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{{redirect|Hamurabi|the video game|Hamurabi (video game)}}
{{Other uses}}
{{distinguish|Ammurapi}}
{{pp-vandalism|expiry=15:52, 22 March 2018|small=yes}}{{Infobox person | name =Hammurabi | image =P1050771 F0182 Louvre code Hammurabi bas Code Hammourabi Bas-relief Sb8 rwk.JPGjpg| image_size =160px235px| caption =Hammurabi (standing), depicted as receiving his royal insignia from [[Shamash]](or possibly [[Marduk]]). Hammurabi holds his hands over his mouth as a sign of prayer<ref>{{cite |title=Ancient Iraq by |first=Georges |last=Roux, Chapter 17 |author-link=Georges Roux |chapter=The Time of Confusion p. |page=266|url=https://books.google.es/books?id=klZX8B_RzzYC&pg=PA266 |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |isbn=9780141938257}}</ref> (relief on the upper part of the stele of [[code of Hammurabi|Hammurabi's code of laws]]).| birth_date = ~c. 1810 BC| birth_place = [[Babylonia]]Babylon| death_date = 1750 BC [[middle chronology]]<small>(modern-day [[Jordan]] and [[Syria]])</small><BR>(aged c. 60)
| death_place = Babylon
| death_cause =
| religion = [[Babylonian religion]]
| known = '''Code of Hammurabi'''
| predecessor = [[Sin-Muballit]]
| successor = [[Samsu-iluna]]
| children = [[Samsu-iluna]]
}}
'''Hammurabi''' ({{efn|[[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] : {{script|Xsux|𒄩𒄠𒈬𒊏𒁉}} ''Ḫa-am-mu-ra-bi'', from the [[Amorite language|Amorite]] ''ʻAmmurāpi'', ("the kinsman is a healer"), itself from ''ʻAmmu'', ("paternal kinsman", ) and ''Rāpi'', ("healer"; died c. )}} ({{circa|1810 BC|1750 BC}}) was the sixth [[Amorite]] king of [[Babylon]] (that is, of the [[First Babylonian Dynasty]], the Amorite Dynasty) reigning from 1792 BC to 1750 BC (according to the [[middle chronologyMiddle Chronology]] (1728 BC – 1686 BC ). He was preceded by his father, [[short chronologySin-Muballit]]<ref>See Arnold 2006, who abdicated due to failing health. During his reign, he conquered the city-states of [http://books.google.com/books?id=nAemO6HmOgYC&pg=PA9#v=onepage&q=1792&f=false p. vii[Elam]]. His date of birth is around 1810 BC, see for example[[Larsa]], Van De Mieroop 2005[[Eshnunna]], and [[http://books.google.com/books?id=GDr49Nd0jh4C&pg=PA1 p. 1Mari, Syria|Mari]].</ref>). He became ousted [[Ishme-Dagan I]], the first king of the [[Babylonia|Babylonian EmpireAssyria]] following the abdication of , and forced his father, son [[SinMut-MuballitAshkur]]to pay tribute, who had become very ill and died, extending Babylon's control over thereby bringing almost all of [[Mesopotamia]] by winning a series of wars against neighboring kingdomsunder Babylonian rule.<ref>{{cite book | last = Beck | first = Roger B. | authorlink last= Beck | coauthors first2= Linda |last2=Black, |first3=Larry S. |last3=Krieger, |first4=Phillip C. |last4=Naylor, |first5=Dahia Ibo |last5=Shabaka, | title = World History: Patterns of Interaction |url=https://books.google.es/books?id=pQRlSAAACAAJ | publisher = [[McDougal Littell ]] | year = 1999 | location = Evanston, IL | pages = | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 0-395-87274-X | oclc = 39762695 }}</ref> Although his empire controlled all of Mesopotamia at the time of his death, his successors were unable to maintain his empire.Hammurabi is known for the set of laws called [[Code of Hammurabi|Hammurabi's Code]], one of the first written [[Civil code|codes of law]] in [[recorded history]].
The first few decades of Hammurabi entered into 's reign were quite peaceful. Hammurabi used his power to undertake a protracted war with [[Ishme-Dagan I]] series of [[Assyria]] public works, including heightening the city walls for control of Mesopotamiadefensive purposes, with both kings making alliances with minor states in order to gain and expanding the upper handtemples. Eventually Hammurabi prevailed<ref>{{harvnb|Arnold|2005|p=43}}</ref> In {{circa|1801 BC}}, ousting Ishme-Dagan I just before his own death. the powerful kingdom of Elam, which straddled important trade routes across the [[Mut-AshkurZagros Mountains]] , invaded the new king Mesopotamian plain.<ref>{{harvnb|Van De Mieroop|2005|pp=15–16}}</ref> With allies among the plain states, Elam attacked and destroyed the kingdom of Assyria was forced to pay tribute to HammurabiEshnunna, however Babylon did not destroying a number of cities and imposing its rule Assyria directlyon portions of the plain for the first time.<ref>{{harvnb|Van De Mieroop|2005|p=17}}</ref>
{{multiple image| align = right| direction = horizontal| header = | width = <!-- Image 1 -->| image1 = King Hammurabi raises his right arm in worship. Detail of a votive monument. Limestone. Circa 1792-1750 BCE. From Sippar, Iraq. The British Museum, London.jpg| width1 = 213| alt1 =| caption1 = Detail of a [[limestone]] votive monument from Sippar, Iraq, dating to {{circa|1792|1750 BC}} showing King Hammurabi raising his right arm in worship, now held in the [[British Museum]]<!-- Image 2 -->| image2 = Royal portrait - Hamurabi - King of Babylon -1900 before JC -.JPG| width2 = 180| alt2 =| caption2 = This bust, known as the "Head of Hammurabi", is now thought to predate Hammurabi by a few hundred years<ref>{{cite web|last=Claire|first=Iselin|url=http://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/royal-head-known-head-hammurabi|title=Royal head, known as the "Head of Hammurabi"|publisher=[[Musée du Louvre]]|ref=harv}}</ref> (''[[Louvre]]'')}} In order to consolidate its position, Elam tried to start a war between Hammurabi's Babylonian kingdom and the kingdom of Larsa.<ref name="VM18">{{harvnb|Van De Mieroop|2005|p=18}}</ref> Hammurabi and the king of Larsa made an alliance when they discovered this duplicity and were able to crush the Elamites, although Larsa did not contribute greatly to the military effort.<ref name="VM18" /> Angered by Larsa's failure to come to his aid, Hammurabi turned on that southern power, thus gaining control of the entirety of the lower Mesopotamian plain by {{circa|1763 BC}}.<ref name="VM31">{{harvnb|Van De Mieroop|2005|p=31}}</ref> As Hammurabi was assisted during the war in the south by his allies from the north such as [[Yamhad]] and [[Mari, Syria|Mari]], the absence of soldiers in the north led to unrest.<ref name="VM31" /> Continuing his expansion, Hammurabi turned his attention northward, quelling the unrest and soon after crushing Eshnunna.<ref>{{harvnb|Van De Mieroop|2005|pp=40–41}}</ref> Next the Babylonian armies conquered the remaining northern states, including Babylon's former ally Mari, although it is possible that the conquest of Mari was a surrender without any actual conflict.<ref>{{harvnb|Van De Mieroop|2005|pp=54–55}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Van De Mieroop|2005|pp= 64–65}}</ref><ref name="Ar45">{{harvnb|Arnold|2005|p=45}}</ref> Hammurabi entered into a protracted war with [[Ishme-Dagan I]] of Assyria for control of Mesopotamia, with both kings making alliances with minor states in order to gain the upper hand. Eventually Hammurabi prevailed, ousting Ishme-Dagan I just before his own death. [[Mut-Ashkur]], the new king of Assyria, was forced to pay tribute to Hammurabi. In just a few years, Hammurabi had succeeded in uniting all of Mesopotamia under his rule.<ref name="Ar45" /> The Assyrian kingdom survived but was forced to pay tribute during his reign, and of the major city-states in the region, only [[Yamhad|Aleppo]] and [[Qatna]] to the west in the [[Levant]] maintained their independence.<ref name="Ar45" /> However, one stele of Hammurabi has been found as far north as [[Diyarbekir]], where he claims the title "King of the Amorites".<ref>{{cite book|title=The Empire of the Amorites|authorlast=Clay, |first=Albert Tobias|author-link=Albert Tobias Clay |publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|year=1919|pagespage=97|url=https://archive.org/details/empireofamorites00clayuoft}}</ref>
Vast numbers of contract [[Clay tablet|tablettablets]]s, dated to the reigns of Hammurabi and his successors, have been discovered, as well as 55 of his own letters.<ref>{{harvnb|Breasted|2003|p=129}}</ref> These letters give a glimpse into the daily trials of ruling an empire, from dealing with floods and mandating changes to a flawed [[calendar]], to taking care of Babylon's massive herds of livestock.<ref>{{harvnb|Breasted|2003|pp=129–130}}</ref> Hammurabi died and passed the reins of the empire on to his son [[Samsu-iluna]] in c. {{circa|1750 BC}}, under whose rule the Babylonian empire began to quickly unravel.<ref>{{harvnb|Arnold|2005|p=42}}</ref>
==Code of laws==
{{Main|Code of Hammurabi}}
[[File:P1050763 Louvre code Hammurabi face rwk.JPG|thumb|upright=1|[[Code of Hammurabi]] stele. [[The Louvre|Louvre Museum]], Paris]]The Code of Hammurabi is best known for not the [[promulgation]] of a new earliest surviving law code of [[Babylonian law]]: the [[Code ;<ref name="Davies2003">{{cite book|title=Codes of Hammurabi]]. One of the first written laws in the worldand Moses|author=Davies,{{Citation neededW. W.|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|date=October 2013January 2003|isbn=0-7661-3124-6|oclc=227972329}} the Code of Hammurabi was inscribed on a [[stele]] and placed in a public place so that all could see it, although </ref> it is thought that few were literate. The stele was later plundered predated by the Elamites and removed to their capital, [[SusaCode of Ur-Nammu]]; it was rediscovered there in 1901 in , the [[IranLaws of Eshnunna]] , and is now in the [[Louvre Museum]] in [[Paris]]. The code Lipit-Ishtar|Code of Hammurabi contained 282 laws, written by [[scribeLipit-Ishtar]]s on 12 tablets. Unlike earlier laws, it was written in [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]]<ref name="Davies2003"/> Nonetheless, the daily language Code of Babylon, Hammurabi shows marked differences from these earlier law codes and could therefore be read by any literate person in the cityultimately proved more influential.<refname="Breasted2003"/>{{harvnb|Breasted|2003|p<ref name=141}}"Bertman2003"/><ref name="Davies2003"/ref>
The structure Code of the code is very specific, with each offense receiving Hammurabi was inscribed on a specified punishment[[stele]] and placed in a public place so that all could see it, although it is thought that few were literate. The punishments tended to be very harsh stele was later plundered by modern standardsthe Elamites and removed to their capital, with many offenses resulting [[Susa]]; it was rediscovered there in 1901 in [[Iran]] and is now in death, disfigurement, or the use of the "[[Eye for an Eye|Eye for eye, tooth for toothLouvre Museum]]" (in [[An eye for an eye|Lex TalionisParis]] "Law of Retaliation") philosophy.<ref>Review: The Code code of Hammurabicontains 282 laws, Jwritten by [[scribe]]s on 12 tablets. Dyneley PrinceUnlike earlier laws, The American Journal it was written in [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]], the daily language of Theology Vol. 8Babylon, No. 3 (Juland could therefore be read by any literate person in the city.<ref name="Breasted2003">{{harvnb|Breasted|2003|p=141}}</ref> Earlier Sumerian law codes had focused on compensating the victim of the crime, 1904), pp. 601-609 Published by: The <ref name="Bertman2003">{{cite book|last1=Bertman|first1=Stephen|title=Handbook to Life in Ancient Mesopotamia|date=2003|publisher=Oxford University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http|location=Oxford, England|isbn=978-019-518364-1|page=71|url=https://wwwbooks.jstorgoogle.orgcom/stable/3153895?id=1C4NKp4zgIQC&pg=PA71&dq=adultery+in+ancient+Sumer#v=onepage&q=adultery%20in%20ancient%20Sumer&f=false|ref=harv}}</ref> The code is also one of but the earliest examples Code of Hammurabi instead focused on physically punishing the idea perpetrator.<ref name="Bertman2003"/> The Code of [[presumption Hammurabi was one of innocence]], and it also suggests that the accused and accuser have the opportunity first law code to provide place restrictions on what a wronged person was allowed to do in [[evidenceRetributive justice|retribution]].<ref>Victimology:Theories and Applications, Ann Wolbert Burgess, Albert R. Roberts, Cheryl Regehr,Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2009, p. 103<name="Bertman2003"/ref> However, there is no provision for [[extenuating circumstances]] to alter the prescribed punishment.
=== Significant Example laws in Hammurabi's code ===:(Text taken from Harper's translation, [[wikisources:The Code of Hammurabi (Harper translation)|readable on wikisource]])* § 8 – If any one steal cattle or sheep, or an ass, or a pig or a goat, if it belong to a god or to the court, the thief shall pay thirtyfold therefor; if they belonged to a freed man of the king he shall pay tenfold; if the thief has nothing with which to pay he shall be put to death.* § 21 – If a man make a breach in a house, they shall put him to death in front of that breach and they shall thrust him therein.* § 55 – If a man open his canal for irrigation and neglect it and the water carry away an adjacent field, he shall measure out grain on the basis of the adjacent fields.* § 59 – If a man cut down a tree in a man's orchard, without the consent of the owner of the orchard, he shall pay one-half ''mina'' of silver.* § 168 – If a man set his face to disinherit his son and say to the judges: "I will disinherit my son," the judges shall inquire into his antecedents, and if the son have not committed a crime sufficiently grave to cut him off from sonship, the father may not cut off his son from sonship.* § 169 – If he have committed a crime against his father sufficiently grave to cut him off from sonship, they shall condone his first (offense). If he commit a crime a second time, the father may cut off his son from sonship.* § 195 – If a son strike his father, they shall cut off his fingers.* § 196–201 – If a man destroy the eye of another man, they shall destroy his eye. If one break a man's bone, they shall break his bone. If one destroy the eye of a freeman or break the bone of a freeman he shall pay one ''mana'' of silver. If one destroy the eye of a man's slave or break a bone of a man's slave he shall pay one-half his price. If a man knock out a tooth of a man of his own rank, they shall knock out his tooth. If one knock out a tooth of a freeman, he shall pay one-third ''mana'' of silver.* § 218–219 – If a physician operate on a man for a severe wound with a bronze lancet and cause that man's death; or open an abscess (in the eye) of a man with a bronze lancet and destroy the man's eye, they shall cut off his fingers. If a physician operate on a slave of a freeman for a severe wound with a bronze lancet and cause his death, he shall restore a slave of equal value.* § 229–232 – If a builder build a house for a man and do not make its construction firm, and the house which he has built collapse and cause the death of the owner of the house, that builder shall be put to death. If it cause the death of a son of the owner of the house, they shall put to death a son of that builder. If it cause the death of a slave of the owner of the house, he shall give the owner of the house a slave of equal value. If it destroy property, he shall restore whatever it destroyed, and because he did not make the house which he built firm and it collapsed, he shall rebuild the house which collapsed from his own property (i.e., at his own expense).
The ''coup de grace'' for the Hammurabi's Amorite Dynasty occurred in 1595 BC, when Babylon was sacked and conquered by the powerful [[Hittite Empire]], thereby ending all Amorite political presence in Mesopotamia.<ref name="D19">{{harvnb|DeBlois|1997|p=19}}</ref> However, the Indo-European-speaking Hittites did not remain, turning over Babylon to their [[Kassites|Kassite]] allies, a people speaking a [[language isolate]], from the [[Zagros mountains]] region. This [[Kassite Dynasty]] ruled Babylon for over 400 years<ref name="D19"/> and adopted many aspects of the Babylonian [[culture]], including Hammurabi's code of laws.<ref name="D19"/> Even after the fall of the Amorite Dynasty, however, Hammurabi was still remembered and revered.{{sfn|Van De Mieroop|2005|page=129}} When the Elamite king [[Shutruk-Nakhunte|Shutruk-Nahhunte I]] raided Babylon in 1158 BC and carried off many stone monuments, he had most of the inscriptions on these monuments erased and new inscriptions carved into them.{{sfn|Van De Mieroop|2005|page=129}} On the stele containing Hammurabi's laws, however, only four or five columns were wiped out and no new inscription was ever added.{{sfn|Van De Mieroop|2005|pages=129-130}} Over a thousand years after Hammurabi's death, the kings of [[Suhum|Suhu]], a land along the Euphrates river, just northwest of Babylon, claimed him as their ancestor.{{sfn|Van De Mieroop|2005|page=130}} ===Modern rediscovery===In the early twentieth century, many scholars believed that Hammurabi was [[Amraphel]], the King of [[Shinar]] in the Book of Genesis 14:1.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/1440-amraphel|title=AMRAPHEL - JewishEncyclopedia.com|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis%2014&version=NIV|title=Bible Gateway passage: Genesis 14 - New International Version|publisher=}}</ref> This view has now been largely rejected,<ref>{{cite book|last=North|first=Robert|editor1-last=Metzger|editor1-first=Bruce M.|editor2-last=Coogan|editor2-first=Michael D.|date=1993|title=The Oxford Companion to the Bible|location=Oxford, England|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=5|chapter=Abraham|isbn=0-19-504645-5|ref=harv}}</ref><ref name="Granerød2010">{{cite book|last=Granerød|first=Gard|title=Abraham and Melchizedek: Scribal Activity of Second Temple Times in Genesis 14 and Psalm 110|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m5mlvNPexSEC&pg=PA114|date=26 March 2010|location=Berlin, Germany|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-022346-0|page=120|ref=harv}}</ref> and Amraphael's existence is not attested in any writings from outside the Bible.<ref name="Granerød2010"/> Because of Hammurabi's reputation as a lawgiver, his depiction can be found in several [[United States|U.S.]] government buildings. Hammurabi is one of the 23 lawgivers depicted in [[marble]] [[bas-relief]]s in the [[United States Capitol#House Chamber|chamber]] of the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]] in the [[United States Capitol]].<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-05-19|url=http://www.aoc.gov/cc/art/lawgivers/hammurabi.cfm|title=Hammurabi|publisher=[[Architect of the Capitol]]}}</ref> A [[frieze]] by [[Adolph Weinman]] depicting the "great lawgivers of history", including Hammurabi, is on the south wall of the [[United States Supreme Court building|U.S. Supreme Court building]].<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-05-19 |url=https://www.supremecourt.gov/about/north&southwalls.pdf |title=Courtroom Friezes |publisher=[[Supreme Court of the United States]] |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601113942/https://www.supremecourt.gov/about/north%26southwalls.pdf |archivedate=June 1, 2010 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Biskupic|first1=Joan|title=LAWGIVERS: FROM TWO FRIEZES, GREAT FIGURES OF LEGAL HISTORY GAZE UPON THE SUPREME COURT BENCH|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/1998/03/11/lawgivers-from-two-friezes-great-figures-of-legal-history-gaze-upon-the-supreme-court-bench/b9372b89-5b94-4fa2-81d9-300ee24913db/|accessdate=28 November 2017|agency=The Washington Post|publisher=WP Company LLC|date=11 March 1998|ref=harv}}</ref> At the time of [[Saddam Hussein]], the [[Iraqi Army]]'s [[1st Hammurabi Armoured Division]] was named after the ancient king as part of an effort to emphasize the connection between modern Iraq and the pre-Arab Mesopotamian cultures. ==See also==
{{Portal|Ancient Near East}}
*[[Babylonian law]]*[[Cuneiform law]]*[[Short chronology timeline]]*[[ManusmritiManusmṛti]] == Further reading ==* {{cite book |last=Finet |first=André |title=Le trone et la rue en Mésopotamie: L'exaltation du roi et les techniques de l'opposition, in La voix de l'opposition en Mésopotamie |year=1973 |publisher=Institut des Hautes Études de Belgique |location=Bruxelles |oclc=652257981}}* {{cite journal |last=Jacobsen |first=Th. |title=Primitive democracy in Ancient Mesopotomia |journal=Journal of Near Eastern Studies |year=1943 |volume=2 |pages=159–172 |doi=10.1086/370672 |issue=3}}* {{cite journal |last=Finkelstein |first=J. J. |title=The Genealogy of the Hammurabi Dynasty |journal=Journal of Cuneiform Studies |year=1966 |volume=20 |pages=95–118 |doi=10.2307/1359643 |issue=3|jstor=1359643 }}* {{cite book |last=Hammurabi |title=The Babylonian Laws |year=1952 |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |editor1-last=Driver |editor1-first=G.R. |editor2-last=Miles |editor2-first=John C.}}* {{cite book |last=Leemans |first=W. F. |title=The Old Babylonian Merchant: His Business and His Social Position |year=1950 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden}}* {{cite journal |last=Munn-Rankin |first=J. M. |authorlink1=Margaret Munn-Rankin |title=Diplomacy in Western Asia in the Early Second Millennium BC |journal=Iraq |year=1956 |volume=18 |pages=68–110 |doi=10.2307/4199599 |issue=1|jstor=4199599 }}* {{cite book |last=Pallis |first=S. A. |title=The Antiquity of Iraq: A Handbook of Assyriology |year=1956 |publisher=Ejnar Munksgaard |location=Copenhagen}}* {{cite book |last=Richardson |first=M.E.J. |title=Hammurabi's laws : text, translation and glossary |year=2000 |publisher=Sheffield Acad. Press |location=Sheffield |isbn=1-84127-030-X}}* {{cite book |last=Saggs |first=H.W.F. |title=The greatness that was Babylon : a survey of the ancient civilization of the Tigris-Euphrates Valley |year=1988 |publisher=Sidgwick & Jackson |location=London |isbn=0-283-99623-4}}* {{cite book |last=Yoffee |first=Norman |title=The economic role of the crown in the old Babylonian period |year=1977 |publisher=Undena Publications |location=Malibu, CA |isbn=0-89003-021-9}}
==Notes==
{{Reflist|30emnotelist}}
==References==
==Further reading=Bibliography===*{{Cite book|last=Finet|first=André |title=Le trone et la rue en Mésopotamie: L'exaltation du roi et les techniques de l'opposition, in La voix de l'opposition en Mésopotamie|year=1973|publisher=Institut des Hautes Études de Belgique|location=Bruxelles|oclc=652257981refbegin}}*{{cite journalbook |last=JacobsenArnold |first=ThBill T.|title=Primitive democracy in Ancient Mesopotomia|journal=Journal of Near Eastern Studies|year=1943|volume=2|pages=159–172|doi=10.1086/370672|issue=3}}*{{cite journal|last=Finkelstein|first=J. J.2005 |title=The Genealogy of Who Were the Hammurabi DynastyBabylonians? |journalpublisher=Journal of Cuneiform Studies[[Brill Publishers]] |yearisbn=196690-04-13071-3 |volumeoclc=20225281611 |pagesref=95–118|doi=10.2307/1359643|issue=3harv}}*{{cite book|last=HammurabiBreasted |titlefirst=The Babylonian LawsJames Henry |year=19522003 |publishertitle=Clarendon PressAncient Time or a History of the Early World, Part 1 |locationpublisher=OxfordKessinger Publishing |editor1-lastisbn=Driver|editor10-first=G.R.|editor27661-last4946-3 |oclc=Miles69651827 |editor2-firstref=John C.harv}}*{{cite book|last=LeemansDeBlois |first=W. F.|title=The Old Babylonian Merchant: His Business and His Social PositionLukas |year=1950|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden}}*{{cite journal|last=Munn-Rankin|first=J. M.1997 |title=Diplomacy in Western Asia in An Introduction to the Early Second Millennium BCAncient World |journalpublisher=Iraq[[Routledge]] |yearisbn=19560-415-12773-4 |volumeoclc=18231710353 |pagesref=68–110|doi=10.2307/4199599|issue=1harv}}*{{cite book|last=PallisVan De Mieroop |first=S. A.|title=The Antiquity of Iraq: A Handbook of AssyriologyMarc |year=1956|publisher=Ejnar Munksgaard|location=Copenhagen}}*{{cite book|last=Richardson|first=M.E.J.2005 |title=King Hammurabi's laws of Babylon: text, translation and glossary|year=2000A Biography |publisher=Sheffield Acad. Press|location=Sheffield[[Blackwell Publishing]] |isbn=1-841274051-0302660-X}}*{{cite book4 |lastoclc=Saggs255676990 |firstref=H.W.F.|title=The greatness that was Babylon : a survey of the ancient civilization of the Tigris-Euphrates Valley|year=1988|publisher=Sidgwick & Jackson|location=London|isbn=0-283-99623-4harv}}*{{cite book|last=Yoffee|first=Norman|title=The economic role of the crown in the old Babylonian period|year=1977|publisher=Undena Publications|location=Malibu, CA|isbn=0-89003-021-9refend}}<<
==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{commonsCommons}}
{{Wikisource author}}
* [http://www.louvre.fr/llven/dossiersoeuvre-notices/detail_oal.jsp?CONTENT%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673229909&CURRENT_LLV_OAL%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673229909&FOLDER%3C%3Efolder_id=0&bmLocale=en law-code-hammurabi-king-babylon A Closer Look at the Code of Hammurabi (Louvre museum)]
* {{Gutenberg author |id=Hammurabi,+King+of+Babylonia | name=Hammurabi}}
* {{Internet Archive author}}
{{S-start}}
{{s-bef|before = [[Sin-muballit]]}} {{s-ttl|title = [[Kings of Babylon]]|years =}}
{{s-aft|after = [[Samsu-iluna]]}}
{{S-end}}
{{good article}}
{{Authority control|LCCN=n/50/19979}}<!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] -->
[[Category:18th-century BC deaths]]
[[Category:18th-century BC rulers]]
[[Category:Amorite kings]]
[[Category:Babylonian kings]]
[[Category:Ancient legislators]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]