvLH7AaSjoHACw&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Iblis%20Lucifer&f=false Jeffrey Burton Russell, ''Lucifer'' (Cornell University Press 1986)] {{ISBN|978-0-80149429-1}}, 56</ref> However, regardless of whether Iblis was an angel or a jinn, Islam refuses the idea the devil envied or rebelled against God, since Islam asserts absolute sovereignty of the creator, thus a creature aware of God would not rebel against him.<ref>https://www.al-islam.org/faith-and-reason-ayatullah-mahdi-hadavi-tehrani/question-16-angels-and-free-will</ref><ref>Amira El-Zein ''Islam, Arabs, and Intelligent World of the Jinn'' Syracuse University Press 2009 {{ISBN|9780815650706}} page 45</ref>

==Bogomilism==
In the [[Bogomilism|Bogomil]] and [[Catharism|Cathar]] text ''Gospel of the secret supper'', Lucifer is a glorified angel and the older brother of [[Jesus]], but fell from heaven to establish his own kingdom and became the [[Demiurge]]. Therefore he created the material world and trapped souls from heaven inside matter. Jesus descended to earth to free the captured souls.<ref>Michael C. Thomsett ''Heresy in the Roman Catholic Church: A History'' McFarland 2011 {{ISBN|978-0-786-48539-0}} page 71</ref><ref>Willis Barnstone, Marvin Meyer ''The Gnostic Bible: Revised and Expanded Edition'' Shambhala Publications 2009 {{ISBN|978-0-834-82414-0}} p. 745-755 and p. 831</ref>

==Anthroposophy==

[[Rudolf Steiner]]'s writings, which formed the basis for [[Anthroposophy]], characterised Lucifer as a spiritual opposite to [[Ahriman]], with [[Christ]] between the two forces, mediating a balanced path for humanity. Lucifer represents an intellectual, imaginative, delusional, otherworldly force which might be associated with visions, subjectivity, psychosis and fantasy. He associated Lucifer with the religious/philosophical cultures of Egypt, Rome and Greece. Steiner believed that Lucifer, as a supersensible Being, had incarnated in China about 3000 years before the birth of Christ.

==Occultism==
[[Luciferianism]] is a belief system that venerates the essential characteristics that are affixed to Lucifer. The tradition, influenced by [[Gnosticism]], usually reveres Lucifer not as the devil, but as a liberator, a guardian or guiding spirit<ref>{{cite book |title=Vampires in Their Own Words: An Anthology of Vampire Voices |author=[[Michelle Belanger]] |publisher=[[Llewellyn Worldwide]] |date=2007 |page=175 |isbn=0-73871220-5}}</ref> or even the true god as opposed to [[Jehovah]].<ref>{{cite book |title=An Encyclopedia of Occultism |author=Spence, L. |publisher=Carol Publishing |date=1993}}</ref>

In [[Anton LaVey]]'s ''[[The Satanic Bible]]'', Lucifer is one of the [[The Book of Abramelin|four crown princes of hell]], particularly that of the East, the 'lord of the [[Air (classical element)|air]]', and is called the bringer of light, the morning star, intellectualism, and enlightenment.<ref name=LaVey>{{cite book|last=LaVey|first=Anton Szandor|title=The Satanic Bible|date=1969|publisher=Avon|location=New York|isbn=978-038001539-9|chapter=The Book of Lucifer: The Enlightenment}}</ref> The title 'lord of the air' is based upon [[Ephesians]] 2:2, which uses the phrase 'prince of the power of the air' to refer to the pagan god [[Zeus]], but that phrase later became conflated with Satan.

Author Michael W. Ford has written on Lucifer as a "mask" of the adversary, a motivator and illuminating force of the mind and subconscious.<ref>{{cite book|title=Bible of the Adversary|date=2007|publisher=Succubus Productions|page=8|chapter=Adversarial Doctrine}}</ref>

==Taxil's hoax==
[[Léo Taxil]] (1854–1907) claimed that [[Freemasonry]] is associated with worshipping Lucifer. In what is known as the [[Taxil hoax]], he alleged that leading Freemason [[Albert Pike]] had addressed "The 23 Supreme Confederated Councils of the world" (an invention of Taxil), instructing them that Lucifer was God, and was in opposition to the evil god [[Adonai]]. Supporters of Freemasonry contend that, when Albert Pike and other Masonic scholars spoke about the "Luciferian path," or the "energies of Lucifer," they were referring to the Morning Star, the light bearer,<ref>"Lucifer, the Son of the Morning! Is it ''he'' who bears the Light, and with its splendors intolerable blinds feeble, sensual, or selfish Souls? Doubt it not!" (Albert Pike, ''Morals and Dogma'', p. 321). Much has been made of this quote ([http://www.masonicinfo.com/lucifer.htm Masonic information: Lucifer]).</ref> the search for light; the very antithesis of dark, satanic evil. Taxil promoted a book by Diana Vaughan (actually written by himself, as he later confessed publicly)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/texts/taxil_confessed.html |title=Leo Taxil's confession |publisher=Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon |date=2 April 2001 |accessdate=23 December 2012}}</ref> that purported to reveal a highly secret ruling body called the [[Palladists|Palladium]], which controlled the organization and had a satanic agenda. As described by ''Freemasonry Disclosed'' in 1897:
{{quote|With frightening cynicism, the miserable person we shall not name here [Taxil] declared before an assembly especially convened for him that for twelve years he had prepared and carried out to the end the most sacrilegious of hoaxes. We have always been careful to publish special articles concerning Palladism and Diana Vaughan. We are now giving in this issue a complete list of these articles, which can now be considered as not having existed.<ref>''Freemasonry Disclosed'' April 1897</ref>}}

Taxil's work and Pike's address continue to be quoted by anti-masonic groups.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.masonicinfo.com/taxil.htm |title=Leo Taxil: The tale of the Pope and the Pornographer |accessdate=14 September 2006}}</ref>

In ''Devil-Worship in France'', [[Arthur Edward Waite]] compared Taxil's work to what today we would call a [[Tabloid journalism|tabloid]] story, replete with logical and factual inconsistencies.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Inf. 34 Alessandro Vellutello, Lucifero (1534).jpg|Lucifer, by Alessandro Vellutello (1534), for Dante's ''Inferno'', canto 34
File:Blake Hell 34 Lucifer.jpg|Lucifer, by [[William Blake]], for Dante's ''Inferno'', canto 34
File:ParadiseLButts1.jpg|Satan/Lucifer arousing rebel angels in [[John Milton|Milton]]'s ''[[Paradise Lost]]'', by [[William Blake]]
File:Lucifero.gif|Cover of 1887 edition of [[Mario Rapisardi]]'s poem ''Lucifero''
File:Zichy,Mihaly - Lucifer az urral szemben (Madach).jpg|Lucifer before the Lord, by [[Mihály Zichy]] (19th century)
File:Punchinello Mayor Hall.png|[[A. Oakey Hall|Mayor Hall]] and Lucifer, by an unknown artist (1870)
File:Paradise Lost 12.jpg|[[Gustave Doré]]'s illustration for [http://www.danshort.com/pl/page1.php?p=12 Milton's ''Paradise Lost'', III, 739–742: Satan on his way to bring about the fall of man]
File:Paradise Lost 19.jpg|Gustave Doré's illustration for [http://www.danshort.com/pl/page1.php?p=19 Milton's ''Paradise Lost'', V, 1006–1015: Satan yielding before Gabriel]
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Angra Mainyu]]
* [[Aphrodite]]
* [[Astarte]]
* [[Asura]]
* [[Devil]]
* [[Phosphorus (morning star)]]
* [[Devil in popular culture]]
* [[Doctor Faustus (play)|''Doctor Faustus'' (play)]]
* [[Aurvandil|Earendel]]
* [[Eosphoros]]
* [[Guardian of the Threshold]]
* [[Inferno (Dante)|''Inferno'' (Dante)]], the first of the three ''[[canticle|canticas]]'' of ''[[Divine Comedy]]''
* [[Luceafărul (poem)]], a poem by the poet [[Mihai Eminescu]]
* [[Luceafărul (magazine)|''Luceafărul'']], a literary magazine
* [[Luciferianism]]
* ''[[The Lucifer Effect]]''
* ''[[Lucifer and Prometheus]]''
* [[Satan]]
* [[Shahar (god)|Shahar]]
* [[Venus (astrology)]]
* [[Venus (mythology)]]
{{Div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|last=Charlesworth|first=edited by James H.|title=The Old Testament pseudepigrapha.|date=2010|publisher=Hendrickson|location=Peabody, Mass.|isbn=1-59856-491-9}}
*{{cite book|last=TBD|first=|title=Tyndale Bible Dictionary, Dayspring, Daystar|date=2001|publisher=Tyndale House Publishers|url=https://books.google.com/?id=hWkoFOvbWW4C&pg=PA114-IA2&lpg=PA114-IA2&dq=0842370897#v=onepage&q=0842370897&f=true|location=Wheaton, Ill.|isbn=0842370897|author2=Elwell, Walter A. |author3=Comfort, Philip W. |editor=Walter A. Elwell |editor2=Philip Wesley Comfort|page=363}}
*{{cite book|last=Campbell|first=Joseph|title=Myths To Live By|date=1972|publisher=Souvenir Press|location=[London]|isbn=0-285-64731-8|edition=Repr. 2nd}}
http://www.sacred-texts.com/bib/vul/isa014.htm

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
{{Commons category}}
{{Catholic Encyclopedia poster|Lucifer}}
{{wiktionary|Lucifer|lucifer}}
*The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica (2010). [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lucifer-classical-mythology Lucifer (classical mythology)]. ''Encyclopaedia Britannica.'' Encyclopædia Britannica, inc.
*{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Lucifer (devil)}}

{{Adam and Eve}}
{{Cain and Abel}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Archangel in Christianity]]
[[Category:Babylonian kings]]
[[Category:Book of Isaiah]]
[[Category:Christian terminology]]
[[Category:Dawn]]
[[Category:Fallen angels]]
[[Category:Hell (Christianity)]]
[[Category:Luciferianism]]
[[Category:Roman gods]]
[[Category:Satan]]
[[Category:Satanism]]
[[Category:Stellar gods]]
[[Category:Venus]]
[[Category:Vulgate Latin words and phrases]]