View source for Osroene

{{Infobox Former Country
|native_name = {{lang|syc|ܡܠܟܘܬܐ ܕܒܝܬ ܐܘܪܗܝ}}
|conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Osroene
|common_name = Osroene
|national_motto =
|continent = Asia
|region    = Middle-East
|country   =
|era       = Hellenistic Age
|status    = Vassal of the Parthian Empire (63 BC–114 AD) and the Roman Empire (114–244)
|government_type = Monarchy
|year_start  = 132 BC
|year_end    = AD 244
|event_start =
|event_end   =
|p1          = Seleucid Empire
|flag_p1     =
|s1          = Roman Empire
|flag_s1     = Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg
|image_coat   =
|image_map    = Maps of the Armenian Empire of Tigranes.gif
|image_map_caption  = Map includes Osroene as a tributary kingdom of the [[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Armenian Empire]] under [[Tigranes the Great]]
|capital          = [[Edessa]]
|common_languages = [[Syriac language|Syriac]], Greek
|religion         =
|currency     =
|title_leader = [[List of rulers of Osroene|King]]
}}
[[File:Corduene sophene commagene osrhoene.png|thumb|250px|Roman dependency of Osroene (as of 31 BC)]]
[[File:Osroene.png|250px|thumb|Roman province of ''Osroene'', 120, highlighted within the Roman Empire]]

{{History of Assyrian people}}
'''Osroene''', also spelled  '''Osrohene''' and '''Osrhoene''' ({{lang-grc|Ὀσροηνή}}; {{lang-syc|ܡܠܟܘܬܐ ܕܒܝܬ ܐܘܪܗܝ}} ''{{transl|syc|Malkūṯā d-Bayt ʿŌrhai}}'') and sometimes known by the name of its [[capital city]], [[Edessa, Mesopotamia|Edessa]] (modern [[Şanlıurfa]], [[Turkey]]), was a historical [[Neo-Assyrian]] kingdom located in [[Upper Mesopotamia]], <ref>''The Encyclopedia of Military History: From 3500 B.C. to the Present'', Part 25. Richard Ernest Dupuy, Trevor Nevitt Dupuy. Harper & Row, 1970. Page 115.</ref> which enjoyed semi-autonomy to complete independence from the years of 132 BC to AD 244.<ref>Alexander Roberts & James Donaldson (eds.), ''The Writings of the Fathers Down to AD 325: Ante-Nicene Fathers'' vol. 8 (Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers, 1994), 657-672. [http://www.jaas.org/edocs/v14n2/missick.pdf]</ref><ref>Adrian Fortescue, ''The Lesser Eastern Churches'', pp. 22. Published by Catholic Truth Society, 1913. Original from the University of Michigan.[http://books.google.com/books?id=2_eAKmK7KkYC&pg=PA22&dq]</ref>
It was a [[Syriac]]-speaking kingdom.<ref>"The Ancient Name of Edessa," Amir Harrak,
''Journal of Near Eastern Studies'', Vol. 51, No. 3 (July 1992): 209-214 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-2968(199207)51%3A3%3C209%3ATANOE%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Z]</ref>

Osroene, or Edessa, acquired independence from the collapsing [[Seleucid Empire]] through a dynasty of the nomadic Nabatean tribe called [[Orrhoei]] from 136 BC. The name Osroene is derived from Osroes of Orhai, a [[Nabatean]] malka who in 120 BC wrested control of this region from the Seleucids in Syria.<ref>C. Anthon, ''A System of Ancient and Medieval Geography for the Use of Schools and Colleges'', Harper Publishers, 1850, Digitized 2007, p.681</ref> Most of the kings of Osroene are called ''Abgar'' or ''Manu'' who settled in urban centers.<ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=2_eAKmK7KkYC&pg=PA22&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> Under its Nabatean dynasties, Osroëne became increasingly influenced by [[Syriac]]-[[Assyrian people|Assyrian]] culture and was a centre of national reaction against Hellenism. By the 5th century, Edessa had become the headquarters of Syriac literature and learning. In 608, Osroëne was taken by the Sāsānid Khosrow II, and in 638 it fell to the Muslims.

The kingdom's area, the upper course of the [[Euphrates]], became a traditional battleground for the powers that ruled [[Asia Minor]], [[Persia]], [[History of Syria|Syria]], and [[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Armenia]]. On the dissolution of [[Seleucid Empire]], it was divided between Rome and [[Parthia]]. At this time ''Osrhoene'' was within Parthian [[suzerainty]]. However, the Romans later made several attempts to recover the region.

== History ==
Osroene was one of several kingdoms arising from the dissolution of the [[Seleucid Empire]]. The kingdom occupied an area on what is now the border between [[Syria]] and [[Turkey]].This kingdom was established by The [[Nabatean|Nabataeans]] tribes from Southern Canaan and North Arabia, and lasted nearly four centuries (c. 132 BC to 214 AD), under twenty-eight rulers, who sometimes called themselves "king" on their coinage

It was in this region that the [[Abgar V of Edessa|legend of Abgar of Edessa]] originated.

Osroene was absorbed into the [[Roman Empire]] in 114 as a semi-autonomous vassal state, after a period under [[Arsacid Empire|Arsacid]] (Parthian) rule, incorporated as a simple [[Roman province]] in 214. There is an apocryphal legend that Osroene was the first state to have accepted Christianity as state religion,<ref>{{cite book|last=Ball|first=W|title=Rome in the East: the transformation of an empire|year=2001|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-24357-5|page=91|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=QRAOvgcamzIC}}</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=3yENB_dXAtwC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Pilgrimage+and+Holy+Space+in+Late+Antique+Egypt&hl=ru&sa=X&ei=zcn3UMhgrc7hBL_hgOAK&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA ''David Frankfurter''. Pilgrimage and Holy Space in Late Antique Egypt. ''Irfan Shahid''. Arab Christian Pilgrimages. — BRILL, 1998 — p. 383 — ISBN 9789004111271]<blockquote>"It was around 200 c.e. that Abgar IX adopted Christianity, thus enabling Edessa to become the first Christian state in history whose ruler was officially and openly a Christian."</blockquote></ref> however there is not enough evidence to support this point of view.<ref>[http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/abgar-dynasty-of-edessa-2nd-century-bc-to-3rd-century-ad ABGAR dynasty of Edessa]<blockquote>The fame of Edessa in history rests, however, mainly on its claim to have been the first kingdom to adopt Christianity as its official religion. According to the legend current for centuries throughout the civilized world, Abgar Ukkama wrote to Jesus, inviting him to visit him at Edessa to heal him from sickness. In return he received the blessing of Jesus and subsequently was converted by the evangelist Addai. There is, however, no factual evidence for Christianity at Edessa before the reign of Abgar the Great, 150 years later. Scholars are generally agreed that the legend has confused the two Abgars. It cannot be proved that Abgar the Great adopted Christianity; but his friend Bardaiṣan was a heterodox Christian, and there was a church at Edessa in 201. It is testimony to the personality of Abgar the Great that he is credited by tradition with a leading role in the evangelization of Edessa.</blockquote></ref><ref>[http://books.google.cpm/books?id=aepYpUVf9OkC&pg=PA162#v=onepage&q&f=false The Cambridge History of Early Christian Literature] <blockquote>Modern scholars have taken basically two very different approaches to this legend (which obviously reflects the general search for apostolic origins, characteristics of the fourth century), Some would dismiss it totally, while others prefer to see it as a retrojection into the first century of the conversion of the local king at the end of the second century. In other words Abgar (V) the Black of the legend in fact represents Abgar (VIII) the Great (c. 177-212), contemporary of Badaisan. Attractive though this second approach might seem, there are serious objections to it, and the various small supportive evidence that Abgar (VIII) the Great became Christian disappears on closer examination.</blockquote></ref><ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=8Q2XxXx5ZdsC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Rome+in+the+East:+The+Transformation+of+an+Empire&hl=ru&sa=X&ei=Xcf3UIn_DMeH4gTyp4CIDg&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Rome%20in%20the%20East%3A%20The%20Transformation%20of%20an%20Empire&f=false ''Warwick Ball''. Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire. — Routledge, 2000 — p. 95 — ISBN 9780415113762] <blockquote>"More significant than Bardaisan's conversion to Christianity was the conversion -reported by Bardaisan - of Abgar the Great himself." The conversion is controversial, but whether or not he became a Christian, Abgar had the wisdom to recognise the inherent order and stability in Christianity a century before Constantino did. Ho encouraged it as essential for maintaining Edessa's precarious balance between Rome and Iran. Thus, it is Abgar the Great who lays claim to being the world's first Christian monarch and Edessa the first Christian state. More than anything else, a major precedent had been set for the conversion of Rome itself. // The stories of the conversions of both Abgar V and Abgar VIII may not be true, and have been doubted by a number of Western authorities (with more than a hint at unwillingness to relinquish Rome's and St Peter's own primogeniture?). But whether true or not. the stories did establish Edessa as one of the more important centres for early Christendom."</blockquote></ref> The independence of the state ended in 244 CE when it was incorporated in the [[Roman Empire]].<ref>[[New International Encyclopedia]]</ref> It was a frontier province, lying close to the Persian empires with which the Romans were at war with many times. It was taken and retaken several times. Being a province on the frontier it had a Roman legion stationed there, [[Legio III Parthica]] and its Castrum (homebase) was [[Resaena]] though there are some doubts on that fact.

[[File:Roman-Persian Frontier, 5th century.png|250px|thumb|Map showing the Eastern Roman provinces, including Osroene, in the 5th century.]]

Since Emperor [[Diocletian]]'s [[Tetrarchy]] reforms  during his reign 284-305 CE, it was part of the [[diocese of the East|diocese of Oriens]], in the [[praetorian prefecture of the East|praetorian prefecture of the same name]]. According to the late 4th-century ''[[Notitia Dignitatum]]'', it was headed by a [[Roman governor|governor]] of the rank of ''[[praeses]]'', and was also the seat of the ''[[dux Mesopotamiae]]'', who ranked as ''[[vir spectabilis]]'' and commanded (c. 400) the following army units:
*Equites Dalmatae Illyriciani, garrisoned at Ganaba.
*Equites Promoti Illyriciani, [[Callinicum]].
*Equites Mauri Illyriciani, Dabana.
*Equites Promoti indigenae, Banasam
*Equites Promoti indigenae, Sina Iudaeorum.
*Equites Sagittarii indigenae, Oraba.
*Equites Sagittarii indigenae, Thillazamana.
*Equites Sagittarii indigenae Medianenses, Mediana.
*Equites Primi Osrhoeni, Rasin.
*Praefectus legionis quartae Parthicae, [[Circesium]].
*(an illegible command, possibly [[Legio III Parthica|Legio III ''Parthica'']]), Apatna.
as well as, 'on the minor roll', apparently auxiliaries:
*Ala Septima Valeria Praelectorum, Thillacama.
*Ala Prima Victoriae, Tovia -contra Bintha.
*Ala Secunda Paflagonum, Thillafica.
*Ala Prima Parthorum, Resaia.
*Ala Prima nova Diocletiana, inter Thannurin et Horobam.
*Cohors Prima Gaetulorum, Thillaamana.
*Cohors Prima Eufratensis, Maratha.
*Ala Prima Salutaria, Duodecimo constituta.

According to [[Sozomen]]'s ''Ecclesiastical History'', "there were some very learned men who formerly flourished in Osroene, as for instance [[Bardasanes]], who devised a heresy designated by his name, and his son [[Harmonius]]. It is related that this latter was deeply versed in Grecian erudition, and was the first to subdue his native tongue to meters and musical laws; these verses he delivered to the choirs" and that [[Arianism]] —a more successful heresy— met with opposition there.

==Osroene in Roman Sources==
Abgarus of Osrhoene had signed a peace treaty with the Romans during time of [[Pompey]] and was initially an ally of the Roman general [[Crassus]] in his campaign against the [[Parthians]] in 53 BC. Later on, however, he secretly switched sides and became a spy for the Parthian king [[Orodes II]] in the war effort by providing faulty intelligence to Crassus. This was one of the main factors in Crassus' defeat. He influenced Crassus' plans, convincing him to give up the idea of advancing to the [[Greek people|Greek]] city of Seleucia near the [[Euphrates]], whose inhabitants were sympathetic to the Romans. Instead Abgarus persuaded him to attack Surena; however, in the midst of the battle he himself joined the other side.<ref>Cassius Dio, ''Roman History'',Book 40, Chapter 20, p.126, Project Gutenberg [http://history-world.org/dio2.pdf].</ref> Abgarus has been identified as an [[Arab people|Arab]] shaikh in another source.{{Citation needed|date=March 2012}} In this campaign, an [[Armenians|Armenian]] force of 16,000 cavalry and 30,000 infantry accompanied Crassus. Orodes also managed to keep the Armenian force out by making peace with [[Artavasdes II of Armenia|Artavazd]].<ref>S. Beck, [http://san.beck.org/1-6-Persia.html Ethics of Assyrian, Babylonian, and Persian Empires]</ref>

During [[Trajan]]'s time, around 116 AD, the Roman general [[Lusius Quietus|Lucius Quietus]] sacked Edessa and put an end to Osrhoene's independence. After the war with Parthians under [[Marcus Aurelius]], forts were built and a Roman [[garrison]] was stationed in [[Nisibis]]. Osrhoene attempted to throw off the Roman yoke, however in 216, its king ''Abgar IX''{{clarify|According to this very article, he was dead by then. Was it not Abgar XI?|date=January 2014}} was imprisoned and exiled to Rome and the region became a Roman province. In the period from Trajan's conquest (116) to 216, [[Christianity]] began to spread in Edessa. Abgar IX (179-186 AD) was the first Christian King of Edessa. It is believed that the [[Gospel of Thomas]] emanated from Edessa around 140 AD. Prominent early Christian figures have lived in and emerged from this region such as ''[[Tatian]] the [[Assyrian people|Assyrian]]'' who came to Edessa from Hadiab ([[Adiabene]]). He made a trip to Rome and returned to Edessa around 172-173. He had controversial opinions, seceded from the Church, denounced marriage as defilement and maintained that the flesh of [[Christ]] was imaginary. He composed ''Diatessaron'' or "harmony of the Gospels"(''Ewangelion da-mhalte'') in [[Syriac]], which contained eclectic ideas from Jewish-Christian and dualistic traditions. This became the Gospel par excellence of [[Syriac]]-speaking Christianity until in the 5th century Rabbula, [[bishop]] of Edessa, suppressed it and substituted a revision of the Old Syriac Canonical Gospels (''Ewangelion da-mfarshe'').<ref>L.W. Barnard, ''The Origins and Emergence of the Church in Edessa during the First Two Centuries A.D.'', Vigiliae Christianae, pp.161-175, 1968 (see pp. 162,165,167,169).</ref>

After this, Edessa was again brought under Roman control by [[Decius]] and it was made a center of Roman operations against the Persian [[Sassanids]]. ''Amru'', possibly a descendant of Abgar, is mentioned as king in the [[Paikuli inscription]], recording the victory of [[Narseh]] in the Sassanid civil war of 293. Historians identify this Amru as ''Amru ibn Adi'', the fourth king of the [[Lakhmid]] dynasty which was at that time still based in [[Harran]], not yet moved to [[al-Hirah|Hirah]] in Babylonia.<ref>A. T. Olmstead, "The Mid-Third Century of the Christian Era. II", ''Classical Philology'' (1942): 398-420 (see p. 399)</ref>

Many centuries later, ''Dagalaiphus'' and ''Secundinus'' duke of Osrhoene, accompanied [[Julian the Apostate|Julian]] in his war against the [[Sassanid]] king [[Shapur II]] in the 4th century.<ref>E. Gibbon, ''The Decline And Fall Of The Roman Empire'', Vol. I, Chapter XXIV [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/gibbon/decline/volume1/chap24.htm].</ref>

In his writings [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]] refers to the natives of Osroene and [[Commagene]] as [[Arab people|Arab]]s and the region as [[Ancient Arabia|Arabia]].<ref>H. I. MacAdam, N. J. Munday, "Cicero's Reference to Bostra (AD Q. FRAT. 2. 11. 3)", ''Classical Philology'', pp.131-136, 1983.</ref> According to Pliny, a nomadic Arab tribe called ''Orrhoei'' occupied Edessa about 130 BC.<ref>Pliny vol. 85; vi. 25, 117, 129.</ref> Orrhoei founded a small state ruled by their chieftains with the title of kings and the district was called after them ''Orrhoene''. This name eventually changed into Osroene, in assimilation to the Parthian name Osroes or Chosroes (Khosrau).<ref>[http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Osroene Osroene], 1911 Edition of the ''Encyclopædia Britannica''</ref>

==Rulers of Osroene==
*[[Aryu of Osroene|Aryu]] (132–127 BC)
*[[Abdu of Osroene|Abdu bar Maz'ur]] (127–120 BC)
*[[Fradhasht of Osroene|Fradhasht bar Gebar'u]] (120–115 BC)
*[[Bakru I of Osroene|Bakru I bar Fradhasht]] (115–112 BC)
*[[Bakru II of Osroene|Bakru II bar Bakru]] (112–94 BC)
*[[Ma'nu I of Osroene|Ma'nu I]] (94 BC)
*[[Abgar I of Osroene|Abgar I Piqa]] (94–68 BC)
*[[Abgar II of Osroene|Abgar II bar Abgar]] (68–52 BC)
*[[Ma'nu II of Osroene|Ma'nu II]] (52–34 BC)
*[[Paqor of Osroene|Paqor]] (34–29 BC)
*[[Abgar III of Osroene|Abgar III]] (29–26 BC)
*[[Abgar IV of Osroene|Abgar IV Sumaqa]] (26–23 BC)
*[[Ma'nu III of Osroene|Ma'nu III Saphul]] (23–4 BC)
*Abgar V Ukkama bar Ma'nu ([[Abgarus of Edessa]]) (4 BC–AD 7)
*[[Ma'nu IV of Osroene|Ma'nu IV bar Ma'nu]] (AD 7–13)
*Abgar V Ukkama bar Ma'nu (13–50)
*[[Ma'nu V of Osroene|Ma'nu V bar Abgar]] (50–57)
*[[Ma'nu VI of Osroene|Ma'nu VI bar Abgar]] (57–71)
*[[Abgar VI of Osroene|Abgar VI bar Ma'nu]] (71–91)
*[[Sanatruk of Osroene|Sanatruk]] (91–109)
*[[Abgar VII of Osroene|Abgar VII bar Ezad]] (109–116)
*Roman interregnum 116–118
*[[Yalur of Osroene|Yalur]] (118–122, co-ruler with Parthamaspates)
*[[Parthamaspates of Parthia|Parthamaspates]] (118–123)
*[[Ma'nu VII of Osroene|Ma'nu VII bar Ezad]] (123–139)
*[[Ma'nu VIII of Osroene|Ma'nu VIII bar Ma'nu]] (139–163)
*[[Wa'il of Osroene|Wa'il bar Sahru]] (163–165)
*Ma'nu VIII bar Ma'nu (165–167)
*[[Abgar VIII of Osroene|Abgar VIII]] (167–177)
*[[Abgar IX of Osroene|Abgar IX (the great)]] (177–212)
*[[Abgar X of Osroene|Abgar X Severus bar Ma'nu]] (212–214)
*Abgar (X) Severus Bar Abgar (IX) Rabo (214–216)
*Ma’nu (IX) Bar Abgar (X) Severus (216–242)
*Abgar (XI) Farhat Bar Ma’nu (IX) (242–244)

== Episcopal sees ==

Ancient episcopal sees of Osrhoene listed in the ''[[Annuario Pontificio]]'' as [[titular see]]s:<ref>''Annuario Pontificio 2013'' (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 ISBN 978-88-209-9070-1), "Sedi titolari", pp. 819-1013</ref>
{{columns-list|3|
*Batnae (Tell-Batnan, Suruç)
*[[Birecik|Birtha]]
*[[Callinicum]]
*[[Carrhae]]
*[[Constantina (Osrhoene)|Constantina]]
*[[Dausara (see)|Dausara]]
*[[Edessa|Edessa in Osrhoëne]]
*Hemeria
*[[Marcopolis]]
*[[Mardin|Marida]]
*Nea Valentia
*Tell-Mahrê
}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Syriac Christianity|Assyrians}}
*[[Abgarus of Edessa]]
*[[Edessa, Mesopotamia]]
*[[Assyria (Roman province)]]
*[[Lists of incumbents]]
*[[Serapion of Antioch]]
*[[Roman provinces]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Sources==
*[http://www.intratext.com/IXT/LAT0212/_P20.HTM Notitia dignitatum]
*Westermann, ''Großer Atlass zur Weltgeschichte'' {{de icon}}
*[[Catholic encyclopaedia]] (passim)

{{Late Roman Provinces}}

[[Category:States and territories established in 132 BC]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 3rd century]]
[[Category:Osroene| ]]
[[Category:Assyrian settlements]]
[[Category:History of Armenia]]
[[Category:History of Assyria]]
[[Category:Seleucid Empire successor states]]
[[Category:132 BC establishments in Asia]]