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/* 19th century: expansion and disaster */
{{About|Chaldean church in the Middle East|Assyrian Church of the East in India|Chaldean Syrian Church}}
{{Infobox Orthodox Church|
|show_name = Chaldean Catholic Church<br>ܥܕܬܐ ܟܠܕܝܬܐ ܩܬܘܠܝܩܝܬܐ<br>''Ecclesia Chaldaeorum Catholica''
|image = [[File:flaglogo.jpg|200px]]
|image = [[File:Patriairch emblem1.gif|200px]]
|caption = Emblem of the [[List of Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon|Chaldean Patriarchate]]
|founder = Traces ultimate origins to [[Thomas the Apostle]], [[Addai]] and [[Saint Mari|Mari]]; emerged from the [[Church of the East]] in 1830
|independence = [[Apostolic Age|Apostolic Era]]
|recognition = [[Catholic Church]], [[Eastern Catholic Churches]]
|primate = [[Louis Raphaël I Sako]]
|headquarters = [[Baghdad]], [[Iraq]]
|territory = [[Iraq]], [[Iran]], [[Turkey]], [[Syria]], [[Lebanon]], [[Jordan]], [[Israel]], [[Egypt]], [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], [[Austria]], [[Belgium]], [[France]], [[Greece]], [[Netherlands]], [[Denmark]], [[Germany]], [[Georgia (country)]], [[Sweden]], [[United Kingdom]]
|language = [[Syriac language|Syriac]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnewa.org/default.aspx?ID=59&pagetypeID=9&sitecode=HQ&pageno=1 |title=The Chaldean Catholic Church |publisher=CNEWA |date= |accessdate=11 May 2013}}</ref> [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]]
|population = 500,000<ref name="CNEWA website">{{cite web
|url=http://www.cnewa.org/source-images/Roberson-eastcath-statistics/eastcatholic-stat10.pdf
|author=Ronald Roberson
|title=The Eastern Catholic Churches 2010
|publisher=Catholic Near East Welfare Association
|accessdate=December 2010}} Information sourced from ''Annuario Pontificio'' 2010 edition</ref><ref name=cnewa.org>[http://www.cnewa.org/ecc-bodypg-us.aspx?eccpageID=59&IndexView=toc CNEWA - Chaldean Catholic Church]</ref>
|website = http://www.saint-adday.com/
}}
{{Eastern Catholicism}}
[[File:Church-In Basra-Iraq كنيسة في البصرة العراق.JPG|thumbnail|A [[Chaldean Catholic]] Church in [[Basra]] 2014]]
The '''Chaldean Catholic Church''' ({{lang-syc|ܥܕܬܐ ܟܠܕܝܬܐ ܩܬܘܠܝܩܝܬܐ}}, ''ʿītha kaldetha qāthuliqetha''), is an [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Eastern]] [[Syriac Christianity|Syriac]] [[Particular church#Autonomous particular Churches or Rites|particular church]] of the [[Catholic Church]], under the [[Apostolic see|Holy See]] of the [[Catholicos]]-[[Patriarch of Babylon]], maintaining [[full communion]] with the [[Bishop of Rome]] and the rest of the Catholic Church. The Chaldean Catholic Church presently comprises an estimated 500,000 people who are ethnic [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]]<ref>Parpola, Simo (2004). "National and Ethnic Identity in the Neo-Assyrian Empire and Assyrian Identity in Post-Empire Times" (PDF). Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies (JAAS) 18 (2): pp. 22.</ref><ref>History of Mikhael The Great Chabot Edition p. 748, 750, quoted after Addai Scher, Hestorie De La Chaldee Et De "Assyrie"[1]</ref><ref>"Especially in view of the very early establishment of Christianity in Assyria and its continuity to the present and the continuity of the population, I think there is every likelihood that ancient Assyrians are among the ancestors of modern Assyrians of the area." Biggs, pp. 10</ref><ref>Assyrians After Assyria, Parpola</ref><ref>Nisan, M. 2002. Minorities in the Middle East: A History of Struggle for Self Expression .Jefferson: McFarland & Company.</ref><ref>a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Travis, Hannibal. Genocide in the Middle East: The Ottoman Empire, Iraq, and Sudan. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2010, 2007, pp. 237-77, 293–294</ref> [[indigenous peoples|indigenous]] to northern [[Iraq]], which was [[Assyria]] from the 25th century BC to 7th century AD, and areas bordering it in southeast [[Turkey]], northeast [[Syria]] and northwest [[Iran]].
==History==
The history of the Chaldean Church is the history of the [[Church of the East]] founded between the 1st and 3rd centuries AD in [[Assyria]] (Persian ruled [[Assuristan]]) — represented today by at least eleven different churches, (then ruled by the successive Parthian and Sassanid Empires, where it was known by derivative names for Assyria; [[Athura]] and [[Assuristan]]) — between the 1st and 3rd centuries AD. The region of Assyria was also the birthplace of the [[Syriac language]] and [[Syriac script]], both of which remain important within all strands of [[Syriac Christianity]]. The terms ''Syriac'' and ''Syrian'' originally being [[Indo-Anatolian]] derivatives of ''Assyrian''.<ref>Frye, R. N. (October 1992). "Assyria and Syria: Synonyms" (PDF). Journal of Near Eastern Studies 51 (4): 281–285. doi:10.1086/373570.</ref>
It was originally a part of [[The Assyrian Church of the East]] before the 1553 consecration of [[Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa]] who entered communion with the [[Roman Catholic Church]], when it was renamed the ''Church of Athura (Assyria) and Mosul''. Subsequent to this, it was again renamed by Rome in 1683 as the Chaldean Catholic Church, despite none of its Assyrian adherents being connected ethnically, historically or geographically to the long-extinct [[Chaldea]]ns, who had been completely absorbed into the general population of [[Babylonia]] in the 6th century BC, disappearing from history.
After the extensive massacres of Assyrian and other Christians by [[Tamerlane]] around 1400 AD had devastated many Assyrian bishoprics and finally destroyed the 4000 year old city of [[Assur]], the Church of the East — which had extended as far as [[China]], [[Central Asia]], [[Mongolia]] and [[India]] — was largely reduced to [[Assyria]], its place of origin. It was followed by its core founders of [[Eastern Aramaic]] speaking ethnic [[Assyrian people|Assyrian]]s who lived largely in the area of northern Mesopotamia between [[Diyarbakır|Amid (Diyarbakır)]], [[Mardin]], [[Harran]] and [[Hakkari]] in the north to [[Mosul]], [[Irbil]] and [[Kirkuk]] in the south, and from [[Salmas]] and [[Urmia]] in the east to [[Al-Hassakeh]], [[Tur Abdin]] and [[Edessa]] in the west; an area approximately encompassing ancient [[Assyria]].<ref name="Frazee">Charles A. Frazee, ''Catholics and Sultans: The Church and the Ottoman Empire 1453-1923'', Cambridge University Press, 2006 ISBN 0-521-02700-4</ref>{{rp|55}} The [[episcopal see]] was moved to [[Alqosh]], in the Mosul region, and Patriarch Mar [[Shimun IV Basidi]] (1437–1493) made the office of patriarch hereditary in his own family.<ref name="newCath Encyclopedia">Chaldean Catholic Church (Eastern Catholic), The new Catholic Encyclopedia, The Catholic University of America, Vol. 3, 2003 p. 366.</ref>
===1552: Yohannan Sulaqa===
Dissent over the hereditary succession grew until 1552, when a group of Assyrian bishops, from the northern regions of [[Amid]] and [[Salmas]], elected a priest, Mar [[Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa|Yohannan Sulaqa]], as a rival patriarch. To look for a bishop of [[metropolitan bishop|metropolitan]] rank to consecrate him patriarch, Sulaqa traveled to the [[pope]] in Rome and entered into communion with the [[Catholic Church]], after first being refused by the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]]. In 1553 he was consecrated bishop and elevated to the rank of patriarch taking the name of Mar Shimun VIII. He was granted the title of "Patriarch of the East Assyrians", and his church was named ''The Church of Athura and Mosul''.<ref>George V. Yana (Bebla), "Myth vs. Reality," ''JAA Studies'', Vol. XIV, No. 1, 2000 p. 80</ref>
Mar Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa returned to northern [[Mesopotamia]] in the same year and fixed his seat in [[Amid]]. Before being put to death by the partisans of the [[Assyrian Church of the East]] patriarch of [[Alqosh]],<ref name="Frazee"/>{{rp|57}} he ordained five metropolitan bishops thus beginning a new ecclesiastical hierarchy: the patriarchal line known as the ''Shimun line''. The area of influence of this patriarchate soon moved from Amid east, fixing the See, after many places, in the isolated Assyrian village of [[Qochanis]].
The connections with Rome loosened up under Sulaqa's successors: The last patriarch to be formally recognized by the Pope died in 1600, the hereditary of the office was reintroduced and, in 1692, the [[Full communion|communion]] with Rome was formally broken, with this part of the church once more rejoining the [[Assyrian Church of the East]].
{{See also|Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa}}
===1672: The ''Josephite line'' of Amid===
A new so-called 'Chaldean' Patriarchate occurred in 1672 when [[Joseph I (Chaldean Patriarch)|Mar Joseph I]], Archbishop of Amid, entered in [[Full communion|communion]] with Rome, separating from the Assyrian Church Patriarchal see of Alqosh. In 1681 the [[Holy See]] granted him the title of "Patriarch of the Chaldeans deprived of its patriarch."
It is believed that the term 'Chaldean Catholic' arose due to a Catholic [[Latin language|Latin]] misinterpretation and misreading of the [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] ''Ur Kasdim'' (according to long held Jewish tradition, the birthplace of Abraham in northern Mesopotamia) as meaning ''Ur of the Chaldees''.<ref>''Biblical Archaeology Review'', May/June 2001: Where Was Abraham's Ur? by Allan R. Millard</ref> The Hebrew ''Kasdim'' does not mean or refer to the ''Chaldeans''. Ur Kasdim is generally believed by many to have been somewhere in [[Assyria]], northeastern [[Syria]] or southeastern [[Anatolia]]. The 18th century [[Roman Catholic Church]] then applied this misinterpreted name to their new diocese in northern Mesopotamia, a region whose indigenous inhabitants had always previously been referred to ethnically as ''Assurayu, Assyrians, Assouri, Ashuriyun, East Syrian, Athurai, Atoreh'', etc., and by the denominational terms ''Syriac Christians, Jacobites and Nestorians''.
Thus the term 'Chaldean Catholic' is historically, usually and properly taken purely as a [[doctrinal]] and [[theological]] term for Assyrian converts to Catholicism.<ref>Travis, Hannibal. ''Genocide in the Middle East: The Ottoman Empire, Iraq, and Sudan''. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2010, 2007, pp. 237-77, 293–294</ref><ref name="conference.osu.eu">http://conference.osu.eu/globalization/publ/08-bohac.pdf</ref><ref name="conference.osu.eu"/> The modern Chaldean Catholics are [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]]<ref>Nisan, M. 2002. ''[http://www.upenn.edu/pennpress/book/14225.html Minorities in the Middle East: A History of Struggle for Self Expression]''. Jefferson: McFarland & Company.</ref> and originated from ancient Assyrian communities living in and indigenous to the north of Iraq/Upper Mesopotamia which was known as Assyria from the 25th century BC until the 7th century AD (rather than the long-extinct [[Chaldea]]ns/[[Chaldees]], who were 9th century BC migrants from [[The Levant]], and always resided in the far southeast of Mesopotamia, and wholly disappeared from history circa 550 BC). Chaldean Catholics originate from the exact same cities, towns and villages as other Assyrians, speak exactly the same dialects of Eastern Aramaic, have exactly the same family, tribal and personal names, and have the same genetic profile.
Despite this, ''a minority'' of Chaldean Catholics (particularly in the [[United States]]) have in recent times confused a purely religious term with an ethnic identity, and espoused a separate ethnic identity to their Assyrian brethren, despite there being no historical, academic, cultural, geographic, archaeological, linguistic, anthropological or genetic evidence supporting a link (or any sort of [[Chaldean continuity]]) to the late Iron Age Chaldean land or race, rather they are regarded as part of the [[Assyrian continuity]] by scholars.
[[Raphael Bidawid]], the then patriarch of the Chaldean Catholic Church commented on the [[Assyrian name dispute]] in 2003 and clearly differentiated between the name of a church and an ethnicity:
: “I personally think that these different names serve to add confusion. The original name of our Church was the ‘Church of the East’ … When a portion of the Church of the East became Catholic in the 17th Century, the name given to the 'church' was ‘Chaldean’ based on the Magi kings who were believed by some to have come from what once had been the land of the Chaldean, to Bethlehem. The name ‘Chaldean’ does not represent an ethnicity, just a church… We have to separate what is ethnicity and what is religion… I myself, my sect is Chaldean, but ethnically, I am [[Assyrian people|Assyrian]].”<ref name="Parpola">{{cite journal | author = Parpola, Simo | year = 2004 | title = National and Ethnic Identity in the Neo-Assyrian Empire and Assyrian Identity in Post-Empire Times | journal = [[Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies]] | volume = 18 | issue = 2 | pages = pp. 22 | publisher = JAAS | url = http://www.jaas.org/edocs/v18n2/Parpola-identity_Article%20-Final.pdf | format = PDF | authorlink = Simo Parpola }}</ref>
In an interview with the ''[[Assyrian Star]]'' in the September–October 1974 issue, he was quoted as saying:
: “Before I became a priest I was an Assyrian, before I became a bishop I was an Assyrian, I am an Assyrian today, tomorrow, forever, and I am proud of it.”<ref>Mar Raphael J Bidawid. ''The Assyrian Star''. September–October, 1974:5.</ref>
All Joseph I's successors took the name of Joseph. The life of this patriarchate was difficult: at the beginning due to the vexations from the traditionalists, under which they were subject from a legal point of view, and later it struggled with financial difficulties due to the tax burden imposed by the [[Ottoman Empire|Turkish]] authorities.
Nevertheless its influence expanded from the original towns of [[Amid]] and [[Mardin]] towards the area of [[Mosul]] and the [[Nineveh plains]]. The ''Josephite line'' merged in 1830 with the [[Alqosh]] patriarchate that in the meantime entered in [[full communion]] with Rome.
===The Alqosh Patriarchate in communion with Rome===
{{main|Yohannan Hormizd}}
The largest and oldest [[episcopal see|patriarchal see]] of the Assyrian Church of the East was based at the [[Rabban Hormizd Monastery|Rabban Hormizd]] monastery of Alqosh. It spread from [[Aqrah]] up to [[Siirt|Seert]] and [[Nusaybin|Nisibis]], covering in the south the rich plain of [[Mosul]]. Already in the short period between 1610 and 1617 it entered in [[Full communion|communion]] with Rome, and in 1771 the patriarch Eliya Denkha signed a Catholic confession of faith, but no formal union resulted. When Eliya Denkha died, his succession was disputed by two cousins: Eliyya Isho-Yab, who was recognized by Rome but soon broke the communion, and [[Yohannan Hormizd]], who considered himself a Catholic.
In 1804, after Eliyya Isho-Yab's death, Yohannan Hormizd remained the only patriarch of Alqosh. There were thus two patriarchates in communion with Rome, the larger one in Alqosh, and in Amid that ruled by [[Augustine Hindi|Augustine (Yousef V) Hindi]]. Rome did not want to choose between the two candidates and granted neither the title of Patriarch, even if from 1811 it was Augustine Hindi who ruled the Church. After Hindi's death, on the July 5, 1830, Yohannan Hormizd was formally confirmed Patriarch by [[Pope Pius VIII]] with the title of "Patriarch of Babylon of the Chaldeans."<ref name="angold">{{cite book|last=O’Mahony |first=Anthony |editor=Angold, Michael |title=Eastern Christianity |series=Cambridge History of Christianity|volume=5|year=2006|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-81113-2 |chapter=Syriac Christianity in the modern Middle East}}</ref>{{rp|528}} The merger of the patriarchates of Alqosh and Amid was completed.
On the other hand, the Shimun line of patriarchs, based in [[Qochanis]], remained in the Assyrian church, independent of the new Chaldean Church. The Patriarchate of the present-day [[Assyrian Church of the East]], with its See in Chicago, forms the continuation of that line.<ref name="Murre">{{cite web|url=http://syrcom.cua.edu/Hugoye/Vol2No2/HV2N2Murre.html |title=The Patriarchs of the Church of the East from the Fifteenth to Eighteenth Centuries |publisher=Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies |accessdate=2009-02-04 |author=Heleen H.L. Murre}}</ref>
===19th century: expansion and disaster===
[[File:King Faisal I with Chaldean bishops (1852 1947).jpg|thumbnail|right|[[Faisal I of Iraq]] with all the Chaldean bishops and the Patriarch [[Yousef VI Emmanuel II Thomas]] ]]
The following years of the Chaldean Church were marked by externally originating violence: in 1838 the monastery of [[Rabban Hormizd Monastery|Rabban Hormizd]] and the town of Alqosh was attacked by the [[Kurds]] of [[Soran Emirate|Soran]] and hundreds of Christian Assyrians died.<ref name="Wilm">David Wilmshurst, ''The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318-1913'', Peeters Publishers, 2000 ISBN 90-429-0876-9</ref>{{rp|32}} In 1843 the Kurds started to collect as much money as they could from Assyrian villages, killing those who refused: more than 10,000 Assyrian Christians of all denominations were killed and the icons of the Rabban Hormizd monastery defaced.<ref name="Frazee"/>{{rp|298}}
In 1846 the Chaldean Church was recognized by the [[Ottoman Empire]] as a '[[millet (Ottoman Empire)|millet]]', a distinctive 'religious community' in the Empire, thus obtaining its civic emancipation.<ref name="angold">Michael Angold ''Eastern Christianity'', Cambridge University Press, 2006 ISBN 0-521-81113-9 pag 528</ref> The most famous patriarch of the Chaldean Church in the 19th century was [[Joseph Audo|Joseph VI Audo]] who is remembered also for his clashes with [[Pope Pius IX]] mainly about his attempts to extend the Chaldean jurisdiction over the Indian [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]]. This was a period of expansion for the Chaldean Catholic Church.
In the early 20th century [[Russian Orthodox]] missionaries established two dioceses in north [[Assyria]]. Many Assyrian leaders believed that the [[Russian Empire]] would be more interested in protecting them than the [[British Empire]] and the [[French colonial empire|French Empire]].<ref name="Wilm"/>{{rp|36}} Hoping for the support of the Russians, [[World War I]] and the subsequent [[Assyrian Genocide]] was seen as the right time to rebel against the Ottoman Empire. An [[Assyrian War of Independence]] was launched, led by [[Agha Petros]] and [[Malik Khoshaba]]. On 4 November 1914 the Turkish [[Enver Pasha]] announced the [[Jihad]], the holy war, against the Christians.<ref name="Bauer">{{cite book|first=Baumer|last=Christoph|year=2006|title=The Church of the East: An Illustrated History of Assyrian Christianity|isbn=978-1-84511-115-1|publisher=I B Tauris & Co}}</ref>{{rp|161}} Assyrian forces fought successfully against overwhelming odds in northern Iraq, southeast Turkey and northwest Iran for a time. However, the [[Russian Revolution]] in 1917 and the collapse of [[Armenia]]n resistance left the Assyrians cut off from supplies of food and ammunition, vastly outnumbered and surrounded. Assyrian territories were overrun by the [[Ottoman Empire]] and their [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]] and [[Arab]] allies, and the people forced to flee: most who escaped the massacres and continuation of the [[Assyrian Genocide]] died from cold in the winter or hunger. The disaster struck mainly the regions of the Assyrian Church of the East and the Chaldean dioceses in north Assyria (Amid, [[Siirt]] and [[Gazarta]]) were ruined (the Chaldeans metropolitans [[Addai Scher]] of [[Siirt]] and [[Philip Abraham]] of [[Gazarta]] were killed in 1915).<ref name="Wilm"/>{{rp|37}}
A further massacre occurred in 1933 at the hands of the [[Iraqi Army]], in the form of the [[Simele massacre]], which resulted in thousands of deaths.
===21st century: eparchies around the world===
A recent development in the Chaldean Catholic Church has been the creation in 2006 of the [[Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Saint Thomas the Apostle|Eparchy of Oceania]], with the title of 'St Thomas the Apostle of Sydney of the Chaldeans'.<ref>{{Catholic-hierarchy|diocese|dsych|Eparchy of Saint Thomas the Apostle of Sydney (Chaldean)|21 January 2015}}</ref> This jurisdiction includes the Chaldean Catholic communities of [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]], and the first Bishop, named by [[Pope Benedict XVI]] on 21 October 2006, is Archbishop [[Jibrail Kassab|Djibrail (Jibrail) Kassab]], until this date, Archbishop of [[Bassorah]] in Iraq.<ref>{{Catholic-hierarchy|bishop|bkassab|Archbishop Djibrail Kassab|21 January 2015}}</ref>
There has been a large immigration to the [[United States]] particularly to [[southeast Michigan]].<ref>{{Catholic-hierarchy|diocese|ddech|Eparchy of Saint Thomas the Apostle of Detroit (Chaldean)|21 January 2015}}</ref> Although the largest population resides in southeast Michigan, there are populations in parts of [[California]] and [[Arizona]] as well. [[Canada]] in recent years has shown growing communities in both eastern provinces, such as [[Ontario]], and in western Canada, such as [[Saskatchewan]].
In 2008, Mar Bawai Soro of the [[Assyrian Church of the East]] and 1,000 Assyrian families were received into full communion with the Chaldean Catholic Church from the Assyrian Church of the East.<ref name="Assyrian Bishop Mar Bawai Soto explains his journey into communion with the Catholic Church" >{{cite web
|url= http://www.kaldaya.net/2008/DailyNews/06/June06_08_E1_MARBAWAI.html
|title=Assyrian Bishop Mar Bawai Soto explains his journey into communion with the Catholic Church
|work=kaldaya.net
|accessdate=11 September 2012
}}</ref>
On Friday, June 10, 2011, [[Pope Benedict XVI]] erected a new Chaldean Catholic eparchy in [[Toronto, Canada]] and named [[Archbishop]] Mar [[Yohannan Zora]], who has worked alongside four priests with Catholics in Toronto (the largest community of Chaldeans) for nearly 20 years and who was previously an [[ad personam]] [[Archbishop]] (he will retain this rank as head of the eparchy) and the Archbishop of the Archdiocese (Archeparchy) of [[Ahwaz, Iran]] (since 1974). The new eparchy, or diocese, will be known as the [[Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Mar Addai]]. There are 38,000 Chaldean Catholics in Canada. Archbishop Zora was born in [[Batnaia, Iraq]], on March 15, 1939. He was ordained in 1962 and worked in Iraqi parishes before being transferred to Iran in 1969.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.catholicnews.com/data/briefs/cns/20110610.htm#head5 |title=CNS NEWS BRIEFS Jun-10-2011 |publisher=Catholicnews.com |date= |accessdate=11 May 2013}}</ref>
The 2006 Australian census counted a total of 4,498 Chaldean Catholics in that country.<ref>{{cite web|author=2006 Religious Affiliation (Full Classification) |url=http://www.census-campaign.org.au/?page_id=27 |title=» 2006 Religious Affiliation (Full Classification) The Census Campaign Australia |publisher=Census-campaign.org.au |date= |accessdate=11 May 2013}}</ref>
===Persecution in Iraq===
Assyrians of all denominations, and other religious minorities in Iraq, have endured extensive persecution since 2003, including the abductions and murders of their religious leaders, threats of violence or death if they do not abandon their homes and businesses, and the bombing or destruction of their churches and other places of worship. All this has occurred as anti-Christian emotions rise within Iraq after the American invasion and the fall of Saddam Hussein in 2003 and the rise of militant [[Jihadists]] and religious militias.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chaldean.org/Home/tabid/36/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/308/Iraqs-Persecution-of-Christians-Continues-to-Spiral-out-of-Control.aspx |title=Iraq's Persecution of Christians Continues to Spiral out of Control |accessdate=2009-02-07}}</ref>
Father [[Ragheed Aziz Ganni]], the pastor of the Chaldean Church of the Holy Spirit in [[Mosul]] who graduated from the [[Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas|Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, ''Angelicum'']] in Rome in 2003 with a licentiate in ecumenical theology, was killed on 3 June 2007 in [[Mosul]] alongside the subdeacons Basman Yousef Daud, Wahid Hanna Isho, and Gassan Isam Bidawed, after he celebrated mass.
Chaldean Archbishop [[Paulos Faraj Rahho]] and three companions were abducted on 29 February 2008, in Mosul, and murdered a few days later.
==Ecumenical relations==
The Church's relations with its fellow Assyrians in the [[Assyrian Church of the East]] have improved in recent years. In 1994 [[Pope John Paul II]] and [[Patriarch Dinkha IV of the Assyrian Church of the East|Patriarch Dinkha IV]] of the Assyrian Church of the East signed a ''[[Common Christological Declaration Between the Catholic Church and the Assyrian Church of the East|Common Christological Declaration]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/documents/rc_pc_chrstuni_doc_11111994_assyrian-church_en.html|title=Common Christological Declaration between the Catholic Church and the Assyrian Church of the East|publisher=Vatican|accessdate=2009-04-01}}</ref> On the 20 July 2001, the [[Holy See]] issued a document, in agreement with the Assyrian Church of the East, named ''Guidelines for admission to the [[Eucharist]] between the Chaldean Church and the Assyrian Church of the East'', which confirmed also the validity of the [[Holy Qurbana of Addai and Mari|Anaphora of Addai and Mari]].<ref name="Guidelines">{{cite web|url=http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/documents/rc_pc_chrstuni_doc_20011025_chiesa-caldea-assira_en.html|title=Guidelines issued by the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity|publisher=Vatican|accessdate=2009-04-01}}</ref>
== Structure ==
The Chaldean Catholic Church has the following dioceses:
* Patriarchate of [[Chaldean Catholic Patriarchate of Babylon|Babylon]]
* Metropolitan Archdioceses of [[Chaldean Catholic Metropolitan Archdiocese of Baghdad|Baghdad]], [[Chaldean Catholic Metropolitan Archdiocese of Kirkuk|Kirkuk]], [[Chaldean Catholic Metropolitan Archdiocese of Tehran|Tehran]], [[Chaldean Catholic Metropolitan Archdiocese of Urmya|Urmya]]
* Archdioceses of [[Chaldean Catholic Archdiocese of Ahwaz|Ahwaz]], [[Chaldean Catholic Archdiocese of Basra|Basra]], [[Chaldean Catholic Archdiocese of Diyarbakir|Diyarbakir]], [[Chaldean Catholic Archdiocese of Erbil|Erbil]], [[Chaldean Catholic Archeparchy of Mosul|Mosul]]
* Eparchies of [[Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Aleppe|Aleppe]], [[Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Alquoch|Alquoch]], [[Amadiya (Chaldean Diocese)|Amadia]], [[Aqra|Akra]], [[Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Beirut|Beirut]], [[Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Cairo|Cairo]], [[Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Saint Peter The Apostle|St Peter the Apostle of San Diego]], [[Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Saint Thomas the Apostle of Detroit|St Thomas the Apostle of Detroit]], [[Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Mar Addai of Toronto]], [[Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Saint Thomas the Apostle|St Thomas the Apostle of Sydney]], [[Salmas (Chaldean Archdiocese)|Salmas]], [[Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Sulaimaniya|Sulaimaniya]], [[Zakho (Chaldean Diocese)|Zaku]]
* Territories dependent on the Patriarch: [[Chaldean Catholic Territory Dependent on the Patriarch of Jerusalem|Jerusalem]], [[Chaldean Catholic Territory Dependent on the Patriarch of Jordan|Jordan]]
===Hierarchy===
The current Patriarch is [[Louis Sako]], elected in January 2013. In October 2007, his predecessor, Emmanuel III Delly became the first Chaldean Catholic patriarch to be elevated to the rank of [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal]] within the Catholic Church.<ref>[http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5jrwm778S-HyuIfgZAXj6WPONyV8wD8SB0N8O0 AP]{{dead link|date=November 2012|bot=Legobot}}</ref>
The present Chaldean episcopate (January 2014) is as follows:
*Mar [[Louis Raphael I Sako|Louis Raphaël I Sako]], Patriarch of Babylon (since February 2013);
*Mar [[Emmanuel III Delly]], Patriarch emeritus of Babylon (December 2003 – 2012)
*[[Emil Shimoun Nona]], Archbishop of Mosul (since November 2009);
*[[Bashar Warda]], Archbishop of [[Arbil]] (since July 2010)
*[[Ramzi Garmou]], Archbishop of Teheran (since February 1999);
*Thomas Meram, Archbishop of Urmia and Salmas (since 1984);
*Yohannan Zora, Archbishop of Toronto (since June 2011);
*[[Archbishop Jibrail Kassab|Jibrail Kassab]], Archbishop of Sydney (since October 2006);
*[[Mar Jacques Ishaq]], Titular Archbishop of Nisibis and curial Bishop of Babylon (since December 2005);
*Habib Al-Naufali, Archbishop of Basra (since 2014)
*Yousif Mirkis, Archbishop of Kirkuk and Suleimanya (since 2014)
*Mar Mikha Pola Maqdassi, Bishop of Alqosh (since December 2001)
*[[Mar Shlemon Warduni]], curial Bishop of Babylon (since 2001).
*Mar Saad Sirop, auxiliary Bishop of Babylon (since 2014)
*Mar Antony Audo, Bishop of Aleppo (since January 1992);
*Mar Michael Kassarji, Bishop of Lebanon (since 2001);
*Mar Rabban Al-Qas, Bishop of [[Amadiya (Chaldean Diocese)|{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}Amadiya]] and [[Zakho (Chaldean Diocese)|Zakho]] (since December 2001);
*[[Mar Ibrahim Namo Ibrahim|Mar Ibrahim Ibrahim]], Bishop of [[Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Saint Thomas the Apostle of Detroit|Saint Thomas the Apostle of Detroit]] (since April 1982 – 2014);
*[[Mar Francis Kalabat]], Bishop of [[Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Saint Thomas the Apostle of Detroit|Saint Thomas the Apostle of Detroit]] (since June 2014)
*[[Mar Sarhad Yawsip Jammo|Mar Sarhad Joseph Jammo]], Bishop of Saint Peter the Apostle of San Diego (since July 2002);
*Mar Bawai Soro, Titular Bishop of Foratiana and auxiliary bishop of Saint Peter the Apostle of San Diego (since 2014)
Several sees are vacant:
Archeparchy of Diyarbakir,
Archeparchy of Ahwaz,
Eparchy of 'Aqra,
Eparchy of Cairo.
==Liturgy==
The Chaldean Catholic Church uses the [[East Syrian Rite]].
A slight reform of the liturgy was effective since 6 January 2007, and it aimed to unify the many different uses of each parish, to remove centuries-old additions that merely imitated the [[Roman Rite]], and for pastoral reasons. The main elements of variations are: the [[Anaphora (liturgy)|Anaphora]] said aloud by the priest, the return to the ancient architecture of the churches, the restoration of the ancient use where the bread and wine are readied before a service begins, and the removal from the [[Credo|Creed]] of the ''[[Filioque]]'' clause.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kaldu.org/14_Reformed_ChaldeanMass/QA_NewMass.html |title=TQ & A on the Reformed Chaldean Mass |accessdate=2009-02-07}}</ref>
==See also==
{{Portal|Assyrians|Syriac Christianity}}
*[[List of Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon]]
*[[Eastern Catholicism]]
*Liturgies: [[East Syrian Rite]], [[Holy Qurbana of Addai and Mari]]
*Film about Chaldean Christians: [[The Last Assyrians]]
*[[Assyrian People]]
*[[List of Assyrians]]
*[[Names of Syriac Christians]]
*[[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]]
==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}
==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.easterncatholics.net/ Chaldean Catholic Church Mass Times]
*[http://www.cnewa.org/default.aspx?ID=59&pagetypeID=9&sitecode=HQ&pageno=1 Article on the Chaldean Catholic Church by Ronald Roberson on the CNEWA web site]
*[http://www.kaldu.org/index.htm Chaldean Catholic Diocese of Saint Peter]
*[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14413a.htm East Syrian Rite] ([[Catholic Encyclopedia]])
*[http://stthomascc.org/daughters-of-mary-immaculate/ Daughters of the Immaculate Conception, a congregation located in Michigan]
*[http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/documents/rc_pc_chrstuni_doc_20011025_chiesa-caldea-assira_en.html Guidelines for Chaldean Catholics receiving the Eucharist in Assyrian Churches]
*[http://christiansofiraq.com/reply.html History of the Chaldean Church]
*[http://nasrani.net/2008/10/31/qambel-maran-syriac-chants-from-south-india// Qambel Maran- Syriac chants from South India- a review and liturgical music tradition of Syriac Christians revisited]
*[http://pauluschurch.com/ St Pauls Chaldean Assyrian church]
*[http://www.chaldean.org/Home/tabid/36/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/308/Iraqs-Persecution-of-Christians-Continues-to-Spiral-out-of-Control.aspx]
*[http://www.chaldeanfederation.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=47&Itemid=53]
*[http://chaldean.org/CommunityPages/ChaldeanChurches/MarAddaiMIUSA/tabid/118/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/440/Chaldeans-in-Baghdad-Celebrate-The-First-Ever-Public-Christmas-Event.aspx]
*[http://www.newsmax.com/KenTimmerman/joseph-kassab-christians-iraq/2010/11/02/id/375698]
{{Chaldean Catholic Hierarchy}}
{{Syriacs}}
{{Catholicism}}
[[Category:Chaldean Catholic Church| ]]
[[Category:Eastern Catholicism in Iraq]]
[[Category:Eastern Catholicism]]
[[Category:National churches|Iraq]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic Church in Iraq]]
{{Infobox Orthodox Church|
|show_name = Chaldean Catholic Church<br>ܥܕܬܐ ܟܠܕܝܬܐ ܩܬܘܠܝܩܝܬܐ<br>''Ecclesia Chaldaeorum Catholica''
|image = [[File:flaglogo.jpg|200px]]
|image = [[File:Patriairch emblem1.gif|200px]]
|caption = Emblem of the [[List of Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon|Chaldean Patriarchate]]
|founder = Traces ultimate origins to [[Thomas the Apostle]], [[Addai]] and [[Saint Mari|Mari]]; emerged from the [[Church of the East]] in 1830
|independence = [[Apostolic Age|Apostolic Era]]
|recognition = [[Catholic Church]], [[Eastern Catholic Churches]]
|primate = [[Louis Raphaël I Sako]]
|headquarters = [[Baghdad]], [[Iraq]]
|territory = [[Iraq]], [[Iran]], [[Turkey]], [[Syria]], [[Lebanon]], [[Jordan]], [[Israel]], [[Egypt]], [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], [[Austria]], [[Belgium]], [[France]], [[Greece]], [[Netherlands]], [[Denmark]], [[Germany]], [[Georgia (country)]], [[Sweden]], [[United Kingdom]]
|language = [[Syriac language|Syriac]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnewa.org/default.aspx?ID=59&pagetypeID=9&sitecode=HQ&pageno=1 |title=The Chaldean Catholic Church |publisher=CNEWA |date= |accessdate=11 May 2013}}</ref> [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]]
|population = 500,000<ref name="CNEWA website">{{cite web
|url=http://www.cnewa.org/source-images/Roberson-eastcath-statistics/eastcatholic-stat10.pdf
|author=Ronald Roberson
|title=The Eastern Catholic Churches 2010
|publisher=Catholic Near East Welfare Association
|accessdate=December 2010}} Information sourced from ''Annuario Pontificio'' 2010 edition</ref><ref name=cnewa.org>[http://www.cnewa.org/ecc-bodypg-us.aspx?eccpageID=59&IndexView=toc CNEWA - Chaldean Catholic Church]</ref>
|website = http://www.saint-adday.com/
}}
{{Eastern Catholicism}}
[[File:Church-In Basra-Iraq كنيسة في البصرة العراق.JPG|thumbnail|A [[Chaldean Catholic]] Church in [[Basra]] 2014]]
The '''Chaldean Catholic Church''' ({{lang-syc|ܥܕܬܐ ܟܠܕܝܬܐ ܩܬܘܠܝܩܝܬܐ}}, ''ʿītha kaldetha qāthuliqetha''), is an [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Eastern]] [[Syriac Christianity|Syriac]] [[Particular church#Autonomous particular Churches or Rites|particular church]] of the [[Catholic Church]], under the [[Apostolic see|Holy See]] of the [[Catholicos]]-[[Patriarch of Babylon]], maintaining [[full communion]] with the [[Bishop of Rome]] and the rest of the Catholic Church. The Chaldean Catholic Church presently comprises an estimated 500,000 people who are ethnic [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]]<ref>Parpola, Simo (2004). "National and Ethnic Identity in the Neo-Assyrian Empire and Assyrian Identity in Post-Empire Times" (PDF). Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies (JAAS) 18 (2): pp. 22.</ref><ref>History of Mikhael The Great Chabot Edition p. 748, 750, quoted after Addai Scher, Hestorie De La Chaldee Et De "Assyrie"[1]</ref><ref>"Especially in view of the very early establishment of Christianity in Assyria and its continuity to the present and the continuity of the population, I think there is every likelihood that ancient Assyrians are among the ancestors of modern Assyrians of the area." Biggs, pp. 10</ref><ref>Assyrians After Assyria, Parpola</ref><ref>Nisan, M. 2002. Minorities in the Middle East: A History of Struggle for Self Expression .Jefferson: McFarland & Company.</ref><ref>a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Travis, Hannibal. Genocide in the Middle East: The Ottoman Empire, Iraq, and Sudan. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2010, 2007, pp. 237-77, 293–294</ref> [[indigenous peoples|indigenous]] to northern [[Iraq]], which was [[Assyria]] from the 25th century BC to 7th century AD, and areas bordering it in southeast [[Turkey]], northeast [[Syria]] and northwest [[Iran]].
==History==
The history of the Chaldean Church is the history of the [[Church of the East]] founded between the 1st and 3rd centuries AD in [[Assyria]] (Persian ruled [[Assuristan]]) — represented today by at least eleven different churches, (then ruled by the successive Parthian and Sassanid Empires, where it was known by derivative names for Assyria; [[Athura]] and [[Assuristan]]) — between the 1st and 3rd centuries AD. The region of Assyria was also the birthplace of the [[Syriac language]] and [[Syriac script]], both of which remain important within all strands of [[Syriac Christianity]]. The terms ''Syriac'' and ''Syrian'' originally being [[Indo-Anatolian]] derivatives of ''Assyrian''.<ref>Frye, R. N. (October 1992). "Assyria and Syria: Synonyms" (PDF). Journal of Near Eastern Studies 51 (4): 281–285. doi:10.1086/373570.</ref>
It was originally a part of [[The Assyrian Church of the East]] before the 1553 consecration of [[Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa]] who entered communion with the [[Roman Catholic Church]], when it was renamed the ''Church of Athura (Assyria) and Mosul''. Subsequent to this, it was again renamed by Rome in 1683 as the Chaldean Catholic Church, despite none of its Assyrian adherents being connected ethnically, historically or geographically to the long-extinct [[Chaldea]]ns, who had been completely absorbed into the general population of [[Babylonia]] in the 6th century BC, disappearing from history.
After the extensive massacres of Assyrian and other Christians by [[Tamerlane]] around 1400 AD had devastated many Assyrian bishoprics and finally destroyed the 4000 year old city of [[Assur]], the Church of the East — which had extended as far as [[China]], [[Central Asia]], [[Mongolia]] and [[India]] — was largely reduced to [[Assyria]], its place of origin. It was followed by its core founders of [[Eastern Aramaic]] speaking ethnic [[Assyrian people|Assyrian]]s who lived largely in the area of northern Mesopotamia between [[Diyarbakır|Amid (Diyarbakır)]], [[Mardin]], [[Harran]] and [[Hakkari]] in the north to [[Mosul]], [[Irbil]] and [[Kirkuk]] in the south, and from [[Salmas]] and [[Urmia]] in the east to [[Al-Hassakeh]], [[Tur Abdin]] and [[Edessa]] in the west; an area approximately encompassing ancient [[Assyria]].<ref name="Frazee">Charles A. Frazee, ''Catholics and Sultans: The Church and the Ottoman Empire 1453-1923'', Cambridge University Press, 2006 ISBN 0-521-02700-4</ref>{{rp|55}} The [[episcopal see]] was moved to [[Alqosh]], in the Mosul region, and Patriarch Mar [[Shimun IV Basidi]] (1437–1493) made the office of patriarch hereditary in his own family.<ref name="newCath Encyclopedia">Chaldean Catholic Church (Eastern Catholic), The new Catholic Encyclopedia, The Catholic University of America, Vol. 3, 2003 p. 366.</ref>
===1552: Yohannan Sulaqa===
Dissent over the hereditary succession grew until 1552, when a group of Assyrian bishops, from the northern regions of [[Amid]] and [[Salmas]], elected a priest, Mar [[Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa|Yohannan Sulaqa]], as a rival patriarch. To look for a bishop of [[metropolitan bishop|metropolitan]] rank to consecrate him patriarch, Sulaqa traveled to the [[pope]] in Rome and entered into communion with the [[Catholic Church]], after first being refused by the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]]. In 1553 he was consecrated bishop and elevated to the rank of patriarch taking the name of Mar Shimun VIII. He was granted the title of "Patriarch of the East Assyrians", and his church was named ''The Church of Athura and Mosul''.<ref>George V. Yana (Bebla), "Myth vs. Reality," ''JAA Studies'', Vol. XIV, No. 1, 2000 p. 80</ref>
Mar Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa returned to northern [[Mesopotamia]] in the same year and fixed his seat in [[Amid]]. Before being put to death by the partisans of the [[Assyrian Church of the East]] patriarch of [[Alqosh]],<ref name="Frazee"/>{{rp|57}} he ordained five metropolitan bishops thus beginning a new ecclesiastical hierarchy: the patriarchal line known as the ''Shimun line''. The area of influence of this patriarchate soon moved from Amid east, fixing the See, after many places, in the isolated Assyrian village of [[Qochanis]].
The connections with Rome loosened up under Sulaqa's successors: The last patriarch to be formally recognized by the Pope died in 1600, the hereditary of the office was reintroduced and, in 1692, the [[Full communion|communion]] with Rome was formally broken, with this part of the church once more rejoining the [[Assyrian Church of the East]].
{{See also|Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa}}
===1672: The ''Josephite line'' of Amid===
A new so-called 'Chaldean' Patriarchate occurred in 1672 when [[Joseph I (Chaldean Patriarch)|Mar Joseph I]], Archbishop of Amid, entered in [[Full communion|communion]] with Rome, separating from the Assyrian Church Patriarchal see of Alqosh. In 1681 the [[Holy See]] granted him the title of "Patriarch of the Chaldeans deprived of its patriarch."
It is believed that the term 'Chaldean Catholic' arose due to a Catholic [[Latin language|Latin]] misinterpretation and misreading of the [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] ''Ur Kasdim'' (according to long held Jewish tradition, the birthplace of Abraham in northern Mesopotamia) as meaning ''Ur of the Chaldees''.<ref>''Biblical Archaeology Review'', May/June 2001: Where Was Abraham's Ur? by Allan R. Millard</ref> The Hebrew ''Kasdim'' does not mean or refer to the ''Chaldeans''. Ur Kasdim is generally believed by many to have been somewhere in [[Assyria]], northeastern [[Syria]] or southeastern [[Anatolia]]. The 18th century [[Roman Catholic Church]] then applied this misinterpreted name to their new diocese in northern Mesopotamia, a region whose indigenous inhabitants had always previously been referred to ethnically as ''Assurayu, Assyrians, Assouri, Ashuriyun, East Syrian, Athurai, Atoreh'', etc., and by the denominational terms ''Syriac Christians, Jacobites and Nestorians''.
Thus the term 'Chaldean Catholic' is historically, usually and properly taken purely as a [[doctrinal]] and [[theological]] term for Assyrian converts to Catholicism.<ref>Travis, Hannibal. ''Genocide in the Middle East: The Ottoman Empire, Iraq, and Sudan''. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2010, 2007, pp. 237-77, 293–294</ref><ref name="conference.osu.eu">http://conference.osu.eu/globalization/publ/08-bohac.pdf</ref><ref name="conference.osu.eu"/> The modern Chaldean Catholics are [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]]<ref>Nisan, M. 2002. ''[http://www.upenn.edu/pennpress/book/14225.html Minorities in the Middle East: A History of Struggle for Self Expression]''. Jefferson: McFarland & Company.</ref> and originated from ancient Assyrian communities living in and indigenous to the north of Iraq/Upper Mesopotamia which was known as Assyria from the 25th century BC until the 7th century AD (rather than the long-extinct [[Chaldea]]ns/[[Chaldees]], who were 9th century BC migrants from [[The Levant]], and always resided in the far southeast of Mesopotamia, and wholly disappeared from history circa 550 BC). Chaldean Catholics originate from the exact same cities, towns and villages as other Assyrians, speak exactly the same dialects of Eastern Aramaic, have exactly the same family, tribal and personal names, and have the same genetic profile.
Despite this, ''a minority'' of Chaldean Catholics (particularly in the [[United States]]) have in recent times confused a purely religious term with an ethnic identity, and espoused a separate ethnic identity to their Assyrian brethren, despite there being no historical, academic, cultural, geographic, archaeological, linguistic, anthropological or genetic evidence supporting a link (or any sort of [[Chaldean continuity]]) to the late Iron Age Chaldean land or race, rather they are regarded as part of the [[Assyrian continuity]] by scholars.
[[Raphael Bidawid]], the then patriarch of the Chaldean Catholic Church commented on the [[Assyrian name dispute]] in 2003 and clearly differentiated between the name of a church and an ethnicity:
: “I personally think that these different names serve to add confusion. The original name of our Church was the ‘Church of the East’ … When a portion of the Church of the East became Catholic in the 17th Century, the name given to the 'church' was ‘Chaldean’ based on the Magi kings who were believed by some to have come from what once had been the land of the Chaldean, to Bethlehem. The name ‘Chaldean’ does not represent an ethnicity, just a church… We have to separate what is ethnicity and what is religion… I myself, my sect is Chaldean, but ethnically, I am [[Assyrian people|Assyrian]].”<ref name="Parpola">{{cite journal | author = Parpola, Simo | year = 2004 | title = National and Ethnic Identity in the Neo-Assyrian Empire and Assyrian Identity in Post-Empire Times | journal = [[Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies]] | volume = 18 | issue = 2 | pages = pp. 22 | publisher = JAAS | url = http://www.jaas.org/edocs/v18n2/Parpola-identity_Article%20-Final.pdf | format = PDF | authorlink = Simo Parpola }}</ref>
In an interview with the ''[[Assyrian Star]]'' in the September–October 1974 issue, he was quoted as saying:
: “Before I became a priest I was an Assyrian, before I became a bishop I was an Assyrian, I am an Assyrian today, tomorrow, forever, and I am proud of it.”<ref>Mar Raphael J Bidawid. ''The Assyrian Star''. September–October, 1974:5.</ref>
All Joseph I's successors took the name of Joseph. The life of this patriarchate was difficult: at the beginning due to the vexations from the traditionalists, under which they were subject from a legal point of view, and later it struggled with financial difficulties due to the tax burden imposed by the [[Ottoman Empire|Turkish]] authorities.
Nevertheless its influence expanded from the original towns of [[Amid]] and [[Mardin]] towards the area of [[Mosul]] and the [[Nineveh plains]]. The ''Josephite line'' merged in 1830 with the [[Alqosh]] patriarchate that in the meantime entered in [[full communion]] with Rome.
===The Alqosh Patriarchate in communion with Rome===
{{main|Yohannan Hormizd}}
The largest and oldest [[episcopal see|patriarchal see]] of the Assyrian Church of the East was based at the [[Rabban Hormizd Monastery|Rabban Hormizd]] monastery of Alqosh. It spread from [[Aqrah]] up to [[Siirt|Seert]] and [[Nusaybin|Nisibis]], covering in the south the rich plain of [[Mosul]]. Already in the short period between 1610 and 1617 it entered in [[Full communion|communion]] with Rome, and in 1771 the patriarch Eliya Denkha signed a Catholic confession of faith, but no formal union resulted. When Eliya Denkha died, his succession was disputed by two cousins: Eliyya Isho-Yab, who was recognized by Rome but soon broke the communion, and [[Yohannan Hormizd]], who considered himself a Catholic.
In 1804, after Eliyya Isho-Yab's death, Yohannan Hormizd remained the only patriarch of Alqosh. There were thus two patriarchates in communion with Rome, the larger one in Alqosh, and in Amid that ruled by [[Augustine Hindi|Augustine (Yousef V) Hindi]]. Rome did not want to choose between the two candidates and granted neither the title of Patriarch, even if from 1811 it was Augustine Hindi who ruled the Church. After Hindi's death, on the July 5, 1830, Yohannan Hormizd was formally confirmed Patriarch by [[Pope Pius VIII]] with the title of "Patriarch of Babylon of the Chaldeans."<ref name="angold">{{cite book|last=O’Mahony |first=Anthony |editor=Angold, Michael |title=Eastern Christianity |series=Cambridge History of Christianity|volume=5|year=2006|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-81113-2 |chapter=Syriac Christianity in the modern Middle East}}</ref>{{rp|528}} The merger of the patriarchates of Alqosh and Amid was completed.
On the other hand, the Shimun line of patriarchs, based in [[Qochanis]], remained in the Assyrian church, independent of the new Chaldean Church. The Patriarchate of the present-day [[Assyrian Church of the East]], with its See in Chicago, forms the continuation of that line.<ref name="Murre">{{cite web|url=http://syrcom.cua.edu/Hugoye/Vol2No2/HV2N2Murre.html |title=The Patriarchs of the Church of the East from the Fifteenth to Eighteenth Centuries |publisher=Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies |accessdate=2009-02-04 |author=Heleen H.L. Murre}}</ref>
===19th century: expansion and disaster===
[[File:King Faisal I with Chaldean bishops (1852 1947).jpg|thumbnail|right|[[Faisal I of Iraq]] with all the Chaldean bishops and the Patriarch [[Yousef VI Emmanuel II Thomas]] ]]
The following years of the Chaldean Church were marked by externally originating violence: in 1838 the monastery of [[Rabban Hormizd Monastery|Rabban Hormizd]] and the town of Alqosh was attacked by the [[Kurds]] of [[Soran Emirate|Soran]] and hundreds of Christian Assyrians died.<ref name="Wilm">David Wilmshurst, ''The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318-1913'', Peeters Publishers, 2000 ISBN 90-429-0876-9</ref>{{rp|32}} In 1843 the Kurds started to collect as much money as they could from Assyrian villages, killing those who refused: more than 10,000 Assyrian Christians of all denominations were killed and the icons of the Rabban Hormizd monastery defaced.<ref name="Frazee"/>{{rp|298}}
In 1846 the Chaldean Church was recognized by the [[Ottoman Empire]] as a '[[millet (Ottoman Empire)|millet]]', a distinctive 'religious community' in the Empire, thus obtaining its civic emancipation.<ref name="angold">Michael Angold ''Eastern Christianity'', Cambridge University Press, 2006 ISBN 0-521-81113-9 pag 528</ref> The most famous patriarch of the Chaldean Church in the 19th century was [[Joseph Audo|Joseph VI Audo]] who is remembered also for his clashes with [[Pope Pius IX]] mainly about his attempts to extend the Chaldean jurisdiction over the Indian [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]]. This was a period of expansion for the Chaldean Catholic Church.
In the early 20th century [[Russian Orthodox]] missionaries established two dioceses in north [[Assyria]]. Many Assyrian leaders believed that the [[Russian Empire]] would be more interested in protecting them than the [[British Empire]] and the [[French colonial empire|French Empire]].<ref name="Wilm"/>{{rp|36}} Hoping for the support of the Russians, [[World War I]] and the subsequent [[Assyrian Genocide]] was seen as the right time to rebel against the Ottoman Empire. An [[Assyrian War of Independence]] was launched, led by [[Agha Petros]] and [[Malik Khoshaba]]. On 4 November 1914 the Turkish [[Enver Pasha]] announced the [[Jihad]], the holy war, against the Christians.<ref name="Bauer">{{cite book|first=Baumer|last=Christoph|year=2006|title=The Church of the East: An Illustrated History of Assyrian Christianity|isbn=978-1-84511-115-1|publisher=I B Tauris & Co}}</ref>{{rp|161}} Assyrian forces fought successfully against overwhelming odds in northern Iraq, southeast Turkey and northwest Iran for a time. However, the [[Russian Revolution]] in 1917 and the collapse of [[Armenia]]n resistance left the Assyrians cut off from supplies of food and ammunition, vastly outnumbered and surrounded. Assyrian territories were overrun by the [[Ottoman Empire]] and their [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]] and [[Arab]] allies, and the people forced to flee: most who escaped the massacres and continuation of the [[Assyrian Genocide]] died from cold in the winter or hunger. The disaster struck mainly the regions of the Assyrian Church of the East and the Chaldean dioceses in north Assyria (Amid, [[Siirt]] and [[Gazarta]]) were ruined (the Chaldeans metropolitans [[Addai Scher]] of [[Siirt]] and [[Philip Abraham]] of [[Gazarta]] were killed in 1915).<ref name="Wilm"/>{{rp|37}}
A further massacre occurred in 1933 at the hands of the [[Iraqi Army]], in the form of the [[Simele massacre]], which resulted in thousands of deaths.
===21st century: eparchies around the world===
A recent development in the Chaldean Catholic Church has been the creation in 2006 of the [[Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Saint Thomas the Apostle|Eparchy of Oceania]], with the title of 'St Thomas the Apostle of Sydney of the Chaldeans'.<ref>{{Catholic-hierarchy|diocese|dsych|Eparchy of Saint Thomas the Apostle of Sydney (Chaldean)|21 January 2015}}</ref> This jurisdiction includes the Chaldean Catholic communities of [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]], and the first Bishop, named by [[Pope Benedict XVI]] on 21 October 2006, is Archbishop [[Jibrail Kassab|Djibrail (Jibrail) Kassab]], until this date, Archbishop of [[Bassorah]] in Iraq.<ref>{{Catholic-hierarchy|bishop|bkassab|Archbishop Djibrail Kassab|21 January 2015}}</ref>
There has been a large immigration to the [[United States]] particularly to [[southeast Michigan]].<ref>{{Catholic-hierarchy|diocese|ddech|Eparchy of Saint Thomas the Apostle of Detroit (Chaldean)|21 January 2015}}</ref> Although the largest population resides in southeast Michigan, there are populations in parts of [[California]] and [[Arizona]] as well. [[Canada]] in recent years has shown growing communities in both eastern provinces, such as [[Ontario]], and in western Canada, such as [[Saskatchewan]].
In 2008, Mar Bawai Soro of the [[Assyrian Church of the East]] and 1,000 Assyrian families were received into full communion with the Chaldean Catholic Church from the Assyrian Church of the East.<ref name="Assyrian Bishop Mar Bawai Soto explains his journey into communion with the Catholic Church" >{{cite web
|url= http://www.kaldaya.net/2008/DailyNews/06/June06_08_E1_MARBAWAI.html
|title=Assyrian Bishop Mar Bawai Soto explains his journey into communion with the Catholic Church
|work=kaldaya.net
|accessdate=11 September 2012
}}</ref>
On Friday, June 10, 2011, [[Pope Benedict XVI]] erected a new Chaldean Catholic eparchy in [[Toronto, Canada]] and named [[Archbishop]] Mar [[Yohannan Zora]], who has worked alongside four priests with Catholics in Toronto (the largest community of Chaldeans) for nearly 20 years and who was previously an [[ad personam]] [[Archbishop]] (he will retain this rank as head of the eparchy) and the Archbishop of the Archdiocese (Archeparchy) of [[Ahwaz, Iran]] (since 1974). The new eparchy, or diocese, will be known as the [[Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Mar Addai]]. There are 38,000 Chaldean Catholics in Canada. Archbishop Zora was born in [[Batnaia, Iraq]], on March 15, 1939. He was ordained in 1962 and worked in Iraqi parishes before being transferred to Iran in 1969.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.catholicnews.com/data/briefs/cns/20110610.htm#head5 |title=CNS NEWS BRIEFS Jun-10-2011 |publisher=Catholicnews.com |date= |accessdate=11 May 2013}}</ref>
The 2006 Australian census counted a total of 4,498 Chaldean Catholics in that country.<ref>{{cite web|author=2006 Religious Affiliation (Full Classification) |url=http://www.census-campaign.org.au/?page_id=27 |title=» 2006 Religious Affiliation (Full Classification) The Census Campaign Australia |publisher=Census-campaign.org.au |date= |accessdate=11 May 2013}}</ref>
===Persecution in Iraq===
Assyrians of all denominations, and other religious minorities in Iraq, have endured extensive persecution since 2003, including the abductions and murders of their religious leaders, threats of violence or death if they do not abandon their homes and businesses, and the bombing or destruction of their churches and other places of worship. All this has occurred as anti-Christian emotions rise within Iraq after the American invasion and the fall of Saddam Hussein in 2003 and the rise of militant [[Jihadists]] and religious militias.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chaldean.org/Home/tabid/36/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/308/Iraqs-Persecution-of-Christians-Continues-to-Spiral-out-of-Control.aspx |title=Iraq's Persecution of Christians Continues to Spiral out of Control |accessdate=2009-02-07}}</ref>
Father [[Ragheed Aziz Ganni]], the pastor of the Chaldean Church of the Holy Spirit in [[Mosul]] who graduated from the [[Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas|Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, ''Angelicum'']] in Rome in 2003 with a licentiate in ecumenical theology, was killed on 3 June 2007 in [[Mosul]] alongside the subdeacons Basman Yousef Daud, Wahid Hanna Isho, and Gassan Isam Bidawed, after he celebrated mass.
Chaldean Archbishop [[Paulos Faraj Rahho]] and three companions were abducted on 29 February 2008, in Mosul, and murdered a few days later.
==Ecumenical relations==
The Church's relations with its fellow Assyrians in the [[Assyrian Church of the East]] have improved in recent years. In 1994 [[Pope John Paul II]] and [[Patriarch Dinkha IV of the Assyrian Church of the East|Patriarch Dinkha IV]] of the Assyrian Church of the East signed a ''[[Common Christological Declaration Between the Catholic Church and the Assyrian Church of the East|Common Christological Declaration]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/documents/rc_pc_chrstuni_doc_11111994_assyrian-church_en.html|title=Common Christological Declaration between the Catholic Church and the Assyrian Church of the East|publisher=Vatican|accessdate=2009-04-01}}</ref> On the 20 July 2001, the [[Holy See]] issued a document, in agreement with the Assyrian Church of the East, named ''Guidelines for admission to the [[Eucharist]] between the Chaldean Church and the Assyrian Church of the East'', which confirmed also the validity of the [[Holy Qurbana of Addai and Mari|Anaphora of Addai and Mari]].<ref name="Guidelines">{{cite web|url=http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/documents/rc_pc_chrstuni_doc_20011025_chiesa-caldea-assira_en.html|title=Guidelines issued by the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity|publisher=Vatican|accessdate=2009-04-01}}</ref>
== Structure ==
The Chaldean Catholic Church has the following dioceses:
* Patriarchate of [[Chaldean Catholic Patriarchate of Babylon|Babylon]]
* Metropolitan Archdioceses of [[Chaldean Catholic Metropolitan Archdiocese of Baghdad|Baghdad]], [[Chaldean Catholic Metropolitan Archdiocese of Kirkuk|Kirkuk]], [[Chaldean Catholic Metropolitan Archdiocese of Tehran|Tehran]], [[Chaldean Catholic Metropolitan Archdiocese of Urmya|Urmya]]
* Archdioceses of [[Chaldean Catholic Archdiocese of Ahwaz|Ahwaz]], [[Chaldean Catholic Archdiocese of Basra|Basra]], [[Chaldean Catholic Archdiocese of Diyarbakir|Diyarbakir]], [[Chaldean Catholic Archdiocese of Erbil|Erbil]], [[Chaldean Catholic Archeparchy of Mosul|Mosul]]
* Eparchies of [[Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Aleppe|Aleppe]], [[Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Alquoch|Alquoch]], [[Amadiya (Chaldean Diocese)|Amadia]], [[Aqra|Akra]], [[Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Beirut|Beirut]], [[Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Cairo|Cairo]], [[Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Saint Peter The Apostle|St Peter the Apostle of San Diego]], [[Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Saint Thomas the Apostle of Detroit|St Thomas the Apostle of Detroit]], [[Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Mar Addai of Toronto]], [[Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Saint Thomas the Apostle|St Thomas the Apostle of Sydney]], [[Salmas (Chaldean Archdiocese)|Salmas]], [[Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Sulaimaniya|Sulaimaniya]], [[Zakho (Chaldean Diocese)|Zaku]]
* Territories dependent on the Patriarch: [[Chaldean Catholic Territory Dependent on the Patriarch of Jerusalem|Jerusalem]], [[Chaldean Catholic Territory Dependent on the Patriarch of Jordan|Jordan]]
===Hierarchy===
The current Patriarch is [[Louis Sako]], elected in January 2013. In October 2007, his predecessor, Emmanuel III Delly became the first Chaldean Catholic patriarch to be elevated to the rank of [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal]] within the Catholic Church.<ref>[http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5jrwm778S-HyuIfgZAXj6WPONyV8wD8SB0N8O0 AP]{{dead link|date=November 2012|bot=Legobot}}</ref>
The present Chaldean episcopate (January 2014) is as follows:
*Mar [[Louis Raphael I Sako|Louis Raphaël I Sako]], Patriarch of Babylon (since February 2013);
*Mar [[Emmanuel III Delly]], Patriarch emeritus of Babylon (December 2003 – 2012)
*[[Emil Shimoun Nona]], Archbishop of Mosul (since November 2009);
*[[Bashar Warda]], Archbishop of [[Arbil]] (since July 2010)
*[[Ramzi Garmou]], Archbishop of Teheran (since February 1999);
*Thomas Meram, Archbishop of Urmia and Salmas (since 1984);
*Yohannan Zora, Archbishop of Toronto (since June 2011);
*[[Archbishop Jibrail Kassab|Jibrail Kassab]], Archbishop of Sydney (since October 2006);
*[[Mar Jacques Ishaq]], Titular Archbishop of Nisibis and curial Bishop of Babylon (since December 2005);
*Habib Al-Naufali, Archbishop of Basra (since 2014)
*Yousif Mirkis, Archbishop of Kirkuk and Suleimanya (since 2014)
*Mar Mikha Pola Maqdassi, Bishop of Alqosh (since December 2001)
*[[Mar Shlemon Warduni]], curial Bishop of Babylon (since 2001).
*Mar Saad Sirop, auxiliary Bishop of Babylon (since 2014)
*Mar Antony Audo, Bishop of Aleppo (since January 1992);
*Mar Michael Kassarji, Bishop of Lebanon (since 2001);
*Mar Rabban Al-Qas, Bishop of [[Amadiya (Chaldean Diocese)|{{transl|ar|DIN|ʿ}}Amadiya]] and [[Zakho (Chaldean Diocese)|Zakho]] (since December 2001);
*[[Mar Ibrahim Namo Ibrahim|Mar Ibrahim Ibrahim]], Bishop of [[Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Saint Thomas the Apostle of Detroit|Saint Thomas the Apostle of Detroit]] (since April 1982 – 2014);
*[[Mar Francis Kalabat]], Bishop of [[Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Saint Thomas the Apostle of Detroit|Saint Thomas the Apostle of Detroit]] (since June 2014)
*[[Mar Sarhad Yawsip Jammo|Mar Sarhad Joseph Jammo]], Bishop of Saint Peter the Apostle of San Diego (since July 2002);
*Mar Bawai Soro, Titular Bishop of Foratiana and auxiliary bishop of Saint Peter the Apostle of San Diego (since 2014)
Several sees are vacant:
Archeparchy of Diyarbakir,
Archeparchy of Ahwaz,
Eparchy of 'Aqra,
Eparchy of Cairo.
==Liturgy==
The Chaldean Catholic Church uses the [[East Syrian Rite]].
A slight reform of the liturgy was effective since 6 January 2007, and it aimed to unify the many different uses of each parish, to remove centuries-old additions that merely imitated the [[Roman Rite]], and for pastoral reasons. The main elements of variations are: the [[Anaphora (liturgy)|Anaphora]] said aloud by the priest, the return to the ancient architecture of the churches, the restoration of the ancient use where the bread and wine are readied before a service begins, and the removal from the [[Credo|Creed]] of the ''[[Filioque]]'' clause.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kaldu.org/14_Reformed_ChaldeanMass/QA_NewMass.html |title=TQ & A on the Reformed Chaldean Mass |accessdate=2009-02-07}}</ref>
==See also==
{{Portal|Assyrians|Syriac Christianity}}
*[[List of Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon]]
*[[Eastern Catholicism]]
*Liturgies: [[East Syrian Rite]], [[Holy Qurbana of Addai and Mari]]
*Film about Chaldean Christians: [[The Last Assyrians]]
*[[Assyrian People]]
*[[List of Assyrians]]
*[[Names of Syriac Christians]]
*[[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]]
==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}
==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.easterncatholics.net/ Chaldean Catholic Church Mass Times]
*[http://www.cnewa.org/default.aspx?ID=59&pagetypeID=9&sitecode=HQ&pageno=1 Article on the Chaldean Catholic Church by Ronald Roberson on the CNEWA web site]
*[http://www.kaldu.org/index.htm Chaldean Catholic Diocese of Saint Peter]
*[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14413a.htm East Syrian Rite] ([[Catholic Encyclopedia]])
*[http://stthomascc.org/daughters-of-mary-immaculate/ Daughters of the Immaculate Conception, a congregation located in Michigan]
*[http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/documents/rc_pc_chrstuni_doc_20011025_chiesa-caldea-assira_en.html Guidelines for Chaldean Catholics receiving the Eucharist in Assyrian Churches]
*[http://christiansofiraq.com/reply.html History of the Chaldean Church]
*[http://nasrani.net/2008/10/31/qambel-maran-syriac-chants-from-south-india// Qambel Maran- Syriac chants from South India- a review and liturgical music tradition of Syriac Christians revisited]
*[http://pauluschurch.com/ St Pauls Chaldean Assyrian church]
*[http://www.chaldean.org/Home/tabid/36/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/308/Iraqs-Persecution-of-Christians-Continues-to-Spiral-out-of-Control.aspx]
*[http://www.chaldeanfederation.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=47&Itemid=53]
*[http://chaldean.org/CommunityPages/ChaldeanChurches/MarAddaiMIUSA/tabid/118/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/440/Chaldeans-in-Baghdad-Celebrate-The-First-Ever-Public-Christmas-Event.aspx]
*[http://www.newsmax.com/KenTimmerman/joseph-kassab-christians-iraq/2010/11/02/id/375698]
{{Chaldean Catholic Hierarchy}}
{{Syriacs}}
{{Catholicism}}
[[Category:Chaldean Catholic Church| ]]
[[Category:Eastern Catholicism in Iraq]]
[[Category:Eastern Catholicism]]
[[Category:National churches|Iraq]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic Church in Iraq]]
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