Changes

| reign = cac. 556 – 539 556–539 BC

| successor = [[Nebuchadnezzar IIICyrus the Great]] (Self-proclaimedby conquering Babylonia)| spouse =[[Nitocris of Babylon]] (possibly){{sfn|Dougherty|2008|p=43}}

| father =Nabu-balātsu-iqbi| mother = [[Addagoppe of Harran]]| issue = [[Belshazzar]]<br>[[Ennigaldi (Ennigaldi-Nanna)|Ennigaldi]]<br>[[Nebuchadnezzar III]]?

| birth_place = [[Harran]] (the city where his mother was priestess)

| death_place =[[Carmania (region)|Carmania]] (his reported exile place)

<!--T:2-->'''Nabonidus''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|n|æ|b|ə|ˈ|n|aɪ|d|ə|s}}; {{lang-akk|[[Akkadian language𒀭]]𒀝𒉎𒌇}} {{transl|Akkadianakk|^{[[Dingir|d]] '''}Nabû-naʾid'''}}, "[[Nabu]] is praised", نابونيد) is was the [[List of Kings of Babylon|last king]] of the [[Neo-Babylonian Empire]], reigning from 556–539 BC. He seized power in a coup, toppling King [[Labashi-Marduk]]. Although his origins are not clear, it is understood that he was not [[Chaldea|Chaldean]], like previous kings, but was a proud [[Assyria|Assyrian]], from Babylon’s rival to the north, making him unpopular during his reign. He also angered the priests and commoners of Babylon by neglecting the city’s chief god, [[Marduk]], and elevating the moon god, [[Sin (mythology)|Sin]], to the highest status. In fact, Nabonidus left the capital for ten years to build and restore temples – mostly to Sin – leaving his son in charge. While leading excavations for the restoration effort, he initiated the world’s first archaeological work.

==Historiography== <!--T:3-->Modern perceptions of Nabonidus' reign has been heavily colored by accounts written well after his reign as king of BabylonMeanwhile, most notably by the Persian [[Achaemenid Empire|Persians]] and to the east, led by [[Ancient Greece|GreeksCyrus the Great]]. As a result, Nabonidus has often had been described in very negative terms in both modern and contemporaneous scholarshipgaining strength. However, an accumulation King Cyrus had become popular among the residents of evidence and a reassessment of existing material has caused opinions on Nabonidus and Babylon by posing as the events that happened during one who would restore Marduk to his reign to alter significantly rightful place in recent decadesthe city.<ref>See for example in W. von SodenAs the Persians advanced to Babylon, “Kyros und Nabonid: Propaganda und Gegenpropaganda”, in H. Koch and D.N. MacKenzie (eds.), ''Kunst, Kultur und Geschichte der Achämenidenzeit und ihr Fortleben'' (Berlin: Dietrich Reimer 1983), 61-8; [[Paul-Alain Beaulieu|P.-A. Beaulieu]], ''The reign of Nabonidus king of Babylon 556-539 Breturned.C.'' (New Haven CT: Yale University Press 1989); A. Kuhrt, “Nabonidus and He was captured by the Babylonian priesthood”, Persians in M. Beard 539 BC and J. North (eds.)Babylon was occupied, ''Pagan priests: Religion and power in thus ending the ancient world'' (London: Duckworth), 117Neo-55; FBabylonian Empire. Grant, “Nabonidus, Nabû-šarra-uṣur, and Cyrus was welcomed into the Eanna temple”city, in ''Zeitschrift für Assyriologie'' 81 (1991:37-86); T.G. Lee, “The jasper cylinder seal of Aššurbanipal and Nabonidus’ making of Sîn’s statue”, in Revue d’Assyriologie 87 (1993:131-6); P. Machinist and H. Tadmor, “Heavenly wisdom”, in M.E. Cohen, D.C. Snell and D.B. Weisberg (eds.), ''The tablet and where he performed the scroll: Near Eastern studies in honour rites of William WMarduk. Hallo'' (Bethesda MD: CDL Press 1993)Nabonidus’ fate is uncertain, 146-51; H. Schaudig, ''Die Inschriften Nabonids von Babylon und Kyros’ des Großen samt den in ihrem Umfeld entstandenen Tendezschriften: Textausgabe und Grammatik'' (Münster: Ugarit-Verlag 2001); P.-A. Beaulieu, “Nabonidus the mad king: A reconsideration of his steles from Harran though it is believed he was exiled to Iran and Babylon”, in M. Heinz and M.H. Feldman (eds.), ''Representations of political power: Case histories from times of change and dissolving order in the ancient Near East'' (Winona Lake IN: Eisenbrauns 2007), 137-66allowed to occupy a government post.</ref>

==BiographyHistoriography== Modern perceptions of Nabonidus' reign have been heavily colored by accounts written well after his reign as king of Babylon, most notably by the [[Achaemenid Empire|Persians]] and the [[Ancient Greece|Greeks]]. As a result, Nabonidus has often been described in very negative terms in both modern and contemporaneous scholarship. However, an accumulation of evidence and a reassessment of existing material has caused opinions on Nabonidus and the events that happened during his reign to alter significantly in recent decades.<!ref>See for example in W. von Soden, “Kyros und Nabonid: Propaganda und Gegenpropaganda”, in H. Koch and D.N. MacKenzie (eds.), ''Kunst, Kultur und Geschichte der Achämenidenzeit und ihr Fortleben'' (Berlin: Dietrich Reimer 1983), 61–8; [[Paul-Alain Beaulieu|P.-A. Beaulieu]], ''The reign of Nabonidus king of Babylon 556-539 B.C.'' (New Haven CT: Yale University Press 1989); A. Kuhrt, “Nabonidus and the Babylonian priesthood”, in M. Beard and J. North (eds.), ''Pagan priests: Religion and power in the ancient world'' (London: Duckworth), 117-55; F. Grant, “Nabonidus, Nabû-šarra-uṣur, and the Eanna temple”, in ''Zeitschrift für Assyriologie'' 81 (1991:37–86); T.G. Lee, “The jasper cylinder seal of Aššurbanipal and Nabonidus’ making of Sîn’s statue”, in Revue d’Assyriologie 87 (1993:4131-6); P. Machinist and H. Tadmor, “Heavenly wisdom”, in M.E. Cohen, D.C. Snell and D.B. Weisberg (eds.), ''The tablet and the scroll: Near Eastern studies in honour of William W. Hallo'' (Bethesda MD: CDL Press 1993), 146–51; H. Schaudig, ''Die Inschriften Nabonids von Babylon und Kyros’ des Großen samt den in ihrem Umfeld entstandenen Tendezschriften: Textausgabe und Grammatik'' (Münster: Ugarit-Verlag 2001); P.-A. Beaulieu, “Nabonidus the mad king: A reconsideration of his steles from Harran and Babylon”, in M. Heinz and M.H. Feldman (eds.), ''Representations of political power: Case histories from times of change and dissolving order in the ancient Near East'' (Winona Lake IN: Eisenbrauns 2007), 137–66.</ref>

==Biography== ===Ascent=== <!--T:5-->

Nabonidus' background is not clear. He said in his inscriptions that he was of unimportant origins.<ref>Collected in Beaulieu 1989.</ref> Similarly, his mother [[Addagoppe of Harran|Addagoppe]], who lived to an old age and may have been connected to the [[temple]] of the [[Lunar Deity|moon-god]] [[Sin (mythology)|Sîn]] in [[Harran]], does not mention her family background in her inscriptions. There are two arguments for an [[Assyria]]n background: repeated references in Nabonidus' royal [[propaganda]] and [[imagery]] to [[Ashurbanipal]], the last great [[Neo-Chaldean Assyrian Empire|Neo-ChaldeanAssyrian]] king; and Nabonidus' originating from, and his special interest in Harran, an Chaldean Assyrian city and the last stronghold of the Neo-Chaldeans Assyrians after the fall of [[Nineveh]], their main [[Capital city|capital]].<ref>W. Mayer, "Nabonidus Herkunft", in M. Dietrich and O. Loretz (eds.), ''Dubsar anta-men: Studien zur Altorientalistik'' (Münster: Ugarit-Verlag 1998), 245-61245–61; {{cite journal

|title = National and Ethnic Identity in the Neo-Chaldean Assyrian Empire and Chaldean Assyrian Identity in Post-Empire Times

|pages page= pp. 19

|archiveurl =|archivedate =}}</ref> HoweverA few inscriptions name Nabonidus’ father, it has been pointed out that Nabonidus' royal propaganda was hardly different from his predecessors, while his Persian successor'Nabu-balatsu-iqbi'', satrap (governor) of Harran and descendant of [[Cyrus the GreatEsarhaddon]], also referred to Ashurbanipal though one brick inscription from Harran lists his name as “Naksu” in place of “Nabu”. Inscriptions title him as ''The Wise Prince and The Devotee of the [[Cyrus cylinder]]Great Gods and Goddesses'', however his family is never mentioned, leading to the assumption he died as a young man.<ref>AWolfgang Röllig: ''Erwägungen zu neuen Stelen König Nabonids. Kuhrt, "'Ex oriente lux'In: How we may widen our perspectives on ancient history", in R. Rollinger, A. Luther and J. Wiesehöfer (eds.), ''Getrennte Wege? Kommunikation, Raum Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Wahrnehmung in der alten WeltVorderasiatische Archäologie.'' (Frankfurt am Main: Verlag Antike 2007)Band 56, 1964, 617-32S. 218–260, hier S. 237.</ref> He certainly did not belong to the previous ruling dynasty, the [[Chaldea]]ns, of whom [[Nebuchadnezzar II]] was the most famous member. He came to the throne in 556 BC by overthrowing the young king [[Labashi-Marduk]].

===Reign=== <!--T:6-->However, it has been pointed out that Nabonidus took an interest in Babylon's pastroyal propaganda was hardly different from his predecessors, excavating ancient buildings and displaying while his archeological discoveries Persian successor, [[Cyrus the Great]], also referred to Ashurbanipal in a museumthe [[Cyrus cylinder]]. In most <ref>A. Kuhrt, "'Ex oriente lux': How we may widen our perspectives on ancient accountshistory", he is depicted as a royal anomalyin R. Nabonidus is supposed to have worshiped the moon-god Sîn beyond all the other godsRollinger, A. Luther and J. Wiesehöfer (eds.), to have paid special devotion to Sîn's temple 'Getrennte Wege? Kommunikation, Raum und Wahrnehmung in Harrander alten Welt'' (Frankfurt am Main: Verlag Antike 2007), where his mother was a priestess, and 617–32.</ref> He certainly did not belong to have neglected the Babylonian primary godprevious ruling dynasty, the [[MardukChaldea]]. Because of the tensions that these religious reforms generatedns, he had to leave the capital for the desert oasis of whom [[TaymaNebuchadnezzar II]] in Arabia early in his reign, from which he only returned after many yearswas the most famous member. In He came to the meantime, his son throne in 556 BC by overthrowing the young king [[BelshazzarLabashi-Marduk]] ruled from Babylon.

====Contributions==== <!--T[[File:7-->Nabonidus is most revered and is known as the first archaeologistUrfaMuseumNabonidSymbole.<ref>{{cite webjpg|last=Watrallthumb|first=Ethanright|title=ANP203-History-The emblems of-Archaeology-Lecture-2|url=http://anthropology.msu.edu/anp203h-ss14/files/2013/08/ANP203-History-of-Archaeology-Lecture-2-.pdf>.|publisher=Anthropology.msu.edu|accessdate=7 April 2014}}</ref> Not only did he lead the first excavations which were to find the foundation deposits of the temples of Šamaš the sun godVenus, the warrior goddess Anunitu, (both located in Sippar)Sun, and Moon on the sanctuary Stele of Naram-SinNabonidus, the moon god, located in found at [[Harran, but he also had them restored to their former glory]] ([[Şanlıurfa Museum]]).<ref>{{cite web|last=Lendering|first=Jona|title=Note that Nabonidus Cylinder from Sippar|url=http://www.livius.org/na-nd/nabonidus/cylinder.html>|publisher=Livius.org|accessdate=7 April 2014}}</ref> He was also the first is closest to date an archaeological artifact in his attempt to date Naram-Sin's temple during his search for it.<ref>{{cite web|last=Hurst|first=K. Kris|title=The History of Archaeology Part 1|url=http://archaeology.about.com/cs/educationalresour/a/history1.htm|publisher=About.com|accessdate=4/5/14}}</ref> Even though his estimate was inaccurate by about 1500 years, it was still a very good one considering the lack of accurate dating technology at the time.<ref>{{cite web|last=Hurst|first=k. Kris|title=The History of Archaeology Part 1|url=http://archaeology.about.com/cs/educationalresour/a/history1.htm|publisher=About.com|accessdate=4/5/14}}</ref>)moon.]]

===Reign=Religious policy==Nabonidus took an interest in Babylon's past, excavating ancient buildings and displaying his archeological discoveries in a museum. In most ancient accounts, he is depicted as a royal anomaly. Nabonidus is supposed to have worshiped the moon-god Sîn beyond all the other gods, to have paid special devotion to Sîn's temple in Harran, where his mother was a priestess, and to have neglected the Babylonian primary god, [[Marduk]]. He left the capital and travelled to the desert city of [[Tayma]] in Arabia early in his reign, from which he only returned after many years. In the meantime, his son [[Belshazzar]] ruled from Babylon. == ==Contributions====Nabonidus is most revered and is known as the first archaeologist.<!ref>{{cite web|last=Watrall|first=Ethan|title=ANP203-History-Tof-Archaeology-Lecture-2|url=http:8//anthropology.msu.edu/anp203h-ss14/files/2013/08/ANP203-History-of-Archaeology-Lecture-2-.pdf>.|publisher=Anthropology.msu.edu|accessdate=7 April 2014}}</ref> Not only did he lead the first excavations which were to find the foundation deposits of the temples of Šamaš the sun god, the warrior goddess Anunitu (both located in Sippar), and the sanctuary of Naram-Sin, the moon god, located in Harran, but he also had them restored to their former glory.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lendering|first=Jona|title=Nabonidus Cylinder from Sippar|url=http://www.livius.org/na-nd/nabonidus/cylinder.html>|publisher=Livius.org|accessdate=7 April 2014}}</ref> He was also the first to date an archaeological artifact in his attempt to date Naram-Sin's temple during his search for it.<ref>{{cite web|last=Hurst|first=K. Kris|title=The History of Archaeology Part 1|url=http://archaeology.about.com/cs/educationalresour/a/history1.htm|publisher=About.com|accessdate=4/5/14}}</ref> Even though his estimate was inaccurate by about 1,500 years, it was still a very good one considering the lack of accurate dating technology at the time.<ref>{{cite web|last=Hurst|first=k. Kris|title=The History of Archaeology Part 1|url=http://archaeology.about.com/cs/educationalresour/a/history1.htm|publisher=About.com|accessdate=4/5/14}}</ref> ====Religious policy====[[File:Detail of a terracotta cylinder of Nabonidus, recording the restoration work on the temple of Shamash at Larsa. 555-539 BCE. Probably from Larsa, Iraq, housed in the British Museum.jpg|thumb|Detail of a terracotta cylinder of Nabonidus, recording the restoration work on the temple of Shamash at Larsa. 555-539 BC. Probably from Larsa, Iraq, housed in the British Museum]]Although Nabonidus' personal preference for Sîn is clear, the strength of this preference divides scholars. While some claim that it is obvious from his inscriptions that he became almost [[Henotheism|henotheistic]],<ref>Beaulieu 1989:46-6546–65; Machinist/Tadmor 1993.</ref> others consider Nabonidus to have been similar to other Babylonian rulers, in that he respected the other cults and religions in his kingdom.<ref>Kuhrt 1990.</ref> His negative image could then be blamed on the Marduk priesthood, that resented Nabonidus' long absence from Babylon during his stay in Tayma, during which the important, Marduk-related [[Akitu|New Year (Akītu-)Festival]] could not take place, and his emphasis on Sîn. In any case, there is no sign of the civil unrest during his reign that would have been indicative of trouble. [[File:Granite stele of the Babylonian king Nabonidus. Ancient Orient Museum, Istanbul Archeological Museums,Turkey..JPG|thumb|Granite stele of the Babylonian king Nabonidus. Ancient Orient Museum, Istanbul Archeological Museums,Turkey.]]

<!--T:13-->But this exposed him to criticism by from his enemies, notably Cyrus, who . Cyrus was trying to show why he was a better king than Nabonidus had been, and took this as an example of Nabonidus ' lack of fitness to rule.<ref name=persianpropaganda>Beaulieu 1993; A. Kuhrt, "The Cyrus cylinder and Achaemenid imperial policy", ''[[Journal for the Study of the Old Testament]]'' 25 (1983:83-9783–97).</ref> In the words of, again, Beaulieu:

<!--T:16-->{{Quote|"As for the gods of Sumer and Akkad which Nabonidus, to the wrath of the lord of the gods, brought to Babylon, at the command of Marduk, the great lord, I (Cyrus) caused them to dwell in peace in their sanctuaries, (in) pleasing dwellings. May all the gods I brought (back) to their sanctuaries plead daily before Bel and Nabu for the lengthening of my days, may they intercede favorably on my behalf."|Cyrus Cylinder, 30-3430–34}}

====Nabonidus' stay in Tayma==== <!--T:19-->It is not clear yet why Nabonidus stayed in Tayma for so long. His reason for going there seems clear: Tayma was an important oasis, from where lucrative [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabian]] [[trade route]]s could be controlled. The Chaldeans Assyrians before him had already attempted to do the same.<ref>Beaulieu 1989:149-205149–205. On Tayma's importance for trade: C. Edens and G. Bawden, "History of Tayma' and Hejazi trade during the first millennium B.C.", ''Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient'' 32 (1989:48-10348–103).</ref> However, why Nabonidus stayed for so long (probably about ten years, perhaps from 553-543 553–543 BC) and why he returned when he did remain unresolved questions. It has been proposed that this was because he did not feel at home in Babylon, which was opposed to his emphasis on Sîn. Regarding his return, this may have had to do with the mounting threat of Cyrus and growing disagreements with Belshazzar, who was relieved of his command directly after Nabonidus had come back, along with a number of administrators.<ref>Beaulieu 1989:149-205149–205.</ref> During his stay, Nabonidus adorned Tayma with a complex of royal buildings, most of which have come to light during recent excavations.<ref>An overview of the history of Tayma, current archaeological work, as well as bibliographical references, are given in {{cite web | title=Deutsches Archäologisches Institut: Tayma | url=http://www.dainst.org/index_3258_en.html | accessdate=2007-10-16| deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023032453/http://www.dainst.org/index_3258_en.html | archivedate=2007-10-23 | df= }} Also: H. Hayajneh, "First evidence of Nabonidus in the Ancient North Arabian inscriptions from the region of Tayma", ''Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies'' 31 (2001:81-9581–95).</ref>

===The Persian conquest of Babylonia=== <!--T:20-->Different accounts of the fall of Babylon survive. According to the [[Cyrus Cylinder]], the people opened their gates for Cyrus and greeted him as their liberator. [[Book of Isaiah|Isaiah]] 40-55 40–55 prophesied that the Persians would carry off Babylonian women and cultic statues. [[Herodotus]] said that Cyrus defeated the Babylonians outside their city, after which a [[siege]] began. When this took too long, Cyrus diverted the [[Euphrates]], so that his troops could march into the city through the river bed.<ref>Herodotus, ''[[Histories (Herodotus)|Histories]]'' 1.188-191188–191</ref> [[Xenophon]] had a similar view, but he did not mention the battle.<ref>Xenophon, ''[[Cyropaedia]]'' 7.5.1-361–36</ref> Finally, [[Berossus]] claimed that Cyrus beat the Babylonian army, but , this time, Nabonidus was supposed to have fled to nearby [[Borsippa]]. There he hid, while Cyrus took Babylon and demolished its outer walls. When Cyrus turned towards Borsippa, Nabonidus soon surrendered.<ref>From the ''Babyloniaca'': [[Fragmente der griechischen Historiker]] 680F9a = [[Josephus|Flavius Josephus]], ''[[Against Apion]]'' 1.149-153149–153.</ref>

<!--T:22-->{{Quote|"In the month of [[Tašrîtu]], when Cyrus attacked the army of Akkad in Opis [i.e., Baghdad] on the Tigris, the inhabitants of Akkad revolted, but he [Cyrus or Nabonidus?] massacred the confused inhabitants. The fifteenth day [12 October], Sippar was seized without battle. Nabonidus fled. The sixteenth day, Gobryas [litt: Ugbaru], the governor of Gutium, and the army of Cyrus entered Babylon without battle. Afterwards, Nabonidus was arrested in Babylon when he returned there. Till the end of the month, the shield carrying Gutians were staying within Esagila but nobody carried arms in Esagila and its buildings. The correct time for a ceremony was not missed.

<!--T:24-->Additionally, a building inscription has been found which mentions the restoration of the [[Enlil]] [[Gate]] of Babylon shortly after its capture. Based on this information, the following reconstruction has been proposed:<ref>P. Briant, ''From Cyrus to Alexander: A history of the Persian Empire'' (Winona Lake IN: Eisenbrauns 2002), 50-550–5, 80-780–7; G. Tolini, "{{cite web|title = Quelques éléments concernant la prise de Babylon par Cyrus (octobre 539 av. J.-C.)|url = http://www.achemenet.com/ressources/enligne/arta/pdf/2005.003-Tolini.pdf}}", ''Arta'' (2005/03); A. Kuhrt, "{{cite web|title = Ancient Near Eastern history: The case of Cyrus the Great of Persia|url = http://www.proc.britac.ac.uk/tfiles/237224A/143p107.pdf}}", in H.G.M. Williamson (ed.), ''{{cite web|title = Understanding the history of ancient Israel|url = http://www.britac.ac.uk/pubs/cat/pba143.html}}'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2007), 107-27107–27.</ref> When Cyrus attempted to march into southern Mesopotamia, he was met by the Babylonians near [[Opis]]. In the ensuing battle, the Persians were victorious. This in turn led to the nearby city of [[Sippar]] surrendering. Meanwhile, the Babylonians had withdrawn south to establish a line of defence near the Euphrates that was intended to prevent Cyrus from advancing too far. However, Cyrus' forces did not challenge the Babylonian army. Rather, he sent a small force south along the [[Tigris]] to try to take the capital by surprise. This plan worked: the Persian troops reached Babylon undetected and caught it unawares, meeting only minor resistance near one of its gates. Thus, they were not only able to capture Babylon, but also King Nabonidus.

<!--T:25-->This left the Babylonian army in an untenable position and it soon surrendered. In the meantime, [[Gubaru|Ugbaru]], the commander of the Persian forces that had captured Babylon, had taken good care that his men would should not plunder or otherwise harm the city. He had even made sure that the temple rites continued to be observed. Nonetheless, it still took Cyrus almost a month before he proceeded towards the city. As many Babylonian officials as well as the Babylonian administrative system stayed in place after the transition of power, it has been surmised that this time was spent on negotiations with representatives from the city;<ref>J. Wiesehöfer, "Kontinuität oder Zäsur? Babylon under den Achaimeniden", in J. Renger (ed.), ''Babylon: Focus Mesopotamischer Geschichte, Wiege früher Gelehrsamheit, Mythos in der Moderne'' (Saarbrücken: SDV 1999), 167-88167–88; M. Jursa, "The transition of Babylonia from the Neo-Babylonian empire to Achaemenid rule", in H. Crawford (ed.), ''Regime change in the ancient Near East and Egypt: From Sargon of Agade to Saddam Hussein'' (New York: Oxford University Press 2007), 73-9473–94.</ref> this is similar to what happened when the Neo-Chaldean Assyrian king [[Sargon II]] and later [[Alexander the Great]] took the city.<ref>Kuhrt 2007 ("'Ex oriente lux'...").</ref>

===Death=== <!--T:26-->The final fate of Nabonidus is uncertain. Cyrus was known to spare the lives of some kings he had defeated, for example King [[Croesus]] of [[Lydia]], who, after his defeat, was allowed to live at King Cyrus's court as an advisor. This is according to [[Herodotus]], who also states that Croesus was first sentenced to death by burning and was only allowed to live after showing his wisdom.<ref>1.86-8886–88</ref> [[Bacchylides]] tells us that [[Apollo]] snatched up Croesus just before the flames were about to burn him, and took him to the [[Hyperboreans]]. In the reference in the Nabonidus Chronicle to a campaign by Cyrus in (possibly) 547 BC, during which a country was taken and its king killed, the text showing the name of the country is damaged, although it may be [[Urartu]].<ref>J. Oelsner, "Review of R. Rollinger, ''Herodots babylonischer logos: Eine kritische Untersuchung der Glaubwürdigkeitsdiskussion'' (Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachwissenschaft 1993)", ''Archiv für Orientforschung'' '''46/47''' (1999/2000:378-80); R. Rollinger, "The Median "empire", the end of Urartu and Cyrus' the Great campaign in 547 B.C. (Nabonidus Chronicle II 16)", ''Ancient West & East'' '''7''' (2008:49-6349–63).</ref> Accounts by Berossus and the retrospective Hellenistic Babylonian dynastic prophecies state that he was allowed to retire to live in [[Kermān Province|Carmania]].

==In popular culture== <!--T:27-->

==See also== <!--T:28-->

==References== <!--T:29-->

==External links== <!--T:30-->*[httphttps://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/me/c/cylinder_of_nabonidus.aspx Cylinder of Nabonidus] at the [[British Museum]].

{{Succession box|title=[[Kings of Babylon|King of Babylon]]|before=[[Labashi-Marduk]]|after=[[Nebuchadnezzar III]] (Self-proclaimed)|years=556&ndash;539 556–539 BC}}

<!--T:31-->{{Persondata <!--Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]].-->|NAME = Nabonidus|ALTERNATIVE NAMES =|SHORT DESCRIPTION = King of Babylon|DATE OF BIRTH =|PLACE OF BIRTH =|DATE OF DEATH =|PLACE OF DEATH =Authority control}} 

[[Category:Chaldean 6th-century BC rulers]][[Category:Assyrian kings]]