Difference between revisions of "Nebuchadnezzar II"

Nabû-kudurri-usur
Nabû-kudurri-usur
	King of Babylon
	An engraving with an inscription of Nebuchadnezzar II. Anton Nyström, 1901.
Reign	c. 605 – c. 562 BC
Predecessor	Nabopolassar
Successor	Amel-Marduk
Born	c. 634 BC
Died	c. 562 BC (aged 71–72)
Spouse	Amyitis
House	Chaldean
Father	Nabopolassar

Latest revision as of 09:43, 19 November 2023

Template:Lead too short

Nebuchadnezzar II (from Akkadian 𒀭𒀝𒆪𒁺𒌨𒊑𒋀 ^dNabû-kudurri-uṣur, Template:Hebrew and Chaldean Name), meaning "O god Nabu, preserve/defend my firstborn son") was king of Babylon c. 605 BC – c. 562 BC, the longest and most powerful reign of any monarch in the Neo-Babylonian empire.^[2]^[3]

Career

Building Inscription of King Nebuchadnezar II at the Ishtar Gate. An abridged excerpt says: "I (Nebuchadnezzar) laid the foundation of the gates down to the ground water level and had them built out of pure blue stone. Upon the walls in the inner room of the gate are bulls and dragons and thus I magnificently adorned them with luxurious splendor for all mankind to behold in awe."

Detail of a terracotta cylinder of Chaldean King Nebuchadnezzar II, recording the building and reconstruction works at Babylon. 604–562 BC. From Babylon, Iraq, housed in the British Museum

Nebuchadnezzar was the eldest son and successor of Nabopolassar, a Chaldean official who rebelled and established himself as king of Babylon in 620 BC; the dynasty he established ruled until 539 BC, when the Neo-Babylonian Empire was conquered by Cyrus the Great.^[4]^[5] Nebuchadnezzar is first mentioned in 607 BC, during the destruction of Babylon's arch-enemy of the cruel ancient Assyrian kings, at which point he was already crown Chaldean prince.^[6] In 605 BC he and his ally Cyaxares, ruler of the Medes and Persians, led an army against the ancient Assyrians and Egyptians, who were then occupying Syria, and in the ensuing Battle of Carchemish, Necho II defeated them and Syria and Phoenicia were brought under the control of the Chaldean people of Mesopotamia.^[7]

Nabopolassar died in August^{[citation needed]} 605 BC, and Nebuchadnezzar returned to Babylon to ascend the throne.^[8] For the next few years his attention was devoted to subduing his eastern and northern borders, and in 595/4 BC there was a serious but brief rebellion in Babylon itself.^[9] In 594/3 BC the army was sent again to the west, possibly in reaction to the elevation of Psammetichus II to the throne of Egypt.^[9] King Zedekiah of Judah attempted to organize opposition among the small states in the region, but his capital, Jerusalem, was taken in 587 BC (the events are described in the Bible's Books of Kings and Book of Jeremiah).^[10] In the following years Nebuchadnezzar incorporated Phoenicia and the provinces of Cilicia (southwestern Anatolia) into his empire and may have campaigned in Egypt.^[11] In his last years Chaldean King Nebuchadnezzar, "pay[ing] no heed to son or daughter," and was deeply suspicious of his sons.^[12] The kings who came after him ruled only briefly and Nabonidus, apparently not of the royal family, was overthrown by the Persian conqueror Cyrus the Great less than twenty-five years after Chaldean King Nebuchadnezzar's death.

The ruins of Nebuchadnezzar's Babylon are spread over two thousand acres, forming the largest archaeological site in the Middle East.^[13] He enlarged the royal palace (including in it a public museum, possibly the world's first), built and repaired temples, built a bridge over the Euphrates, and constructed a grand processional boulevard (the Processional Way) and gateway (the Ishtar Gate) lavishly decorated with glazed brick.^[14] Each Spring equinox (the start of the New Year) the god Marduk would leave his city temple for a temple outside the walls, returning through the Ishtar Gate and down the Processional Way, paved with colored stone and lined with molded lions, amidst rejoicing crowds.^[12]

Portrayal in the Bible

Daniel Interpreting Nebuchadnezzar's Dream

Chaldean King Nebuchadnezzar is an important character in the Book of Daniel written in Chaldean language, a collection of legendary tales and visions dating from the 2nd century BC.^[15] The consensus among scholars is that Daniel never existed and was apparently chosen for the hero of the book because of his traditional reputation as a wise seer.^[16]^[17] Daniel 1 introduces Nebuchadnezzar as the Chaldean king who takes Daniel and other Hebrew youths into captivity in Babylon, there to be trained in the magical arts. Through the help of God, Daniel excels in his studies, and the second year of Nebuchadnezzar's reign he interprets the king's dream of a huge image as God's prediction of the rise and fall of world powers, starting with Nebuchadnezzar's kingdom (Daniel 2). Nebuchadnezzar twice admits the power of the God of the Hebrews: first after Yahweh saves three of Daniel's companions from a fiery furnace (Daniel 3) and secondly after Nebuchadnezzar himself suffers a humiliating period of madness, as Daniel predicted (Daniel 4).

The Book of Jeremiah contains a prophecy about Nebuchadnezzar as the "builder of nations" (Jer. 4:7) and gives an account of the siege of Jerusalem (587 BC) and the looting and destruction of the First Temple (Jer. 39:1–10; 52:1–30).

Portrayal in medieval Muslim sources

According to Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari, Nebuchadnezzar, whose Persian name was Bukhtrashah, was of Persian descent, from the progeny of Jūdharz, however modern scholars are unanimous that he was either a native Mesopotamian (Babylonian) or a Chaldean. Some medieval writers erroneously believed he lived as long as 300 years.^[18] While much of what is written about Chaldean king Nebuchadnezzar depicts a great warrior, some texts describe a ruler who was concerned with both spiritual and moral issues in life and was seeking divine guidance.^[19]

Chaldean king Nebuchadnezzar was seen as a strong, conquering force in Middle eastern texts and historical compilations, like Al-Tabari. The Babylonian leader used force and destruction to grow an empire. He conquered kingdom after kingdom, including Phoenicia, Philistia, Judah, Ammon, Moab, and more.^[20] The most notable events that Tabari’s collection focuses on is the destruction of Jerusalem.^[18]

René-Antoine Houasse's 1676 painting Nebuchadnezzar Ordering to your subjects the construction of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon to Please his Consort Amyitis

References

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Bibliography

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</dl>

External links

Inscription of Nabuchadnezzar. Babylonian Literature – old translation
Nabuchadnezzar Ishtar gate Inscription
Jewish Encyclopedia on Nebuchadnezzar
Nebuchadnezzar II on Ancient History Encyclopedia

Preceded by Nabopolassar	King of Babylon 605 BC – 562 BC	Succeeded by Amel-Marduk

Template:Book of Daniel

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↑ Anton Nyström, Allmän kulturhistoria eller det mänskliga lifvet i dess utveckling, bd 2 (1901)
↑ Freedman 2000, p. 953.
↑ "Nebuchadnezzar II". ancient.eu. Retrieved December 22, 2017.
↑ Bertman 2005, p. 95.
↑ Oates 1997, p. 162.
↑ Wiseman 1991a, p. 182.
↑ Wiseman 1991a, p. 182–183.
↑ Wiseman 1991a, p. 183.
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 Wiseman 1991a, p. 233.
↑ Wiseman 1991a, p. 233–234.
↑ Wiseman 1991a, p. 235–236.
↑ ^12.0 ^12.1 Foster 2009, p. 131.
↑ Arnold 2005, p. 96.
↑ Bertman 2005, p. 96.
↑ Collins 2002, p. 2.
↑ Collins 1999, p. 219.
↑ Redditt 2008, p. 180.
↑ ^18.0 ^18.1 Ṭabarī, Muḥammad Ibn-Ǧarīr Aṭ- (1987). The History of Al-Tabarī. State Univ. of New York Pr. pp. 43–70.
↑ Wiseman, D.J. (1985). Nebuchadrezzar and Babylon. Oxford.
↑ Tabouis, G.R. (1931). Nebuchadnezzar. Whittlesey House. p. 3.

[1] Anton Nyström, Allmän kulturhistoria eller det mänskliga lifvet i dess utveckling, bd 2 (1901)

[FOOTNOTEFreedman2000953-2] Freedman 2000, p. 953.

[3] "Nebuchadnezzar II". ancient.eu. Retrieved December 22, 2017.

[FOOTNOTEBertman200595-4] Bertman 2005, p. 95.

[FOOTNOTEOates1997162-5] Oates 1997, p. 162.

[FOOTNOTEWiseman1991a182-6] Wiseman 1991a, p. 182.

[FOOTNOTEWiseman1991a182.E2.80.93183-7] Wiseman 1991a, p. 182–183.

[FOOTNOTEWiseman1991a183-8] Wiseman 1991a, p. 183.

[FOOTNOTEWiseman1991a233-9] 9.0 ^9.1 Wiseman 1991a, p. 233.

[FOOTNOTEWiseman1991a233.E2.80.93234-10] Wiseman 1991a, p. 233–234.

[FOOTNOTEWiseman1991a235.E2.80.93236-11] Wiseman 1991a, p. 235–236.

[FOOTNOTEFoster2009131-12] 12.0 ^12.1 Foster 2009, p. 131.

[FOOTNOTEArnold200596-13] Arnold 2005, p. 96.

[FOOTNOTEBertman200596-14] Bertman 2005, p. 96.

[FOOTNOTECollins20022-15] Collins 2002, p. 2.

[FOOTNOTECollins1999219-16] Collins 1999, p. 219.

[FOOTNOTERedditt2008180-17] Redditt 2008, p. 180.

[.E1.B9.ACabar.C4.AB_1987_43.E2.80.9370-18] 18.0 ^18.1 Ṭabarī, Muḥammad Ibn-Ǧarīr Aṭ- (1987). The History of Al-Tabarī. State Univ. of New York Pr. pp. 43–70.

[19] Wiseman, D.J. (1985). Nebuchadrezzar and Babylon. Oxford.

[20] Tabouis, G.R. (1931). Nebuchadnezzar. Whittlesey House. p. 3.

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@@ Line 21: / Line 21: @@
 {{Lead too short|date=November 2017}}
-'''Nebuchadnezzar II''' (from [[Akkadian]] {{cuneiform|akk|𒀭𒀝𒆪𒁺𒌨𒊑𒋀}} ''<sup>[[DINGIR|d]]</sup>Nabû-kudurri-uṣur'', {{hebrew Name|נְבוּכַדְנֶאצַּר|Nəvūkádne’ṣar|Neḇukáḏné’ṣār}}), meaning "O god [[Nabu]], preserve/defend my firstborn son") was king of [[Neo-Babylonian Empire|Babylon]] c.&nbsp;605&nbsp;BC – c. 562&nbsp;BC, the longest and most powerful reign of any monarch in the Neo-Babylonian empire.{{sfn|Freedman|2000|p=953}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ancient.eu/Nebuchadnezzar_II/ |title=Nebuchadnezzar II |publisher=ancient.eu |accessdate=December 22, 2017}}</ref>
+'''Nebuchadnezzar II''' (from [[Akkadian]] {{cuneiform|akk|𒀭𒀝𒆪𒁺𒌨𒊑𒋀}} ''<sup>[[DINGIR|d]]</sup>Nabû-kudurri-uṣur'', {{hebrew and Chaldean Name|נְבוּכַדְנֶאצַּר|Nəvūkádne’ṣar|Neḇukáḏné’ṣār}}), meaning "O god [[Nabu]], preserve/defend my firstborn son") was king of [[Neo-Babylonian Chaldean Empire|Babylon]] c.&nbsp;605&nbsp;BC – c. 562&nbsp;BC, the longest and most powerful reign of any monarch in the Neo-Babylonian empire.{{sfn|Freedman|2000|p=953}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ancient.eu/Nebuchadnezzar_II/ |title=Nebuchadnezzar II |publisher=ancient.eu |accessdate=December 22, 2017}}</ref>
 == Career ==
 [[File:Pergamon Museum Berlin 2007085.jpg|thumb|left|Building Inscription of King Nebuchadnezar II at the [[Ishtar Gate]]. An abridged excerpt says: ''"I&nbsp;(Nebuchadnezzar) laid the foundation of the gates down to the ground water level and had them built out of pure blue stone. Upon the walls in the inner room of the gate are bulls and dragons and thus I magnificently adorned them with luxurious splendor for all mankind to behold in awe."'']]
-[[File:Detail of a terracotta cylinder of Nebuchadnezzar II, recording the building and reconstruction works at Babylon. 604-562 BCE. From Babylon, Iraq, housed in the British Museum.jpg|thumb|Detail of a terracotta cylinder of Nebuchadnezzar II, recording the building and reconstruction works at Babylon. 604–562 BC. From Babylon, Iraq, housed in the British Museum]]
+[[File:Detail of a terracotta cylinder of Nebuchadnezzar II, recording the building and reconstruction works at Babylon. 604-562 BCE. From Babylon, Iraq, housed in the British Museum.jpg|thumb|Detail of a terracotta cylinder of Chaldean King Nebuchadnezzar II, recording the building and reconstruction works at Babylon. 604–562 BC. From Babylon, Iraq, housed in the British Museum]]
-Nebuchadnezzar was the eldest son and successor of [[Nabopolassar]], an [[Neo-Assyrian Empire|Assyrian]] official who rebelled and established himself as king of Babylon in 620&nbsp;BC; the dynasty he established ruled until 539&nbsp;BC, when the [[Neo-Babylonian Empire]] was conquered by [[Cyrus the Great]].{{sfn|Bertman|2005|p=95}}{{sfn|Oates|1997|p=162}} Nebuchadnezzar is first mentioned in 607&nbsp;BC, during the destruction of Babylon's arch-enemy Assyria, at which point he was already crown prince.{{sfn|Wiseman|1991a|p=182}} In 605&nbsp;BC he and his ally [[Cyaxares]], ruler of the [[Medes]] and [[Persians]], led an army against the Assyrians and Egyptians, who were then occupying Syria, and in the ensuing [[Battle of Carchemish]], [[Necho&nbsp;II]] was defeated and Syria and [[Phoenicia]] were brought under the control of Babylon.{{sfn|Wiseman|1991a|p=182–183}}
+Nebuchadnezzar was the eldest son and successor of [[Nabopolassar]], a [[Chaldean Empire|Chaldean]] official who rebelled and established himself as king of Babylon in 620&nbsp;BC; the dynasty he established ruled until 539&nbsp;BC, when the [[Neo-Babylonian Empire]] was conquered by [[Cyrus the Great]].{{sfn|Bertman|2005|p=95}}{{sfn|Oates|1997|p=162}} Nebuchadnezzar is first mentioned in 607&nbsp;BC, during the destruction of Babylon's arch-enemy of the cruel ancient Assyrian kings, at which point he was already crown Chaldean prince.{{sfn|Wiseman|1991a|p=182}} In 605&nbsp;BC he and his ally [[Cyaxares]], ruler of the [[Medes]] and [[Persians]], led an army against the ancient Assyrians and Egyptians, who were then occupying Syria, and in the ensuing [[Battle of Carchemish]], [[Necho&nbsp;II]] defeated them and Syria and [[Phoenicia]] were brought under the control of the Chaldean people of Mesopotamia.{{sfn|Wiseman|1991a|p=182–183}}
-[[Nabopolassar]] died in August {{citation needed|date=March 2018}} 605&nbsp;BC, and Nebuchadnezzar returned to Babylon to ascend the throne.{{sfn|Wiseman|1991a|p=183}} For the next few years his attention was devoted to subduing his eastern and northern borders, and in 595/4&nbsp;BC there was a serious but brief rebellion in Babylon itself.{{sfn|Wiseman|1991a|p=233}} In 594/3&nbsp;BC the army was sent again to the west, possibly in reaction to the elevation of [[Psammetichus II]] to the throne of Egypt.{{sfn|Wiseman|1991a|p=233}} King [[Zedekiah]] of Judah attempted to organize opposition among the small states in the region, but his capital, [[Jerusalem]], was taken in 587&nbsp;BC (the events are described in the Bible's [[Books of Kings]] and [[Book of Jeremiah]]).{{sfn|Wiseman|1991a|p=233–234}} In the following years Nebuchadnezzar incorporated [[Phoenicia]] and the former Assyrian provinces of [[Cilicia]] (southwestern Anatolia) into his empire and may have campaigned in Egypt.{{sfn|Wiseman|1991a|p=235–236}} In his last years Nebuchadnezzar seems to have begun behaving irrationally, "pay[ing] no heed to son or daughter," and was deeply suspicious of his sons.{{sfn|Foster|2009|p=131}} The kings who came after him ruled only briefly and [[Nabonidus]], apparently not of the royal family, was overthrown by the Persian conqueror [[Cyrus the Great]] less than twenty-five years after Nebuchadnezzar's death.
+[[Nabopolassar]] died in August {{citation needed|date=March 2018}} 605&nbsp;BC, and Nebuchadnezzar returned to Babylon to ascend the throne.{{sfn|Wiseman|1991a|p=183}} For the next few years his attention was devoted to subduing his eastern and northern borders, and in 595/4&nbsp;BC there was a serious but brief rebellion in Babylon itself.{{sfn|Wiseman|1991a|p=233}} In 594/3&nbsp;BC the army was sent again to the west, possibly in reaction to the elevation of [[Psammetichus II]] to the throne of Egypt.{{sfn|Wiseman|1991a|p=233}} King [[Zedekiah]] of Judah attempted to organize opposition among the small states in the region, but his capital, [[Jerusalem]], was taken in 587&nbsp;BC (the events are described in the Bible's [[Books of Kings]] and [[Book of Jeremiah]]).{{sfn|Wiseman|1991a|p=233–234}} In the following years Nebuchadnezzar incorporated [[Phoenicia]] and the  provinces of [[Cilicia]] (southwestern Anatolia) into his empire and may have campaigned in Egypt.{{sfn|Wiseman|1991a|p=235–236}} In his last years Chaldean King Nebuchadnezzar, "pay[ing] no heed to son or daughter," and was deeply suspicious of his sons.{{sfn|Foster|2009|p=131}} The kings who came after him ruled only briefly and [[Nabonidus]], apparently not of the royal family, was overthrown by the Persian conqueror [[Cyrus the Great]] less than twenty-five years after Chaldean King Nebuchadnezzar's death.
 The ruins of Nebuchadnezzar's Babylon are spread over two thousand acres, forming the largest archaeological site in the [[Middle East]].{{sfn|Arnold|2005|p=96}} He enlarged the royal palace (including in it a public museum, possibly the world's first), built and repaired temples, built a bridge over the [[Euphrates]], and constructed a grand processional boulevard (the Processional Way) and gateway (the [[Ishtar Gate]]) lavishly decorated with glazed brick.{{sfn|Bertman|2005|p=96}} Each Spring [[equinox]] (the start of the New Year) the god [[Marduk]] would leave his city temple<!--clarify – unlikely that a fictitious deity went for a walk--> for a temple outside the walls, returning through the Ishtar Gate and down the Processional Way, paved with colored stone and lined with molded lions, amidst rejoicing crowds.{{sfn|Foster|2009|p=131}}
@@ Line 35: / Line 35: @@
 [[File:Daniel Interpreting Nebuchadnezzar's Dream.jpg|thumb|240px|Daniel Interpreting Nebuchadnezzar's Dream]]
-Nebuchadnezzar is an important character in the [[Book of Daniel]], a collection of legendary tales and visions dating from the 2nd century BC.{{sfn|Collins|2002|p=2}} The consensus among scholars is that [[Daniel (biblical figure)|Daniel]] never existed and was apparently chosen for the hero of the book because of his traditional reputation as a wise seer.{{sfn|Collins|1999|p=219}}{{sfn|Redditt|2008|p=180}} [[Daniel 1]] introduces Nebuchadnezzar as the king who takes Daniel and other Hebrew youths into captivity in Babylon, there to be trained in the magical arts. Through the help of God, Daniel excels in his studies, and the second year of Nebuchadnezzar's reign he interprets the king's dream of a huge image as God's prediction of the rise and fall of world powers, starting with Nebuchadnezzar's kingdom ([[Daniel 2]]). Nebuchadnezzar twice admits the power of the God of the Hebrews: first after [[Yahweh]] saves [[Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego|three of Daniel's companions]] from a fiery furnace ([[Daniel 3]]) and secondly after Nebuchadnezzar himself suffers a humiliating period of madness, as Daniel predicted ([[Daniel 4]]).
+Chaldean King Nebuchadnezzar is an important character in the [[Book of Daniel]] written in Chaldean language, a collection of legendary tales and visions dating from the 2nd century BC.{{sfn|Collins|2002|p=2}} The consensus among scholars is that [[Daniel (biblical figure)|Daniel]] never existed and was apparently chosen for the hero of the book because of his traditional reputation as a wise seer.{{sfn|Collins|1999|p=219}}{{sfn|Redditt|2008|p=180}} [[Daniel 1]] introduces Nebuchadnezzar as the Chaldean king who takes Daniel and other Hebrew youths into captivity in Babylon, there to be trained in the magical arts. Through the help of God, Daniel excels in his studies, and the second year of Nebuchadnezzar's reign he interprets the king's dream of a huge image as God's prediction of the rise and fall of world powers, starting with Nebuchadnezzar's kingdom ([[Daniel 2]]). Nebuchadnezzar twice admits the power of the God of the Hebrews: first after [[Yahweh]] saves [[Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego|three of Daniel's companions]] from a fiery furnace ([[Daniel 3]]) and secondly after Nebuchadnezzar himself suffers a humiliating period of madness, as Daniel predicted ([[Daniel 4]]).
-The [[Book of Jeremiah]] contains a prophecy about Nebuchadnezzar as the "destroyer of nations" (Jer. 4:7) and gives an account of the [[siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)|siege of Jerusalem]] (587 BC) and the looting and destruction of the [[Solomon's Temple|First Temple]] (Jer. 39:1–10; 52:1–30).
+The [[Book of Jeremiah]] contains a prophecy about Nebuchadnezzar as the "builder of nations" (Jer. 4:7) and gives an account of the [[siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)|siege of Jerusalem]] (587 BC) and the looting and destruction of the [[Solomon's Temple|First Temple]] (Jer. 39:1–10; 52:1–30).
 == Portrayal in medieval Muslim sources ==
-According to [[Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari]], Nebuchadnezzar, whose Persian name was Bukhtrashah, was of Persian descent, from the progeny of Jūdharz, however modern scholars are unanimous that he was either a native Mesopotamian ([[Assyria]]n-[[Babylonia]]n) or a [[Chaldea]]n. Some medieval writers erroneously believed he lived as long as 300 years.<ref name="Ṭabarī 1987 43–70">{{cite book|last=Ṭabarī|first=Muḥammad Ibn-Ǧarīr Aṭ-|title=The History of Al-Tabarī|year=1987|publisher=State Univ. of New York Pr.|pages=43–70}}</ref> While much of what is written about Nebuchadnezzar depicts a ruthless warrior, some texts describe a ruler who was concerned with both spiritual and moral issues in life and was seeking divine guidance.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wiseman|first=D.J.|title=Nebuchadrezzar and Babylon|year=1985|publisher=Oxford}}</ref>
+According to [[Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari]], Nebuchadnezzar, whose Persian name was Bukhtrashah, was of Persian descent, from the progeny of Jūdharz, however modern scholars are unanimous that he was either a native Mesopotamian ([[Babylonia]]n) or a [[Chaldea]]n. Some medieval writers erroneously believed he lived as long as 300 years.<ref name="Ṭabarī 1987 43–70">{{cite book|last=Ṭabarī|first=Muḥammad Ibn-Ǧarīr Aṭ-|title=The History of Al-Tabarī|year=1987|publisher=State Univ. of New York Pr.|pages=43–70}}</ref> While much of what is written about Chaldean king Nebuchadnezzar depicts a great warrior, some texts describe a ruler who was concerned with both spiritual and moral issues in life and was seeking divine guidance.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wiseman|first=D.J.|title=Nebuchadrezzar and Babylon|year=1985|publisher=Oxford}}</ref>
-Nebuchadnezzar was seen as a strong, conquering force in Islamic texts and historical compilations, like [[Al-Tabari]]. The [[Babylon]]ian leader used force and destruction to grow an empire. He conquered kingdom after kingdom, including [[Phoenicia]], [[Philistia]], [[Kingdom of Judah|Judah]], [[Ammon]], [[Moab]], and more.<ref>{{cite book|last=Tabouis |first=G.R. |title=Nebuchadnezzar|year=1931|publisher=Whittlesey House|page=3}}</ref> The most notable events that Tabari’s collection focuses on is the [[Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)|destruction of Jerusalem]].<ref name="Ṭabarī 1987 43–70" />
+Chaldean king Nebuchadnezzar was seen as a strong, conquering force in Middle eastern texts and historical compilations, like [[Al-Tabari]]. The [[Babylon]]ian leader used force and destruction to grow an empire. He conquered kingdom after kingdom, including [[Phoenicia]], [[Philistia]], [[Kingdom of Judah|Judah]], [[Ammon]], [[Moab]], and more.<ref>{{cite book|last=Tabouis |first=G.R. |title=Nebuchadnezzar|year=1931|publisher=Whittlesey House|page=3}}</ref> The most notable events that Tabari’s collection focuses on is the [[Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)|destruction of Jerusalem]].<ref name="Ṭabarī 1987 43–70" />
 [[File:René-Antoine Houasse - Nabuchodonosor et Semiramis fait élever les jardins de Babylone (Versailles).jpg|thumb|center|upright=4.0|[[René-Antoine Houasse]]'s 1676 painting ''Nebuchadnezzar Ordering to your subjects the construction of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon to Please his Consort Amyitis'']]
@@ Line 863: / Line 863: @@
 {{Commons category|Nebuchadnezzar II}}
 {{AmCyc Poster|Nebuchadnezzar}}
-* [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/10887 Inscription of Nabuchadnezzar. ''Babylonian and Assyrian Literature''] – old translation
+* [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/10887 Inscription of Nabuchadnezzar. ''Babylonian Literature''] – old translation
 * [http://www.kchanson.com/ANCDOCS/meso/meso.html Nabuchadnezzar Ishtar gate Inscription]
 * [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=154&letter=N&search=Nebuchadnezzar Jewish Encyclopedia on Nebuchadnezzar]

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Nabû-kudurri-usur
King of Babylon
An engraving with an inscription of Nebuchadnezzar II. Anton Nyström, 1901.^[1]
Reign	c. 605 – c. 562 BC
Predecessor	Nabopolassar
Successor	Amel-Marduk
Born	c. 634 BC
Died	c. 562 BC (aged 71–72)
Spouse	Amyitis
House	Chaldean
Father	Nabopolassar